PHINMA Education

Cagayan de Oro College

Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 1
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
TITLE

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
November 30, 2023 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
December 07, 2023 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn
INSTRUCTOR

Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

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 Name Image Description

Orifice And This equipment consists of a

Free Jet Flow cylindrical head tank with an
Apparatus orifice plate, an adjustable
overflow pipe, a flexible hose,
a scale, and a baffle for
smooth flow conditions. Two
orifice plates with 3- and 6-
mm diameters are provided,
and the jet's trajectory can be
measured using vertical
needles. The needles can be
locked using a screw, and the
positions of the tops can be
marked to plot the trajectory.
A drain plug at the base of
the head tank allows water to
be drained at the end of the
experiment.

Hydrostatic This equipment is accessory

Pressure measures the static thrust of
Apparatus a fluid on a submerged
surface, allowing comparison
with simple theory. It uses a
fabricated quadrant mounted
on a balance arm pivoting on
knife edges, with the
hydrostatic force acting on
the quadrant's end face. The
assembly is mounted on an
acrylic tank, leveled by
screwed feet, and indicates
water level using a scale on
the quadrant's side.

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Pipe Friction The pipe friction apparatus
Apparatus includes a test pipe, constant
head tank, flow control valve,
air-bleed valve, and two sets
of manometers to measure
head losses in the pipe. Two
water-over-mercury and two
water manometers measure
large and small pressure
differentials, which can be
isolated using Hoffman
clamps.
HM 150.16 This equipment unit studies
Series and pump in series and parallel
Parallel configurations, using two
Configuration identical centrifugal pumps
of Pumps and an intake tank with
overflow. It displays
pressures on manometers
and can be positioned
securely on the base module
or operated by the laboratory
supply.

Glass This equipment is a tool

Hydrometer used to measure the density
or specific gravity of a liquid
when compared to water.

Heavy Duty This equipment commonly

Solution used to compare the weights
Balance of objects or to weigh objects
Scale 20kg by balancing them with
45lb standard weights.

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Glass Beaker The 250ml glass beaker, with
250ml its low form and capacity, is
ideal for chemical laboratories
for stirring, mixing, and
heating liquids and chemical
substances.

Glass Funnel This equipment used in liquid-

to -liquid abstraction to
dispersed components of
liquid mixture into 2
immiscible solvent of different
thicknesses such as Oil and
Water

Flow Over Weirs are essential in open

Weirs Gunt channel hydraulics for
regulating or measuring
volumetric flow rate,
especially in large-scale
situations like irrigation
schemes, canals, and rivers.
A rectangular notch weir is a
thin square-edged weir plate
installed in a weir channel.

Lead shot This is a scientific instrument

used in stress testing
systems to provide variable
weight. It pours from a hopper
into a basket connected to
the test item, and when
fractured, the mass of the
shot is used to calculate the
fracture stress. Shot comes in
three sizes: B, BB, and BBB.
Lead is used for bullets and
shot due to its high density.
Small balls of lead are also
used in shotguns.

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 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 2
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A LIQUID
TITLE

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
January 25, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
February 02, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn
INSTRUCTOR

Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

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 EXPERIMENT NO.2
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A LIQUID

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the density of the liquid by volumetric method.

APPARATUS:

(a) Graduated Cylinders

(b) Liquid
(c) Meter Stick
(d) Weighing Balance

PROCEDURE:

1. Weigh the empty graduated cylinder.

2. Get the liquid just enough to fill the graduated cylinder to its desired neck level.
3. Weigh the graduated cylinder with liquid in it.
4. Read and record the volume of the liquid

COMPUTATIONS:

•The liquid used here is: Oil

•Mass of the Graduated Cylinder: 71.92g

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•Mass of the Graduated Cylinder with liquid: 116.63g

•Mass of Liquid: 116.63g – 71.92g = 44.71g

•Volume of Liquid: 50ml = 50cm3

DENSITY:

\rho = m/v

= 44.71g / 50cm3

\rho = 0.8942g/cm3

SKETCH:

ANALYSIS/ DISCUSSION:

1. Discuss the theory pertinent to the experiment performed.

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance, and it is a

physical property of matter. A physical property can be measured without

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changing the chemical identity of the substance. Since pure substances have
unique density values, measuring the density of a substance can help identify
that substance. Density is determined by dividing the mass of a substance by its
volume.

