Address Space Management
Transitioning to IPv6
BSCI v3.0—2-1
Why Do We Need a Larger
Address Space?
• Internet population
– Approximately 973 million users in November 2005
– Emerging population and geopolitical address space
• Mobile users
– PDA, pen tablet, notepad, and so on
– Approximately 20 million in 2004
• Mobile phones
– Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
• Transportation
– 1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
– Internet access in planes, for example, Lufthansa
• Consumer devices
– Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005
– Billions of home and industrial appliances
IPv4 and IPv6
Currently, there are approximately 1.3 billion usable IPv4 addresses
available.
IPv6 Advanced Features
Larger address space: Simpler header:
• Global reachability and flexibility • Routing efficiency
• Autoconfiguration • Performance and forwarding rate
• Plug-and-play scalability
• End-to-end without NAT • No broadcasts
• Extension headers
Transition richness:
• Dual stack
• 6to4 and manual tunnels
• Translation
IPv6 Address Representation
Format:
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field
– Case-insensitive for hexadecimal A, B, C, D, E, and F
• Leading zeros in a field are optional
• Successive fields of zeros can be represented as :: only once per address
Examples:
• 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B
– Can be represented as 2031:0:130f::9c0:876a:130b
– Cannot be represented as 2031::130f::9c0:876a:130b
• FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 FF01::1
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ::1
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 ::
IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast:
– Address is for a single interface
– IPv6 has several types (for example, global, reserved, link-local, and
site-local)
• Multicast:
– One-to-many
– Enables more efficient use of the network
– Uses a larger address range
• Anycast:
– One-to-nearest (allocated from unicast address space)
– Multiple devices share the same address
– All anycast nodes should provide uniform service
– Source devices send packets to anycast address
– Routers decide on closest device to reach that destination
– Suitable for load balancing and content delivery services
IPv6 Unicast Addressing
• Types of IPv6 unicast addresses:
– Global: Starts with 2000::/3 and assigned by IANA
– Link local: starts with FE80::/10)
– Site Local / Unique – local Unicast
– Loopback (::1)
– Unspecified (::)
• A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses
of any type: unicast, anycast, or multicast.
IPv6 Global Unicast (and Anycast)
Addresses
IPv6 has the same address format for global unicast and for
anycast addresses.
Uses a global routing prefix—a structure that enables aggregation upward,
eventually to the ISP.
Global unicast start with 3 bit 001-> 2000::/3
Every IPv6-enabled interface contains at least one loopback (::1/128)
and one link-local address.
Optionally, every interface can have multiple unique local and global
addresses.
Link-Local Addresses
Link-local addresses have a scope limited to the link and are dynamically
created on all IPv6 interfaces by using a specific link-local prefix FE80::/10
and a 64-bit interface identifier.
Link-local addresses are used for automatic address configuration, neighbor
discovery, and router discovery. Link-local addresses are also used by many
routing protocols.
When communicating with a link-local address, you must specify the outgoing
interface because every interface is connected to FE80::/10.
Unique – local Unicast
Same as the Private IP v4 Address
Start with FC00::/7
Before Unique, it is site local and start with FEC0::/10
Unique is instead of site local
Multicast
FF00::/8 is the same with class D in IPv4
Address Used
FF02::1 All hosts on the Link
FF02::2 All Routers on the Link
FF02::5, FF02::6 OSPFv3
FF02::9 RIPng
FF02::A EIGRPv6
Assigning IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Static assignment
– Manual interface ID assignment
– EUI-64 interface ID assignment
Dynamic assignment
Stateless autoconfiguration
DHCPv6 (stateful)
IPv6 EUI-64 Interface Identifier
Cisco can use the EUI-64 format for interface identifiers.
This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting
“FFFE” into the middle 16 bits.
To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet
MAC address, the U/L bit is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local
scope).
Stateless Autoconfiguration
DHCPv6 (Stateful)
DHCPv6 is an updated version of DHCP for IPv4:
• Supports new addressing
• Enables more control than stateless autoconfiguration
• Can be used for renumbering
• Can be used for automatic domain name registration of hosts
using dynamic DNS
IPv6 Routing Protocols
IPv6 routing types:
– Static
– RIPng (RFC 2080)
– OSPFv3 (RFC 2740)
– IS-IS for IPv6
– MP-BGP4 (RFC 2545/2858)
– EIGRP for IPv6
The ipv6 unicast-routing command is required to enable
IPv6 before any routing protocol is configured.
