APNIC eLearning:
IPv6 Addressing and
Subnetting
Contact:
[email protected]eIP602_v1.0
Overview
IPv6 Address Text Representation
IPv6 Addressing Structure
IPv6 Address Management Hierarchy
Local Addresses
Global Addresses
Interface ID
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Subnetting
IPv6 Addressing
An IPv6 address is 128 bits long
So the number of addresses are 2^128 =
340282366920938463463374607431768211455
In hex, 4 bits (also called a nibble) is represented by a hex
digit
So 128 bits is reduced down to 32 hex digits
2001:DC0:A910::
nibbles
1010 1001 0001 0000
2001:0DB8:D35D:B33F::/64
IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal values of eight 16 bit fields
X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X (X=16 bit number, ex: A2FE)
16 bit number is converted to a 4 digit hexadecimal number
Example:
FE38:DCE3:124C:C1A2:BA03:6735:EF1C:683D
Abbreviated form of address
4EED:0023:0000:0000:0000:036E:1250:2B00
4EED:23:0:0:0:36E:1250:2B00
4EED:23::36E:1250:2B00
(Null value can be used only once)
Leading zeroes
Groups of zeroes
Double colons
IPv6 Addressing
2001:0DB8:DEAD:BEEF:1AB6:503F:A804:71D9
0010 0000 0000 0001 0000 1101 1011 1000
1101 1110 1010 1101 1011 1110 1110 1111
0001 1010 1011 0110 1001 0000 0011 1111
1010 1000 0000 0100 0111 0001 1101 1001
IPv6 addressing structure
128 bits
1
64 65
Network Prefix
16
32
16
Interface ID
128
64
ISP
/32
Customer
Site /48
End Site Subnet /64
Device 128 Bit Address
IPv6 Address Management Hierarchy
IPv6 addressing model
Unicast
Packet is sent to a single interface
Anycast
Packet is sent to the nearest of
group interfaces (in terms of routing distance)
Multicast
Packet is sent to multiple interfaces
RFC
4291
Addresses Without a Network Prefix
Loopback
::1/128
Unspecified Address
::/128
IPv4-mapped IPv6 address
::ffff/96 [a.b.c.d]
IPv4-compatible IPv6 address
::/96 [a.b.c.d]
IPv6 Address Range
Unspecified Address
::/128
Loopback
::1/128
Global Unicast (0010)
2000::/3
Link Local (1111 1110 10)
FE80::/10
Multicast Address (1111 1111)
FF00::/8
Unique Local Address
FC00::/7
Local Addresses With Network Prefix
Link Local Address
A special address used to communicate within the local link of an
interface
i.e. anyone on the link as host or router
This address in packet destination that packet would never pass
through a router
fe80::/10
Local Addresses With Network Prefix
Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Address
Addresses similar to the RFC 1918 / private address like in IPv4 but
will ensure uniqueness
A part of the prefix (40 bits) are generated using a pseudo-random
algorithm and it's improbable that two generated ones are equal
fc00::/7
Example webtools to generate ULA prefix
http://www.sixxs.net/tools/grh/ula/
http://www.goebel-consult.de/ipv6/createLULA
Global Addresses With Network Prefix
IPV6 Global Unicast Address
Global Unicast Range:
0010
2000::/3
0011
3FFF:FFFF:. :/3
All five RIRs are given a /12 from the /3 to further distribute within the
RIR region
APNIC
2400:0000::/12
ARIN
2600:0000::/12
AfriNIC
2C00:0000::/12
LACNIC
2800:0000::/12
Ripe NCC
2A00:0000::/12
6to4 Addresses
2002::/16
Designed for a special tunneling mechanism [RFC 3056] to connect IPv6
Domains via IPv4 Clouds
Need 6to4 relay routers in ISP network
Examples and Documentation Prefix
Two address ranges are reserved for examples and
documentation purpose by RFC 3849
For examples, use 3fff:ffff::/32
For documentation, use 2001:0DB8::/32
Interface ID
The lowest-order 64-bit field addresses
May be assigned in several different ways:
auto-configured from a 48-bit MAC address expanded into a 64-bit
EUI-64
assigned via DHCP
manually configured
auto-generated pseudo-random number
possibly other methods in the future
EUI-64
Mac Address
EUI-64 Address
00
00
26
26
B0
B0
E5
FF
FE
FF
FE
83
3C
E5
83
3C
E5
83
3C
U/L bit
0
Interface Identifier
02
26
B0
Zone IDs for Local-use Addresses
In Windows XP for example:
Host A: fe80::2abc:d0ff:fee9:4121%4
Host B: fe80::3123:e0ff:fe12:3001%3
Ping from Host A to Host B
ping fe80::3123:e0ff:fe12:3001%4 (not %3)
Identifies the interface zone ID on the host which is
connected to that segment.
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Stateless mechanism
For a site not concerned with the exact addresses
No manual configuration required
Minimal configuration of routers
No additional servers
Stateful mechanism
For a site that requires tighter control over exact address
assignments
Needs a DHCP server
DHCPv6
RFC
2462
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Is this
address
unique?
Assign
FE80::310:BAFF:FE64:1D
2001:1234:1:1/64 network
Tentative address (link-local address)
Well-known link local prefix +Interface ID (EUI-64)
Ex: FE80::310:BAFF:FE64:1D
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
A new host is turned on.
Tentative address will be assigned to the new host.
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) is performed. First the host transmit
a Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message to the solicited node multicast address
(FF02::1:FF64:1D) corresponding to its to be used address
If no Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message comes back then the address is
unique.
FE80::310:BAFF:FE64:1D will be assigned to the new host.
IPv6 Autoconfiguration
Send me
Router
Advertisement
FE80::310:BAFF:FE64:1D
2001:1234:1:1/64 network
1.
2.
3.
4.
Router
Advertisement
Assign
2001:1234:1:1:310:BAFF:FE64:1D
The new host will send Router Solicitation (RS) request to the all-routers multicast
group (FF02::2).
The router will reply Routing Advertisement (RA).
The new host will learn the network prefix. E.g, 2001:1234:1:1::/64
The new host will assigned a new address Network prefix+Interface ID
E.g, 2001:1234:1:1:310:BAFF:FE64:1D
Subnetting (Example)
Provider A has been allocated an IPv6 block
2001:DB8::/32
Provider A will delegate /48 blocks to its customers
Find the blocks provided to the first 4 customers
Subnetting (Example)
Original block:
2001:0DB8::/32
Rewrite as a /48 block:
2001:0DB8:0000:/48
How many /48 blocks are there in a /32?
/32 212832 2 96
= 12848 = 80 = 216
/48 2
2
Find only the first 4 /48 blocks
This is your
network prefix!
Subnetting (Example)
2001:0DB8:0000::/48
Start by manipulating the LSB of your
network prefix write in BITS
In bits
2001:0DB8:
0000 0000 0000 0000
::/48
2001:0DB8:0000::/48
2001:0DB8:
0000 0000 0000 0001
::/48
2001:0DB8:0001::/48
2001:0DB8:
0000 0000 0000 0010
::/48
2001:0DB8:0002::/48
2001:0DB8:
0000 0000 0000 0011
::/48
2001:0DB8:0003::/48
Then write back into hex digits
Appendix:
IPv6 Addressing Exercise
Exercise 1.1: IPv6 subnetting
1. Identify the first four /36 address blocks out of
2406:6400::/32
1.
2.
3.
4.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Exercise 1.2: IPv6 subnetting
1. Identify the first four /35 address blocks out of
2406:6400::/32
1.
2.
3.
4.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Questions
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Thank You!
End of Session