In this laboratory, we take the graduated cylinder and measure its mass, in
grams, from the weighing balance. As we take the graduated cylinder off the
balance and carefully add the liquid onto the cylinder up to its level of 50ml, we
put the graduated cylinder with liquid back on the balance to measure and record
its new mass in grams. After getting all the measurements, subtract the mass of
the graduated cylinder from the combined cylinder and liquid to get the mass of
the liquid. Measure the volume of the liquid by placing it in a graduated cylinder
and using the proper technique to read its volume.
2. Discuss the significance of this theory in the study of Fluid Mechanics.

The significance of the theory in the study of fluid mechanics is that it has
a wide range of applications, like calculating forces and movements on aircraft.
Fluid mechanics study the fluid behavior such as liquids, gases, blood, and
plasmas, it also studies the behavior of liquid on what forces they produce.

CONCLUSION:

The experiment we did in laboratory allows us to analyze and explain that

the experiment we did it turned out that the velocity of liquid depends greatly on
the pressure, which the given amount of liquid is under at the moment.

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 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 3
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AN UNKNOWN LIQUID
TITLE

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
January 25, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
February 02, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn
INSTRUCTOR

Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

Page | 9
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AN UNKNOWN LIQUID

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the specific gravity of an Unknown liquid using a U-tube
Manometer.

THEORY:

1. The pressure at any point under a liquid is proportional to the depth from
the surface to the point in consideration.

= wh

2. The pressure head at any point is the sum of the heads of the liquids
expressed in their equivalent head to a single liquid.

Adding of heads is positive when going down, and negative when going
up.
h= /w

APPARATUS:

1. Liquid of unknown specific gravity 5. Mercury liquid

2. Manometer Stand 6. Water
3. Plastic or glass tubing 7. Beaker
4. Meterstick 8. Funnel

PROCEDURE:
A. 1. Pour a quantity of water into the U-tube.

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 2. Pour a quantity of unknown liquid on the other side of the U-tube.
3. Measure the difference in liquid level of each liquid.
4. Conduct three trials for this procedure.

B. 1. Pour some amount of mercury inside the U-tube.

2. Pour some amount of liquid in one side of the U-tube.
3. Pour some amount of water on the other side.
4. Measure the difference in liquid level of each liquid.
5. Conduct three trials for this procedure

SKETCH:

PRECATIONS:
1. Use a funnel in pouring the liquid.
2. Removed any trapped air inside the tube by tapping.
3. Do not throw away the liquid especially the mercury. Let the laboratory in-
charge do the cleaning.

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 TABLE RESULTS
A. TRIAL FLUID USED hoil hH20 Soil
NO.
1 WATER AND 19 15 0.93
OIL
2 WATER AND 35 31 0.93
OIL
3 WATER AND 39 35 0.93
OIL

B. TRIAL FLUID USED hH20 hhg hoil Shg

NO.
1 WATER, OIL 20 4 32 13.633
AND
MERCURY
2 OIL 33 4 35 13.633
3 MERCURY 36 4 49 13.633

ANALYSIS:

Discuss the theory pertinent to the experiment performed.

The liquid pressure at a point is due to weight of the liquid above it. As the
liquid at lower depth has to bear the entire weight of the water above it, the liquid
pressure increases with depth. The Mercury will lie in the bottom of the container
with the water surrounding it.

In addition, the particles or molecules in a liquid can move in all direction.

As they move, they collide with each other as well as the walls of the container.
This collision causes pressure which is exerted in all directions. When kept in a
container, the liquid exerts pressure on the walls of the container. Hence if we
make a hole on the wall of the container the liquid flows out due to this pressure.

