Mathematics in the Modern World

Sets, Functions, Relation and Binary

Operations
o Identify and discuss the four basic concepts
in mathematical language.

o List and discuss some basic operations on

logic and logical formalities

o Perform operations on mathematical

expressions correctly.
Set theory is the branch of mathematics
that studies sets or the mathematical
science of the infinite.

He is considered as the founder of set

theory as a mathematical discipline.
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.
It is usually represented by capital letters.
The objects of a set is separated by commas.
The object s that belong in a set are the elements,
or a member of the set.
It can be represented by listing its element between
braces.
A set is said to be well-defined if the elements in a
set are specifically listed.

EXAMPLES:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {set of triangles}
C = {Au, Ag, Fe, H}
If S is a set, the notation
• x  S means that x is an element of S
• x  S means that x is not an element of S
 A variation of notation is used to describe a very
large set.
• {1, 2, 3, ..., 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to
100.
• {1, 2, 3, ...} refer to set of all positive integers.
 The symbol ... is called an ellipses and read as “and so
forth”
A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by
writing all elements between braces.
Example:
oLet A = {1,2,3}, B= {3,1,2} and C= {1,1,2,2,3,3,3}.What
are the element of A, B and C? How aare A, B and C
related?
A,B,C have exactly the same three elements , 1,2,3.
Therefore A, B, and C are simply represented in different
ways.
oIs {0}=0?
{0} ≠ 0 because {0} is a set with one element, namely 0,
whereas 0 is just the symbol that represents number zero.
Some important sets are the following:
1. N = {1,2,3, ...} = the set of natural numbers.
2. W = {0,1,2,3, ...} = the set of whole numbers.
3. Z = {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3, ...} = the set of integers.
4. Q = the set of rational numbers (terminating or
repeating decimals)
5. Q’ = the set of irrational numbers (non terminating
and non repeating decimals)
6. R = the set of real numbers
7. C = the set of complex numbers
 A = {xx is a set of vowel letters}

Set A equals the set of all x such that x is a set of

vowel letters” or A = {a, e, i, o, u}

B = {xx is a real number and x2 – 1 = 0}

C = {xx is a letter in the word dirt}
D = {xx is an integer, 1  x  8}
E = {xx is a positive integer less than 10}
a. The list of course offerings of St. Anne College Lucena.
Answer: Set

b. The elected district councilors of Lucena City.

Answer: Set

c. The collection of intelligent monkeys in Manila Zoo.

Answer: Not a set
 List the Elements of the Sets
a. A = {xx is a letter in the word mathematics.}

Answer: A = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s.}

b. B = {xx is a positive integer, 3  x  8.}

Answer: B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

c. C = {xx = 2n + 3, n is a positive integer.}

Answer: C = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …}

 Methods of Writing

Roster Method. The elements of the set are enumerated and

separated by a comma it is also called tabulation method.

Rule Method. A descriptive phrase is used to describe the

elements or members of the set it is also called set builder
notation, symbol it is written as {x P(x)}.
Example:
E = {a, e, i, o, u} Roster method
E = {xx is a collection of vowel letters} Rule method
 Write the following Sets in Roster Form

a. A= {xx is the letter of the word discrete}

Answer: A = {d, i, s, c, r, e, t}

b. B = {x3  x  8, x  Z}
Answer: B = {4, 5, 6, 7}

c. C = {xx is the set of zodiac signs}

Answer: C = {Aries, Cancer, Capricorn, Sagittarius, Libra,
Leo, …}
Write the following Sets using Rule Method

a. D = {Narra, Mohagany, Molave, …}

Answer: D = {xx is the set of non-bearing trees.}

b. E = {DOJ, DOH, DOST, DSWD, DENR, CHED, DepEd,…}

Answer: E = {xx is the set of government agencies.}

c. F = {Botany, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, …}

Answer: F = {xx is the set of science subjects.}
Some Terms on Sets

 Finite and Infinite Sets.

 Unit Set

 Empty Set

 Universal Set

 Cardinality
Finite Set

Finite set is a set whose elements are limited or countable, and

the last element can be identified.

Example:
a. A = {xx is a positive integer less than 10}

b. C = {d, i, r, t}

c. E = {a, e, i, o, u}
Infinite Set

Infinite set is a set whose elements are unlimited or

uncountable, and the last element cannot be specified.

Example:
a. F = {…, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,…}

b. G = {xx is a set of whole numbers}

c. H = {xx is a set of molecules on earth}

Unit Set
A unit set is a set with only one element it is also
called singleton.

Example:
a. I = {xx is a whole number greater than 1 but less than 3}

b. J = {w}

c. K = {rat}
Empty Set

An empty set is a unique set with no elements (or null

set), it is denoted by the symbol  or { }.

Example:
a. L = {xx is an integer less than 2 but greater than 1}

b. M = {xx is a number of panda bear in Manila Zoo}

c. N = {xx is the set of positive integers less than zero}

Universal Set

Universal set is the all sets under investigation in any

application of set theory are assumed to be contained
in some large fixed set, denoted by the symbol U.