RIPng (RFC 2080)
Similar IPv4 features:
• Distance vector, radius of 15 hops, split horizon, and poison
reverse
• Based on RIPv2
Updated features for IPv6:
• IPv6 prefix, next-hop IPv6 address
• Uses the multicast group FF02::9, the all-rip-routers multicast
group, as the destination address for RIP updates
• Uses IPv6 for transport
• Named RIPng
OSPF Version 3 (OSPFv3) (RFC 2740)
Similar to IPv4
• Same mechanisms, but a major rewrite of the internals of the
protocol
Updated features for IPv6
• Every IPv4-specific semantic removed
• Carry IPv6 addresses
• Link-local addresses used as source
• IPv6 transport
• OSPF for IPv6 currently an IETF proposed standard
OSPFv3 Differences from OSPFv2
OSPFv3 protocol processing is per link, not per
subnet
• IPv6 connects interfaces to links.
• Multiple IPv6 subnets can be assigned to a single link.
• Two nodes can talk directly over a single link, even though they
do not share a common subnet.
• The terms “network” and “subnet” are being replaced with “link.”
• An OSPF interface now connects to a link instead of to a subnet.
IPv4-to-IPv6 Transition
Transition richness means:
No fixed day to convert; no need to convert all at once
Different transition mechanisms are available:
– Dual stack
– Manual tunnel
– 6to4 tunnel
– ISATAP tunnel
– Teredo tunnel
Different compatibility mechanisms:
– Proxying and translation (NAT-PT)
Cisco IOS Dual Stack
Dual stack is an integration method in which a node has implementation
and connectivity to both an IPv4 and IPv6 network.
Cisco IOS Dual Stack (Cont.)
When both IPv4 and IPv6 are configured on an interface, the interface
is considered dual-stacked.
IPv6 Tunneling
Tunneling is an integration method in which an IPv6 packet is
encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4. This
method of encapsulation is IPv4.
Includes a 20-byte IPv4 header with no options and an IPv6 header and
payload
Requires dual-stack routers
Translation—NAT-PT
• NAT-Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is a translation mechanism that sits
between an IPv6 network and an IPv4 network.
• The job of the translator is to translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets and
vice versa.
Enabling IPv6 on Cisco Routers
RouterX(config)#
ipv6 unicast-routing
Enables IPv6 traffic forwarding
RouterX(config-if)#
ipv6 address ipv6prefix/prefix-length eui-64
Configures the interface IPv6 addresses
IPv6 Address Configuration Example
Configuring Static route for IPv6
RouterX(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
RouterX(config)#ipv6 route prefix/prefix-
length [ip next-hop|output interface]
Configuring and Verifying RIPng for IPv6
RouterX(config)#
ipv6 router rip tag
Creates and enters RIP router configuration mode
RouterX(config-if)#
ipv6 rip tag enable
Configures RIP on an interface
show ipv6 rip
Displays the status of the various RIP processes
show ipv6 route rip
Shows RIP routes in the IPv6 route table
RIPng for IPv6 Configuration Example
Configuring OSPFv3 in Cisco IOS Software
• Similar to OSPFv2
– Prefixes existing interface and EXEC mode commands with
“ipv6”
• Interfaces configured directly
– Replaces network command
• “Native” IPv6 router mode
– Not a submode of router ospf command
Enabling OSPFv3 Globally
ipv6 unicast-routing
!
ipv6 router ospf 1
router-id 2.2.2.2
Enabling OSPFv3 on an Interface
interface Ethernet0/0
ipv6 address 3FFE:FFFF:1::1/64
ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
OSPFv3 Configuration Example
Router1#
interface S1/1
ipv6 address 2001:410:FFFF:1::1/64
ipv6 ospf 100 area 0
interface S2/0
ipv6 address 3FFE:B00:FFFF:1::2/64
ipv6 ospf 100 area 1
ipv6 router ospf 100
router-id 10.1.1.3
Router2#
interface S3/0
ipv6 address 3FFE:B00:FFFF:1::1/64
ipv6 ospf 100 area 1
ipv6 router ospf 100
router-id 10.1.1.4
Configuring EIGRPv6 for IPv6
RouterX(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
RouterX(config)#ipv6 router eigrp AS
RouterX(config-router)#eigrp router-id id
RouterX(config-router)#no shutdown
RouterX(config)#interface interface-id
RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp AS
IPv6 on Windows XP
C:\> netsh interface ipv6 install
C:\> netsh
netsh> interface ipv6
netsh interface ipv6> add address “Ethernet 2” 2009::1
netsh interface ipv6> delete address “Ethernet 2” 2009::1
netsh interface ipv6> show address
C:\>
