1st Topic

Fourier Transforms
Integral Transforms
Fourier Integral Theorem
(Sufficient conditions for the validity of Fourier Integral)
Fourier Sine and Cosine integrals
Complex Form of Fourier Integral

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Introduction:
In the previous topic, we have already discussed the use of Laplace
Transforms in the solution of ordinary differential equations. Today, we will
discuss the one more transform which is as known Fourier Transforms. We will
also discuss their properties and its use in the solution of partial differential
equations.
Note:
• The choice of a particular transform to be employed for the solution of an
equation depends on the boundary conditions of the problem and without
difficulty with which the transform can be inverted.
• A Fourier Transform when applied to a partial differential equation reduces
the number of its independent variables by one.
Applications:
With the help of the theory of integral transforms, we can obtain solutions of
numerous boundary value problems of engineering, e.g.
• Conduction of heat,
• Transverse vibrations of a string,
• Transverse oscillations of an elastic beam,
Integral Transforms: 2
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• Free and forced vibrations of a membrane,

• Transmission lines etc.
INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS:
The integral transform of a function f(x), denoted by I {f (x)} is defined by
b
I{f ( x )} = f (s ) = ∫ f ( x )K (s, x)dx ,
a

where K(s, x) is a known function of s and x, called kernel of the transform.

The function f(x) is called the inverse transform of f (s ) .
Three simple examples of a kernel are as follows:
1. Laplace Transform:

When K (s, x ) = e −sx , then it leads to Laplace transform of f(x), i.e.

∞

∫ f (x )e dx .
−sx
L{f ( x )} = f (s ) =
0

2. Fourier Transform:
When K ( s, x ) = eisx , then we have the Fourier transform of f(x), i.e.
∞
F (s ) = ∫ f (x)e
isx
dx .
−∞

3. Mellin Transform:

If K (s, x ) = x s−1 , then its gives the Mellin transform of f(x), i.e.
∞
M ( s ) = ∫ f ( x ) x s −1dx .
0

Other special transforms arise when kernel is a sine or cosine function or a

Bessel’s function. These lead to Fourier sine or cosine transforms and the
Hankel transform, respectively.
4. Fourier Sine Transform:
∞
2
π ∫0
Fs ( s ) = f ( x ) sin sxdx .
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5. Fourier Cosine Transform:

∞
2
π ∫0
Fc ( s ) = f ( x ) cos sxdx .

6. Hankel Transform:
If K (s, x ) = xJ n (sx ) , then
∞
H n ( s ) = ∫ f ( x ) xJ n (sx)dx ,
0

where Jn(sx) is the Bessel function of the first kind and order n.

In order to introduce the Fourier transforms, we shall first derive the Fourier
Integral theorem:
FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM:
[Sufficient conditions for the validity of Fourier Integral]
1. f(x) is piecewise continuous on every finite interval [ −c, c] .
∞
2. f(x) is absolutely integrable on the x-axis, that is, ∫ f (x ) dx converges.
−∞

3. At every x on the real line f(x) has left and right hand derivatives.
If f(x) satisfies the conditions 1 to 3 stated above, then
(A) Fourier Integral of f converges to f(x) at every point x at which f is continuous,
and
1
(B) Fourier Integral of f(x) converges to the mean value [f ( x 0 + 0) + f ( x 0 − 0)] at
2
every point x at which f is discontinuous, where f ( x + ) and f ( x − ) are the right

and left hand limits respectively.

In other words, if f(x) satisfies the conditions 1 to 3 stated above, then f(x) can be
represented by a Fourier integral
∞
f (x ) = ∫ [A(α )cos αx + B(α )sin αx ]dα ,
0

which is valid at all points of continuity.

