Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Experiment-1
Name:- Raj Borse
Division: ME-A
Roll No:- 43
GR No:- 12020090
Batch:- B-2
Title: Diode as Clipper & Clamper Circuit
Objectives:
● To understand the theory of operation of the clipping and clamping
diode circuits.
● To design wave shapes that meet different circuits needs.
Outcomes: After completion of the experiment students will be able
● To observe the clipping waveforms in different clipping configurations.
● To understand the IO waveforms of positive and negative clamper
circuits
Diode as Clipper:
Electronic devices are very sensitive to voltage. If a large amplitude voltage
is applied, it may permanently destroy the device. So, it is essential to
protect the electronics devices. The protection of the electronic devices can
be achieved by using the clipper circuits. A clipper is a device that removes
either the positive half (top half) or negative half (bottom half), or both
positive and negative halves of the input AC signal. In other words, a clipper
is a device that limits the positive amplitude or negative amplitude or both
positive and negative amplitudes of the input AC signal. In some cases, a
clipper removes a small portion of the positive half cycle or negative half
cycle or both positive and negative half cycles.
The clipper circuits are generally categorized into three types: series
clippers, shunt clippers and dual (combination) clippers. In series clippers,
the diode is connected in series with the output load resistance. In shunt
clippers, the diode is connected in parallel with the output load resistance.
The series and shunt clippers are again classified into four types: series
positive clipper, series positive clipper with bias, series negative clipper and
series negative clipper with bias.
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Diode Positive Clipper
Figure 1.(a) shows a diode positive limiter (also called clipper) that limits
or clips the positive part of the input voltage. As the input voltage goes
positive, the diode becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is
limited to +0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value. When the input
voltage goes back below 0.7 V, the diode is reverse-biased and appears as
an open. The output voltage looks like the negative part of the input voltage,
but with a magnitude determined by the voltage divider formed by R1 and
the load resistor, RL, as follows:
RL
V Out = V
R 1+RL in
If R1 is small compared to RL, then Vout ≈ Vin
If the diode is turned around, as in Figure 1 (b), the negative part of the
input voltage is clipped off. When the diode is forward-biased during the
negative part of the input voltage, point A is held at by the diode drop. When
the input voltage goes above the diode is no longer forward-biased; and a
voltage appears across RL proportional to the input voltage.
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Biased Limiters The level to which an ac voltage is limited can be adjusted
by adding a bias voltage, VBIAS, in series with the diode, as shown in Figure
2.a. The voltage at point A must equal VBIAS + 0.7 V before the diode will
become forward-biased and conduct. Once the diode begins to conduct, the
voltage at point A is limited to VBIAS + 0.7 V so that all input voltage above
this level is clipped off. To limit a voltage to a specified negative level, the
diode and bias voltage must be connected as in Figure 2.b. In this case, the
voltage at point A must go below -VBIAS - 0.7 V to forward-bias the diode
and initiate limiting action as shown.
Figure 2.a Positive Biased Clipper
Figure 2.b Negative Biased Clipper
Procedure: Positive Biased Clipper
1.
V
Apply sine wave input of 10 p−p , 1 KHz for the circuit shown in 2.a.
2. Connect P-N Junction Diode, R1=10K, RL=100K
3. Connect the biasing potential of 3 V to the diode.
4. Observe and measure the output voltage on Scope.
5. Also observe and draw output waveform for square waveform &
triangular wave input.
6. Plot all waveforms
I/P & O/P Waveforms:
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
POSITIVE CLIPPER CIRCUIT
POSITIVE CLIPPER WAVEFORM
NEGATIVE CLIPPER CIRCUIT
NEGATIVE CLIPPER WAVEFORM
Procedure:
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
1. Apply sine wave input of 10
V p−p , 1 KHz for the circuit shown in
Figure 4.
2. Connect P-N Junction Diode, Resistor=1K & RL=10K
3. Observe and measure the output voltage on Scope.
4. Plot all waveforms
Negative Biased Clipper
1. Apply sine wave input of 10
V p−p , 1 KHz for the circuit shown in 2.b.
2. Connect P-N Junction Diode, R1=10K, RL=100K
3. Connect the biasing potential of 2 V to the diode.
4. Observe and measure the output voltage on Scope.
5. Also observe and draw output waveform for square waveform &
triangular wave input.