Example:
a. U = {xx is a positive integer, x2 = 4}

b. U = {1, 2, 3,…,100}

c. U = {xx is an animal in Manila Zoo}

 Cardinality

The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or

members in the set, the cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A)
Example: Determine its cardinality of the ff. sets Answer
a. E = {a, e, i, o, u}, n(E) = 5

b. A = {xx is a positive integer less than 10} n(A) = 9

c. C = {d, i, r, t} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} n(C) = 4

Theorem 1.1: Uniqueness of the Empty Set: There is only one

set with no elements.
Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram is a pictorial presentation of relation and operations
on set.
Also known set diagrams, it show all hypothetically possible logical
relations between finite collections of sets.

Constructed with a collection of simple closed

curves drawn in the plane or normally
comprise of overlapping circles.
The interior of the circle symbolically
represents the elements (or members) of the
set, while the exterior represents elements
which are not members of the set.

Introduced by John Venn in his paper "On the Diagrammatic and

Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasoning’s"
Kinds of Sets

 Subset

 Proper Subset

 Equal Set

 Power Set
Subset
If A and B are sets, A is called subset of B, if and only if, every
element of A is also an element of B.

Symbolically: A  B  x, x  A  x  B.

Example: Suppose
A = {c, d, e}
B = {a, b, c, d, e}

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

Then A  B, since all elements of A is in B.

Proper Subset
Let A and B be sets. A is a proper subset of B, if and only if,
every element of A is in B but there is at least one element of B
that is not in A.
The symbol  denotes that it is not a proper subset.
Symbolically: A  B  x, x  A  x  B.
Example: Suppose
A = {c, d, e}
B = {a, b, c, d, e}
C = {e, a, c, b, d}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

Then A  B, since all elements of A is in B.

Equal Sets
Given set A and B, A equals B, written, if and only if, every
element of A is in B and every element of B is in A.
Symbolically: A = B  A  B  B  A.

Example:
Suppose A = {a, b, c, d, e},
B = {a, b, d, e, c}

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

Then then A  B and B  A, thus A = B.

Power Set

Given a set S from universe U, the power set of S denoted by

(S), is the collection (or sets) of all subsets of S.

Example: Determine the power set of (a) A = {e, f},

(b) = B = {1, 2, 3}.

(a) A = {e, f} (A) = {{e}, {f}, {e, f}, }

(b) B = {1, 2, 3} (B) = {{1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3},
{1, 2, 3}, }.
Theorem

Theorem 1.2: A Set with No Elements is a Subset of Every Set: If

 is a set with no elements and A is any set, then
  A.

Theorem 1.3: For all sets A and B, if A  B then (A)  (B).

Theorem 1.4: Power Sets: For all integers n, if a set S has n

elements then (S) has 2n elements.
Operations on Sets

 Union

 Intersection

 Complement

 Difference

 Symmetric Difference

 Disjoint Sets

 Ordered Pairs
Union

The union of A and B, denoted AB, is the set of all elements x

in U such that x is in A or x is in B.

Symbolically: AB = {xx  A  x  B}.

Intersection

The intersection of A and B, denoted AB, is the set of all

elements x in U such that x is in A and x is in B.

Symbolically: AB = {xx  A  x  B}.

Complement

The complement of A (or absolute complement of A), denoted

A’, is the set of all elements x in U such that x is not in A.

Symbolically: A’ = {x  U  x  A}.
Difference
The difference of A and B (or relative complement of B with
respect to A), denoted A  B, is the set of all elements x in U
such that x is in A and x is not in B.

Symbolically: A  B = {xx  A  x  B} = AB’.

Symmetric Difference
If set A and B are two sets, their symmetric difference as the
set consisting of all elements that belong to A or to B, but not
to both A and B.

Symbolically: A  B = {xx  (AB)  x(AB)}

= (AB)(AB)’ or (AB)  (AB).
Example
Suppose
A = {a, b, c} B = {c, d, e} U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
Find the following
a. AB

b. AB
c. A’
d. A  B
e. A  B
 Solution

a. AB = {a, b, c, d, e}

b. AB = {c}

c. A’ = {d, e, f, g}

d. A  B = {a, b}

e. A  B = {a, b, d, e}
Disjoint Sets

Two set are called disjoint (or non-intersecting) if and only if,
they have no elements in common.

Symbolically: A and B are disjoint  AB = .

Order Pairs
In the ordered pair (a, b), a is called the first component and b is
called the second component. In general, (a, b)  (b, a).

Example: Determine whether each statement is true or false.

a. (2, 5) = (9 – 7, 2 + 3) Since 2 = 9 – 7 and 2 + 3 = 5, the ordered
pair is equal.
True
b. {2, 5}  {5, 2} Since these are sets and not ordered pairs,
the order in which the elements are listed is
not important. False
c. (2, 5)  (5, 2) These ordered pairs are not equal since they
do not satisfy the requirements for equality
of ordered pairs. True
 Cartesian Product
The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written AxB, is
AxB = {(a, b)  a  A and b  B}

Example: Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {7, 8}. Find each set.

a. AxB = {(2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 7), (3, 8), (5, 7), (5, 8)}

b. BxA = {(7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 5), (8, 2), (8, 3), (8, 5)}

c. AxA = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2), (5, 3),
(5, 5)}