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1
At a point of discontinuity x 0 , the Fourier integral = [f ( x 0 + 0) + f ( x 0 − 0)] , i.e.,
2
average of the left and right hand limits.
Proof:
Consider a function f(x), which satisfies the Dirichlet’s conditions in every interval
(−c, c) .
Then, we can develop a Fourier series as
a0 ∞  nπx nπx 
f (x ) = + ∑  a n cos + b n sin , (i)
2 n =1  c c 
c c c
1 1 nπx 1 nπx
where, a 0 = ∫ f (x)dx , a n = ∫ f (x) cos dx and b n = ∫ f (x) sin dx .
c −c c −c c c −c c

Substituting the values of a0, an and bn in (i), we get

 1 c  1 ∞  nπx 
c
nπt  nπx 
c
nπt  
f (x) =  ∫ f (t)dt  + ∑ cos  ∫ f (t) cos dt  + sin  ∫ f (t)sin dt  
 2c − c  c n =1  c  −c c  c  −c c  

Set α n =
nπ
and δα = α n −1 − α n =
( n + 1) π − nπ = π . Then
c c c c
1 ∞  
c c c
1
f (x) = ∫
2c − c
f (t)dt + ∑ 
π n =1 
( cos α n x ) δα ∫ f (t) cos ( α n t ) dt + ( sin α n x ) δα ∫ f (t)sin ( αn t ) dt  (ii)
−c −c 
We now let c → ∞ , and assume f(x) to be absolutely integrable over the interval
∞
( −∞, ∞ ) , i.e. ∫ f (x ) dx converges.
−∞
c
1
2c −∫c
Then the value of the integral f (t)dt tends to zero as c → ∞ .

π
Also δα = → 0 and the infinite series in (ii) becomes an integral from 0 to ∞ , which
c
represents f(x) as

1 ∞  
c c
f (x) = ∑ 
π n =1 
( cos α n x ) δα ∫ f (t) cos ( α n t ) dt + ( sin α n x ) δα ∫ f (t) sin ( α n t ) dt 
−c −c 
∞
 1 ∞  1 ∞  
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos ( αt ) dt  cos αx +  ∫ f (t) sin ( αt ) dt  sin αx  dα
0  π −∞   π −∞  
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∞
⇒ f (x) = ∫  A ( α ) cos αx + B ( α ) sin αx  dα , (iii)
0

This is called the Fourier Integral representation of f(x).

∞ ∞
1 1
Here A(α ) =
π ∫ f ( t ) cos(αt )dt and B(α ) =
π ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt , which are called
−∞ −∞

Fourier coefficients.
Thus, a function f(x) can be represented by a Fourier integral
∞
f (x ) = ∫ [A(α )cos αx + B(α )sin αx ]dα ,
0

which is valid at all points of continuity.

1
At a point of discontinuity x 0 , the Fourier integral = [f ( x 0 + 0) + f ( x 0 − 0)] , i.e.,
2
average of the left and right hand limits.
This completes the proof of Fourier integral theorem.
Another Form of Fourier Integral Representation:
Since we know the Fourier integral of f(x)
∞
f (x ) = ∫ [A(α )cos αx + B(α )sin αx ]dα .
0

∞ ∞
1 1
Substituting the expressions for A(α) =
π ∫ f (t) cos(αt )dt and B(α) =
π ∫ f (t) sin(αt )dt ,
−∞ −∞
we obtain
∞
 1 ∞  1 ∞  
f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos ( αt ) dt  cos αx +  ∫ f (t) sin ( αt ) dt  sin αx  dα
0  π −∞   π −∞  

1  
∞ ∞
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) [ cos αt cos αx + sin αt sin αx ] dt  dα
π 0  −∞ 

1  
∞ ∞
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos α ( t − x ) dt  dα ,
π 0  −∞ 
(iii)

which is known as Fourier integral of f(x).

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Fourier Sine and Cosine Integrals:

Since we know the Fourier integral of f(x)
∞
f (x ) = ∫ [A(α )cos αx + B(α )sin αx ]dα .
0

∞ ∞
1 1
where A (α ) =
π ∫ f ( t ) cos(αt )dt and B(α ) =
π ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt ,
−∞ −∞

Fourier Cosine Integral:

When f(x) is an even function,
∞ ∞
1 2
then B(α ) = ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt = 0 and A(α ) = ∫ f ( t ) cos(αt )dt ,
π π
−∞ 0

then the Fourier integral reduces to the Fourier cosine integral

∞ ∞ ∞
2
f ( x ) = ∫ A ( α ) cos ( αx ) dα =
π ∫0
cos ( αx ) ∫ f (t) cos ( αt ) dtdα .
0 0

This is called Fourier cosine integral.