6. Plot all waveforms
I/P & O/P Waveforms:
POSITIVE CLIPPER (SQUARE WAVE) CIRCUIT
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
POSITIVE CLIPPER (SQUARE WAVE) WAVEFORM
POSITIVE CLIPPER (TRIANGULAR WAVE) CIRCUIT
POSITIVE CLIPPER (TRIANGULAR WAVE) WAVEFORM
POSITIVE BIASSED CLIPPER CIRCUIT
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
POSITIVE BIASSED CLIPPER WAVEFORM
NEGATIVE BIASSED CLIPPER CIRCUIT
NEGATIVE BIASSED CLIPPER WAVEFORM
Conclusion:-
1. A Clipper is a circuit designed to prevent a signal from exceeding a
predetermined reference voltage level.
2. It does not distort the remaining part of the applied waveform.
3. Clippers are often referred to as voltage limiters, current limiters,
slicers, or amplitude selectors.
4. Positive Biased Clippers can be used to clip the positive component of
the waveform.
5. Negative Biased Clippers can be used to clip the negative component
of the waveform
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Diode as Clamper:
A clamper is an electronic circuit that changes the DC level of a signal to the
desired level without changing the shape of the applied signal. In other
words, the clamper circuit moves the whole signal up or down to set either
the positive peak or negative peak of the signal at the desired level.
The dc component is simply added to the input signal or subtracted from the
input signal. A clamper circuit adds the positive dc component to the input
signal to push it to the positive side. Similarly, a clamper circuit adds the
negative dc component to the input signal to push it to the negative side.
Clampers are sometimes known as dc restorers.
Positive Clamper:
Figure 3 shows a diode clamper that inserts a positive dc level in the output
waveform. The operation of this circuit can be seen by considering the first
negative half-cycle of the input voltage. When the input voltage initially goes
negative, the diode is forward biased, allowing the capacitor to charge to
near the peak of the input as shown in Figure 3(a). Just after the negative
peak, the diode is reverse-biased. This is because the cathode is held near
by the charge on the capacitor. The capacitor can only discharge through the
high resistance of RL. So, from the peak of one negative half-cycle to the
next, the capacitor discharges very little. The amount that is discharged, of
course, depends on the value of RL.
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
POSITIVE CLAMPER CIRCUIT
POSITIVE CLAMPER WAVEFORM
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Figure 3: Positive Clamper
If the capacitor discharges during the period of the input wave, clamping
action is affected. If the RC time constant is 100 times the period, the
clamping action is excellent. An RC time constant of ten times the period will
have a small amount of distortion at the ground level due to the charging
current. The net effect of the clamping action is that the capacitor retains a
charge approximately equal to the peak value of the input less the diode
drop. The capacitor voltage acts essentially as a battery in series with the
input voltage. The dc voltage of the capacitor adds to the input voltage by
superposition, as in Figure 3(b).
Negative Clamper:
If the diode is turned around, a negative dc voltage is added to the input
voltage to produce the output voltage as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 : Negative Clamper
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Procedure: Positive Clamper
1. Apply sine wave input of 10
V p−p , 1 KHz for the circuit shown in 3.a.
2. Connect P-N Junction Diode, Electrolyte Capacitor=10 uF & RL=10K
3. Observe and measure the output voltage on Scope.
4. Also observe and draw output waveform for square waveform &
triangular wave input.
5. Plot all waveforms
NEGATIVE CLAMPER CIRCUIT
NEGATIVE CLAMPER WAVEFORM
Applied Electronics Lab Manual
Procedure: Negative Clamper
1. Apply sine wave input of 10
V p−p , 1 KHz for the circuit shown in
Figure 4.
2. Connect P-N Junction Diode, Electrolyte Capacitor=10 uF & RL=10K
3. Observe and measure the output voltage on Scope.
4. Also observe and draw output waveform for square waveform &
triangular wave input.
5. Plot all waveforms
Conclusion:
1. A clamper is an electronic circuit that moves the whole signal up or
down to set either the positive peak or negative peak of the signal at
the desired level.
2. The dc component is simply added to the input signal or subtracted
from the input signal.
3. In Positive Clamper the positive DC components are added by the
circuit to the input signal.
4. In Negative Clamper the negative DC components are added to the
input signal to push the signal towards negative side.