1. Explain the importance of the property / theory under investigation to

the study of fluid mechanics.

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 Liquid exerts pressure on the walls and the base of the container. The
pressure inside a liquid depends on the depth of the point considered, the density
of the liquid, and acceleration due to gravity. The liquid pressure at any point
inside the liquid at a horizontal level is the same throughout the liquid. This is
how important the theory in fluid mechanics it’s to controls how fluids flow in a
tube with mercury. Pressure in fluids with no net motion, like the ocean or the
atmosphere, dictates much of what happens to the fluids. The pressure in a liquid
act in all directions. Pressure exerted increase with depth of liquid. Pressure at all
points at equal depth is equal.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion the experiment helps us to learn and expand our knowledge

about how mercury works when it mixes with liquid and also what is the result of
the experiment. We are amazed by the experiment and the result; we learn that
the pressure exerted increase with depth of liquid and mercury. The Mercury will
lie in the bottom of the container with the water surrounding it and will instantly
sink to the bottom. Mercury is not miscible with water.

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 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 4
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF A FLUID
TITLE

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
January 25, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
February 02, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn
INSTRUCTOR

Page | 14
Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF A FLUID

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the viscosity of liquid by falling sphere method.

APPARATUS:

A. Oil Liquid
B. Spherical ball
C. Stop Watch
D. Meter Stick
E. Caliper

THEORY:

1. This method was based on Stoke's law on viscosity. It consists of a long

vertical container which is filled with the liquid whose viscosity is to be
determined.

2. A small spherical ball or steel ball is released and allowed to fall vertically
through the liquid. The falling ball as it dropped will at first accelerate but the

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resistance to its motion is reached, steady conditions is developed and the
sphere falls with the constant velocity.

3. The time taken by the ball to fall through known distance L, after a constant
velocity has been attained by the ball is observed. Thus, the constant velocity is:
v=L/t
4. The viscosity of the liquid is given by the equation:
H = (D² / 18 v) (Ys – Y)
1. Use a funnel in pouring the liquid.
2. Removed any trapped air inside the tube by tapping.
3. Do not throw away the liquid especially the mercury. Let the laboratory in-
charge do the cleaning.
Where:

V- is the velocity of fall of sphere

L- is the distance of fall
t - s the time of fall
D - is the diameter of sphere
(Ys-Yw)- is the submerged weight of sphere in the liquid

PROCEDURE:

1. Determine the density of the sphere.

2. Determine the unit weight of the fluid.
3. Install the set-up of the experiment as shown in the figure.
4. Drop the spherical ball with the initial position of the ball just near the liquid
surface.
5. Set the time off when the ball reaches the bottom of the cylinder.
6. Measure the distance dropped from the initial marked point to the final position
of the ball.

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SKETCH:

OBSERVATIONS:

•Trial #1
v = L/t
v = 0.06 m / 0.54 s
v = 0.11 m/s

•Trial #2
v = L/t

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 v = 0.10 m / 0.59 s
v = 0.17 m/s

•Trial #3
v = L/t
v = 0.112 m / 0.55 s
v = 0.20 m/s

Followed by determining the viscosity of the liquid given by the equation:

• Trial #1
Μ = (D³ / 18 v) (γs – γw)
M = ( (0.01775m)³ / 18(0.11m/s) ) (109.875-8.5674)
Μ = 2.861×10^-4 N-s/m²
• Trial #2
Μ = (D³ / 18 v) (γs – γw)
M = ( (0.01775m)³ / 18(0.17m/s) ) (109.875-8.5674)
Μ = 1.851×10^-4 N-s/m²

• Trial #3
Μ = (D³ / 18 v) (γs – γw)
M = ( (0.01775m)³ / 18(0.20m/s) ) (109.875-8.5674)
Μ = 1.574x10^-4 N-s/m²

Average viscosity of the liquid is 0.525 N-s/m²

ANALYSIS:

Page | 18
1. Discuss Stoke’s Law on viscosity.
Stoke's Law on viscosity consists of a long vertical container that is filled
with the liquid whose viscosity is to be determined.