Fourier Sine Integral:

When f(x) is an odd function,
∞ ∞
1 2
then A (α ) = ∫ f ( t ) cos(αt )dt = 0 and B(α ) = ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt ,
π π
−∞ 0

then the Fourier integral (I) reduces to the Fourier sine integral
∞ ∞ ∞
2
f ( x ) = ∫ B ( α ) sin ( αx ) dα =
π ∫0
sin ( αx ) ∫ f (t) sin ( αt ) dtdα .
0 0

This is called Fourier sine integral.

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Complex Form of Fourier Integrals:

Since we know the Fourier integral of f(x)
∞
f (x ) = ∫ [A(α )cos αx + B(α )sin αx ]dα .
0

∞ ∞
1 1
Substituting the expressions for A(α) =
π ∫ f (t) cos(αt )dt and B(α) =
π ∫ f (t) sin(αt )dt ,
−∞ −∞
we obtain
∞
 1 ∞  1 ∞  
f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos ( αt ) dt  cos αx +  ∫ f (t) sin ( αt ) dt  sin αx  dα
0  π −∞   π −∞  

1  
∞ ∞
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) [ cos αt cos αx + sin αt sin αx ] dt  dα
π 0  −∞ 

1  
∞ ∞
⇒ f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos α ( t − x ) dt  dα ,
π 0  −∞ 
Since cos α ( t − x ) is an even function of α , we have

1   ∞ 
∞ ∞ ∞
1
f (x) = ∫  ∫ f (t) cos α ( t − x ) dt  dα = ∫  −∞∫
 f (t) cos α ( t − x ) dt  dα
π 0  −∞  2π −∞ 

1
∞ ∞  a a 
= ∫
2π −∞ ∫
−∞
f (t) cos α ( t − x ) dtdα ∵ 2∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx, if f(x) is even  (i)
 0 
−a

Since sin α( t − x ) is an odd function of α , so that

1
∞ ∞  a 
0= ∫ ∫ f ( t ) sin α(t − x )dtdα ∵ 2 ∫ f ( x )dx = 0, if f(x) is odd  (ii)
2π  −a 
−∞ −∞

Multiplying (ii) by i and adding to (i), we get

∞ ∞
1
f (x) =
2π ∫ ∫ f ( t ){cos α(t − x ) + i sin α(t − x )}dtdα
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 1
= ∫ ∫ f ( t )e iα (t − x )dtdα = ∫ e − iαx ∫ f ( t )e iαt dtdα
2π 2π
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
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1
∞  1 ∞ 
iαt  − iαx
= ∫  ∫
2π − ∞  2π − ∞
f ( t ) e dt

e dα ,

which is known as the Complex form of Fourier integral.

**********************************
Fourier integrals

1 for x ≤ 1,

Q.No.1.: Express the function f ( x ) = 
0 for x > 1,

as a Fourier integral.
∞
sin λ cos λx
Hence evaluate ∫ λ
dλ .
0
∞
sin x π
Also prove that ∫0
x
dx = .
2

1 for x ≤ 1, i.e. for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

Sol.: Given f (x) = 
0 for x > 1 i.e. for − ∞ < x < −1 and 1 < x < ∞

1
∞ ∞ 
The Fourier integral for f(x) is f ( x ) =
π ∫ ∫
 f ( t ) cos α ( t − x )dt  dα

0 − ∞

1  
∞ ∞ ∞ 1
1  dλ
π∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
⇒ f (x ) = f ( t ) cos λ(t − x )dtdλ = cos λ ( t − x )dt
π  
0 −∞ 0  −1 
∵ f (t) = 0 when − ∞ < t < −1 and when 1 < t < ∞ 
and f(t) = 1 when − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1 
 
∞ 1 π
1  sin λ(t − x )  1 sin λ(1 − x ) − sin λ(− 1 − x )
= ∫   dλ = ∫ dλ
π0  λ  −1 π0 λ

π ∞
1 sin λ(1 + x ) + sin λ(1 − x ) 2 sin λ cos λx
= ∫
π0 λ
dλ = ∫
π0 λ
dλ

∞
2 sin λ cos λx
⇒ f (x ) = ∫ dλ , which is required Fourier integral.
π λ
0
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∞ ∞
2 sin λ cos λx sin λ cos λx π
2 nd
Part: Since f (x) = ∫ dλ ⇒ ∫ dλ = f ( x ) .
π0 λ 0
λ 2

