SIU
Telecommunication &
electronic
3d class
Lecture(1)
Mrs. Ryan Kamal
Introductory lecture
Introduction:
• What is electromagnetic ?
It is a term that is used to describe the electric and magnetic force or
effect produced by an electric current.
• What are the application of electromagnetic field?
Transmitters and receivers, industrial sensing ,…..etc
• What are the aim of studying electromagnetic field?
It is essential to understand the prosperities of electromagnetic field
and how to apply them on the specific field.
Syllabus:
1. Introduction to Maxwell’s equations.
2. Divergence and gauss’s law for electric and magnetic field.
3. Faraday’s law .
4. Ampere’s law and Maxwell’s modification.
5. Plane waves in free space and simple media.
6. Energy and power flow .
7. Reflection and refraction of plane waves .
8. Guided waves.
• Electrostatics:
The theory that describes physical phenomena related to the
interaction between stationary electric charges or charge distributions in
space is called electrostatics.
• Coulomb’s law:
It has been found experimentally that in classical electrostatics the
interaction between two stationary electrically charged bodies can be
described in terms of a mechanical force.
• Let us consider the simple case described by Figure 1.1.1.
• Let F denote the force acting on a charged particle with charge q located at x, due
to the presence of a charge q′ located at x′. According to Coulomb’s law this force
is, in vacuum, given by the expression.
the force F is measured in Newton (N), the charges q and q′ in Coulomb (C) [=
Ampère-seconds (As)], and the length |x-x′| in metres (m). The constant ε0 =
107/(4πc2) ≈ 8.8542 × 10-12 Farad per metre (F/m) is the vacuum permittivity and c
≈ 2.9979×108 m/s is the speed of light in vacuum. In CGS units ε0 = 1/(4π) and the
force is measured in dyne, the charge in statcoulomb, and length in centimetres
(cm).
• Instead of describing the electrostatic interaction in terms of a “force action at a distance,” it turns
out that it is often more convenient to introduce the concept of a field and to describe the
electrostatic interaction in terms of a static vectorial electric field Estat defined by the limiting
process
• where F is the electrostatic force, as defined in Equation (1.1), from a net charge q′ on the test
particle with a small electric net charge q. Since the purpose of the limiting process is to assure that
the test charge q does not
influence the field, the expression for Estat does not depend explicitly on q but only on the charge
q′ and the relative radius vector x-x′. This means that we can say that any net electric charge
produces an electric field in the space that surrounds it, regardless of the existence of a second
charge anywhere in this space. Using formulae (1.1) and (1.2), we find that the electrostatic field
Estat at the field point x (also known as the observation point), due to a field-producing charge q′ at
the source point x′, is given by :
• Magnetostatics:
While electrostatics deals with static charges, magnetostatics deals with
stationary currents, i.e., charges moving with constant speeds, and the
interaction between these currents.
• Ampère’s law:
Experiments on the interaction between two small current loops have shown
that they interact via a mechanical force, much the same way that charges
interact. Let F denote such a force acting on a small loop C carrying a current J
located at x, due to the presence of a small loop C′ carrying a current J′
• located at x′. According to Ampère’s law this force is, in vacuum, given
by the expression
• Here dl and dl′ are tangential line elements of the loops C and C′,
respectively, and, in SI units, µ0 = 4π× 10-7 ≈ 1.2566 × 10-6 H/m is the
vacuum permeability. From the definition of ε0 and µ0 (in SI units) we
observe that
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TH
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