2. Derive the formula used in the experiment.

There are two formulas used in the experiment. The first one is to get the
constant velocity by dividing the distance of the ball that was released and
allowed to fall vertically through the liquid by the time the ball fell and reached the
bottom of the cylinder.

3. Explain the importance of the property / theory.

In fluid dynamics, Stokes' law is an empirical law for the frictional force.
Stokes law is important because it can help us to
Know the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of
the liquid, Stokes' law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion the experiment helps us do determine how important stokes

law in fluid mechanics and how to use it in fluid mechanics to describe the flow of
viscous fluids. The experiment helps us figure out and it also expand our
knowledge about the viscosity of the liquid which is important in our field specially
in designing equipment like pumps, turbines and even heat exchangers. Overall,
the experiment helps us to determine the viscosity of a liquid by falling sphere
method.

Page | 19
 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 5
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
TITLE
INSTRUCTOR

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
March 21, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
March 25, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn

Page | 20
Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

1. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 100 mm at
section 1 and 400mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.0 m below section 2 and the
pressures are 90 KPa and 60 KPa, respectively. If the discharge is 175 liters/sec,
determine the head lost and the direction of flow.

2. What will happen to the head lost when we decrease the discharge to 150
liters?

Page | 21
 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 6
ORIFICE
TITLE
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
March 21, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
March 25, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO: INSTRUCTOR

Page | 22
Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

1. A 2m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 5m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100
mm diameter circular sharp edge orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C=0.60

a. How long will it take to lower the water level to 1m deep after opening the
orifice?

b. How long will it take to empty the tank?

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 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 7
VENTURI METER
TITLE
INSTRUCTOR

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
March 21, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
March 25, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn

Page | 24
Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

1. A 150 mm horizontal venturi meter is installed in a 450 mm diameter water
main. The deflection of mercury in the differential manometer connected from the
inlet to the throat is 375mm.

a. Determine the discharge neglecting the head lost.

b. Compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is
300mm of water.

c. What is the meter coefficient?

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 PHINMA Education
Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City

Experiment No. 8
WEIR
TITLE

EVALUATION RATING:
I. Hand-on Performance (20 pts.)
Criteria Actual Score
Demonstration of abilities in
DATE PERFORMED: manipulating equipment, / 5 pts
March 21, 2024 instruments, materials, etc.
Following procedures correctly / 5 pts
Working closely with group
/ 5 pts
DATE DUE: members and sharing ideas
March 25, 2024 Maintaining laboratory order
and obeying to laboratory /5 pts
rules.
II. Laboratory Reports (30 pts)
GROUP MEMBER: Correctness of data and
/ 10 pts
Baldonado, Jessabelle Q. computation
Libo-on, Karene Analysis or Results / 5 pts
Nalugon, Johnrey Appropriateness of conclusions / 5 pts
Pamisa, Marianie B. Presentation of figures and
/ 5 pts
Tinampay, Sweetcel report write-ups
Promptness / 5 pts
Total Score / 50 pts.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Valdehueza, Gwendolyn
INSTRUCTOR

Page | 26
Remarks:

2nd SEMESTER SCHOOL YEAR: 2023-2024

1. A rectangular suppressed weir of length 1m is constructed or cut at the top of
a tall rectangular tank having a horizontal section 20m by 20m. If the initial head
over the weir is 1m, compute the time required to discharge 70 cu.m of water.
Use Francis formula.

2. A trapezoidal weir having a side slope of 1H to 2V discharges 50 m^3/s under

a constant head of 2m, Find the length of weir assuming C=0.60.

3. A sharp crested suppressed rectangular weir 1m long and a standard 90-

degree V-notch weir are placed in the same weir box with the vertex of the V-
notch weir 150mm below the crest of the rectangular weir. Determine the head
on the rectangular weir 150 mm below the crest of the rectangular weir.
Determine the head on the rectangular weir when their discharges are equal.
Use Francis formula.

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