∞
sin λ cos λx π π
Case I: When x < 1 , then ∫ λ
dλ = (1) = .
2 2
0

Case II: When x = 1

i.e. x = ±1 , f(x) is discontinuous and as we know at a point of discontinuity x 0 , the

1
Fourier integral = [f ( x 0 + 0) + f ( x 0 − 0)] , i.e., average of the left and right hand limits.
2
1π π  π
Integral has the value  (1) + (0 ) = .
22 2  4
∞
sin λ cos λx π
∴∫ dλ = .
0
λ 4

∞
sin λ cos λx π
Case III: When x > 1 , then ∫ λ
dλ = (0) = 0 .
2
0
∞ ∞
sin λ π sin x π
∫ ∫
rd
3 Part: Putting x = 0, we get dλ = ⇒ dx = .
0
λ 2 0
x 2

Q.No.2.: Express f ( x ) = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π

= 0 for x > π ,
as a Fourier sine integral and hence evaluate
∞
1 − cos(πλ )
∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ .
0

1, when 0 < x < π

Sol.: Here given f ( x ) = 
 0, when x > π
1st Part: Fourier sine integral representation of f(x):
Since we know that the Fourier sine integral is
∞ ∞
2
f (x ) = ∫ B(α ) sin (αx )dα , where B(α ) = ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt .
π
0 0
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∞ ∞
2
or f (x ) = ∫ B(λ )sin (λx )dλ , where B(λ ) = ∫ f ( t ) sin (λt )dt .
π
0 0

Using Fourier sine integral, we have

2
∞ ∞ 
f (x) = ∫  f ( t ) sin (λt )dt  sin (λx )dλ
π0 ∫ 
0 

2  
∞ π ∞
= ∫  ∫ f (t) sin ( λt ) dt + ∫ f (t) sin ( λt ) dt  sin λxdλ
π 0 0 π 

2
∞ π 
= ∫  1. sin (λt )dt  sin (λx )dλ
∫
[On substituting for f(t)]
π0 
0 
∞ π ∞
2  cos(λt )  2 1 − cos(πλ )
= ∫ 
π0 
−
λ 0  sin (λx )dλ = ∫
π0 λ
sin (xλ )dλ ,

which is required Fourier sine integral.

∞
1 − cos(πλ )
2nd Part: Evaluate ∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ .
0

1, when 0 < x < π

Since f ( x ) = 
0, when x > π
∞
1 − cos ( πλ ) π
∴∫ sin ( xλ ) dλ = f (x) .
0
λ 2

At x = π , f(x) is discontinuous and as we know at a point of discontinuity x 0 , the

1
Fourier integral = [f ( x 0 + 0) + f ( x 0 − 0)] , i.e., average of the left and right hand limits.
2
Thus, the value of the above integral
∞
1 − cos(πλ ) π  f (π − 0) + f (π + 0)  π 1 + 0 π
∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ = 
2 2  = 2 . 2 = 4 .
0
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Q.No.3.: Find the (a) Fourier cosine integral and (b) Fourier sin integral of
f ( x ) = sin x if 0 ≤ x ≤ π
=0 if x > π
Sol.: Here given
f ( x ) = sin x if 0 ≤ x ≤ π
=0 if x > π
1st Part: Fourier cosine integral representation of f(x):
Since we know that the Fourier cosine integral is
∞ ∞
2
f (x ) = ∫ A(α ) cos αxdα , where A(α ) = ∫ f (t ) cos αtdt .
π0
0

2
π ∞  π
12
Now A(α ) =  ∫ sin t. cos αtdt + ∫ 0 = ∫ [sin(1 + α)t + sin(1 − α )t ]dt
π  0 π  2 π 0

π
1  cos(1 + α )t cos(1 − α )t  1 1 − cos(1 + α )π 1 − cos(1 − α )π 
=−  +  =+  + 
π  1+ α 1 − α  t =0 π 1+ α 1− α 
1 1 + cos απ 1 + cos απ  2(1 + cos απ )
A(α ) = + = .
π  1 + α 1 − α  π 1− α2 ( )
Substituting A(α ) , we get the Fourier cosine integral of f(x) as
∞ ∞
2(1 + cos απ ) 2 (1 + cos απ )
f (x ) = ∫ (
π 1− α2 ) . cos αxdα = ∫
π0 1− α2
. cos αxdα .
( )
0

2nd Part: Fourier sine integral representation of f(x):

Since we know that the Fourier sine integral is
∞ ∞
2
f (x ) = ∫ B(α ) sin αxdα , where B(α ) =
π ∫0
f (t )sin αtdt .
0

2  2 π 
π ∞
Now B(α ) =  ∫ f ( t ). sin αtdt  =  ∫ sin t. sin αtdt + ∫ 0dt 
π  0  π  0 π 
π π
=
21
∫ [cos(1 − α )t − cos(1 + α )t ]dt = 1  cos(1 − α )t − cos(1 + α )t 
π20 π  1− α 1 + α  t =0

1  sin απ sin απ  2 sin απ

= + = .
π  1 − α 1 + α  π 1 − α 2
( )
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Substituting A(α ) , we get the Fourier sine integral of f(x) as

∞ ∞
2 sin απ 2 sin απ
f (x) = ∫ (
π 1− α2 ) . sin αxdα = ∫ (
π 0 1− α2
. sin αxdα
)
0

Q.No.4.: Using Fourier sine integral, show that

∞ 1
1 − cos πλ  π, when 0 < x < π
∫ λ
sin xλdλ =  2 .
0  0, when x > π

1
 π, when 0 < x < π
Sol.: Let f ( x ) =  2
 0, when x > π

∞ 1
1 − cos(πλ )  π, when 0 < x < π
To show: ∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ =  2
0  0, when x > π
∞
1 − cos(πλ )
i.e. f ( x ) = ∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ .
0

Now since we know that the Fourier sine integral is

∞ ∞
2
f (x ) = ∫ B(α ) sin (αx )dα , where B(α ) =
π ∫ f ( t ) sin (αt )dt .
0 0

∞ ∞
2
or f (x ) = ∫ B(λ )sin (λx )dλ , where B(λ ) =
π∫
f ( t ) sin (λt )dt .
0 0

Using Fourier sine integral, we have

2
∞ ∞ 
 f ( t ) sin (λt )dt  sin (λx )dλ
π ∫0 ∫
f (x) =
 
0 

2  
∞ π ∞
= ∫ ∫
π 0 0
f (t) sin ( ) ∫ f (t) sin ( λt ) dt  sin λxdλ
λ t dt +
π 

2  π 
∞ π
= ∫ ∫ sin ( λt ) dt  sin ( λx ) dλ [On substituting for f(t)]
π 0 0 2 
∞ π ∞
 cos(λt )  1 − cos(πλ )
= ∫ − λ  sin (λx )dλ =
0
∫ λ
sin (xλ )dλ
0 0
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1
 π, wh en 0 < x < π
Since f ( x ) =  2
 0, when x > π

∞ 1
1 − cos(πλ )  π, when 0 < x < π
∴∫ sin (xλ )dλ =  2 .
λ  0,
0 when x > π

This completes the proof.

Q.No.5.: Using Fourier integral representation, show that

0 if x < 0
∞ 
cos xα + α sin xα π
∫ 2
dα =  if x = 0
0 1+ α 2
πe − x if x > 0.

0 if x < 0

1
Sol.: Consider the function defined by f ( x ) =  if x = 0
2
e − x if x > 0

Now, find the Fourier integral representation of f(x) in the exponential form:

1
∞ ∞ 
2π −∫∞
By definition: f (x ) =  ∫ f ( t ).e −iαt dt  e iαx dα .
−∞ 
∞
e − t (1+iα )
∞ 0 ∞
Consider I = ∫ f (t )e
− iα t
dt = ∫ (0)dt + ∫ (e − x −iαt
e )
dt =
− (1 + iα )
=
1
=
1 − iα
1 + iα 1 + α 2
.
−∞ −∞ 0 t =0

∞ ∞ ∞
1  1 − iα  iαx
∴ f (x ) = 1 ∫
1
2π −∫∞
Ie iαx dα =   e dα = ∫ (1 − iα ) × (cos αx + i sin αx )dα
2
2π − ∞  1 + α  −∞ 2 π 1 + α 2
( )
∞
1
= ∫ (
2π 1 + α 2 )[(cos αx + α sin αx ) + i(sin αx − α cos αx )]dα .
−∞

The second integral on the right side is zero because the integral is an odd function.
∞
2
f (x ) =
(
2π 1 + α 2 )∫ 0
(cos αx + α sin αx )dα .
Integral Transforms: 14
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For x > 0, f ( x ) = e − x so
∞ ∞
1 cos αx + α sin αx cos αx + α sin αx
e −x =
π0∫ 1+ α 2
d α ⇒ ∫ 1+ α 2
dα = πe − x . (i)
0

∞ ∞
1 cos αx + α sin αx cos αx + α sin αx
For x < 0, f(x) = 0 so 0 =
π0∫ 1+ α2
dα ⇒ ∫ 1+ α2
dα = 0 . (ii)
0

1
At x = 0, f(x) has a discontinuity. So f ( x ) = [f (x + 0) + f ( x − 0)] = 1 [1 + 0] = 1 .
2 2 2
∞ ∞
1 1 cos αx + α sin αx cos αx + α sin αx π
Thus, for x = 0, = ∫ dα ⇒ ∫ dα = . (iii)
2 π0 1+ α2 0 1+ α 2 2

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

0 if x < 0
∞ 
cos xα + α sin xα π
∫ 1+ α2
dα = 
2
if x = 0 .
0 
πe − x if x > 0.

Hence proved.
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Home Assignments
Fourier Integrals

0, x<0

1
Q.No.1.: Find the Fourier integral representation of the function f (x ) =  , x = 0 .
2
 -x
e , x > 0
∞
1 λ sin λx + cos λx
Ans.: f ( x ) =
π0∫ 1 + λ2
dλ .
Integral Transforms: 15
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x, x <1
Q.No.2.: Find the Fourier integral representation of f(x); f ( x ) = 
0, x >1

∞
sin α − α cos α
Ans.: ∫ iπα 2
e iαx dα .
−∞

 −π π
cos x , 2 < x < 2
Q.No.3.: Find the Fourier integral representation of f(x); f ( x ) = 
0, x > π
 2
∞
1 cos απ / 2 iαx
Ans.: ∫
π −∞ 1 − α 2
e dα .

Q.No.4.: Find the Fourier cosine and sine integrals of f ( x ) = e − kx , for x > 0, k > 0.
∞
2k cos sx
∫
− kx
Ans.: Fourier cosine integral (FCL) = f ( x ) = e = dx .
π 0 k 2 + s2
∞
2 s sin sx
Fourier sine integral (FSL) = f ( x ) = e − kx
= ∫ 2 dx .
π 0 k + s2

Q.No.5.: Find the Fourier cosine integral of f ( x ) = e − x cos x .

Ans.: f ( x ) = e −x 2
cos x = ∫
∞
(x 2
)
+ 2 cos sxds
.
π0 4
s +4

Q.No.6.: Find the Fourier sine integral of f ( x ) = e −ax − e − bx .

Ans.: f ( x ) = e −ax
−e −bx 2
= ∫
∞
(b 2
)
− a 2 s sin sxds
π0 (a 2
+s 2
)(b 2
+ s2 ).

Q.No.7.: Using Fourier integrals, show that

∞ 1
sin πλ sin xλ  π sin x , when 0 ≤ x ≤ π
(i). ∫ 1 − λ2
dλ =  2
0 0, when x > π

∞
λ sin λx π −kx
(ii). ∫ 2
k +λ 2
dλ =
2
e ; x > 0, k > 0.
0
Integral Transforms: 16
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Q.No.8.: Using the Fourier integral representation, show that

∞
sin ω cos xω π
∫ ω
dω =
2
when 0 ≤ x < 1 .
0

Q.No.9.: Using Fourier integral representation, show that

π
2 , if 0 ≤ x < 1
∞ 
sin s. cos xs π
∫ s
ds =  , if x = 1
0 4
0, if x > 1


Hint: Find the Fourier integral of
1, if 0 ≤ x < 1
f (x ) = 
0, if x ≥ 1

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