RESEARCH
ON
BT 115
PREPARED BY:
UNLAYAO, ARGELITA A.
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. CHRISTOPHER MIRASOL
FLAT SLAB DESCRIPTION
A flat slab columns are provided with enlarged heads called capitals or column heads.
The thickness of slab over columns is also increased to support heavy loads and the
thickened part of the slab is called drop panel.
FLAT SLAB DETAILS
The column tends to punch through the slab in Flat Slabs, which can be treated by three
methods:
Using a drop panel and a column capital in flat slab.
Using a drop panel without a column capital in flat slab.
Using a column capital without drop panel in flat slab.
Uses of column heads:
Shear strength of flat slab is increased by using column heads.
Column heads reduce the clear or effective span, and therefore, reduce the moment
in the flat slab floor.
Uses of drop panels:
Drop panels increase the shear strength of flat slab floor.
Drop panels increase flat slab’s negative moment capacity.
Drop panels reduce deflection by stiffening the flat slabs.
FLAT SLAB ADVANTAGES
It reduces the overall height of the structure.
Flat slabs are capable to carry concentrated loads.
Requires less formwork.
As reinforcement detailing of flat slabs is simple it is easy to place.
Better quality control.
Installation of sprinkler and other piping and utilities are easier due to absent of beams.
It gives a better appearance and better diffusion of light.
Better fire resistant than other floor system.
Fast construction.
FLAT PLATE DESCRIPTION
A flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform
thickness, the simplest of structural shapes.
Usually supported directly on columns or load bearing walls.
FLAT PLATE DETAILS
Types of Shear Reinforcement for Flat Plates
Construction Details of Flat Plate Floor System
A flat plate floor can be constructed with an economical span of 6 to 8m for ordinary
reinforced flat plate floor. For pre stressed construction, the economical span can be
increased to 8 to 12m.
Connection and Detailing
The main consideration for steel column connection to flat plate is to ensure that the
base plate for the steel columns are cast into the concrete flat plate. Hence the
positioning and alignment of the base plates are of utmost importance.
In the concrete column with flat plate design, the connection is more simplified without
the need for base plate connection. In this case, reinforcement bars should be properly
detailed between the columns and slabs. Punching shear checks are critical and
vertical shear reinforcement should be detailed accordingly.
FLAT PLATE ADVANTAGES
Simple formwork and suitable for direct fix or sprayed ceiling.
No beams simplifying under floor services.
Minimum structural depth and reduced floor to floor height.
A flat plate floor system does not demand any beam.
The use of zero beams helps to have underfloor spaces and more service areas.
The flat plate floor system requires simple formwork. This system is suitable for a direct
fix or sprayed ceiling.
The structural depth of a flat plate floor is minimum.
Reduced depth of slab helps to increase the floor to floor height of the building
WAFFLE SLAB DESCRIPTION
A waffle slab required supports which is given in the form of columns so that the load
coming on the slab can be transmitted through it at the foundation.
In the Construction of auditorium, large seminar halls and Airports required slabs with
the longer spans. Conventional slabs cannot be constructed for the longer spans.
WAFFLE SLAB DETAILS
The design of the waffle slab depends upon the total area on which the waffle slab is
required.
The thickness of the waffle slab is generally range from 80 mm to 100 mm.
The overall depth of the waffle slab is limited to 300 mm to 600 mm.
The width of the beam in the waffle slab ranges from 100 mm to 200 mm.
The spacing between two consecutive ribs ranges from 600 mm to 1500 mm.
Waffle slabs can be reinforced with the rebar for additional strength.
The Reinforcement is provided in the waffle slab is provided in the form of a mesh or
individual bars.
The reinforcement in the waffle slab is two-directional.
The main horizontal beams are connected by the small beams which form the grid-
like pattern.
The construction of a waffle slab is generally suitable for flat areas.
The Volume of concrete which is used in the waffle slab is less as compared to other
types of slabs.
Waffle slabs have good shrinkage resistance.
Waffle slab required very less amount of steel and concrete as compared to other
types of slabs.
Waffle slabs are the Structural component which is plain from the top and has a grid-
like pattern at the bottom side.
Waffle slabs can be used for both constructions of the floor slab as well as ceiling
slabs.
A flat slab cannot be constructed for a longer span and also get cracked.
Waffle slabs are the special type of slab which is mainly constructed for the longer
span and has a crack and sagging resistance.
WAFFLE SLAB ADVANTAGES
Load bearing the capacity of waffle slab is higher than other types of the slab.
Waffle slabs have good structural stability.
The construction of a waffle slab is very speedy and fast.
Waffle slab can be used for larger span with less number of columns.
Waffle slab can bear a larger amount of load as compared to the conventional slabs.
Waffle slabs are lightweight as compared to other types of slabs because of the less
dead load of the slab.
Waffle Slab has high vibration Control capacity.
Waffle Slabs are attractive and have good Aesthetical appearance when exposed.
All the services like lighting, plumbing, electrical and air conditioning are easily
provided in the waffle slab without any difficulty.
LIFT SLAB DESCRIPTION
A lift slab is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof
slab on top of the previous slab and then raising the slab up with hydraulic jack.
It can be more economic than conventional construction when the building is vertically
uniform, such as for hotels, apartment buildings, and dormitories, and where the slab
designs are repetitive.
LIFT SLAB DETAILS
The traditional lift slab construction sequence as illustrated in the figure.
Special lifting collars or share heads are provided in the slabs at the columns. Bond
breaking compounds are applied between slabs to separate them.
After the slabs have cured long enough to reach a prescribed strength powerful
hydraulic jacks mounted on top of the columns lift the slabs into their respective
positions.
A console connected to each hydraulic jack synchronizes the number of turns of the
check nuts to assure that the concrete slabs is being raised the same amount at all
points.
Stages in Construction
The steel and concrete columns are fixed in position and rigidly connected to the
foundation and the ground floor slab is then cast.
When it has matured it is sprayed with two or three coats of a separating medium
consisting of wax dissolved in a volatile spirit.
Polythene sheet or building paper may also be used as an alternative.
A central control synchronises the process for a uniform lift from all directions.
LIFT SLAB ADVANTAGES
This method eliminates the need for redundant formwork as only shuttering required
on the edges, therefore casting concrete slab is the simplest stage in whole
construction process of lift slab method.
It can be employed with ribbed slabs not only flat slabs with some compromise of the
ease of casting.
Can reduced handling and hoisting of materials and supplies that can simply be
replaced on top of the slabs and lifted with them.
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB DESCRIPTION
A ribbed floor slab giving considerable extra strength on one direction.
And consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually supported by columns.
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB DETAILS
Types of Ribbed Floor Slab
There are two types of ribbed slab system:
One-way ribbed slab system
Two-way ribbed slab System
One-way Ribbed Slab System
A one-way joist floor slab consists of a series of small, reinforced concrete T beams that are
connected with girders that in turn carried by the building column. T beams are known as joists
which are formed by setting steel pan at a constant spacing. Concrete is cast between those
spacing to make those ribs and in this way, the slab also cast and the slab becomes the flange
of T beam.
Two-way Ribbed Slab System
The system was designed to decrease the weight of traditional full-concrete slabs.
The dome-shaped forms create a matrix of voids surrounded by orthogonal ribbing,
producing a two-way configuration very suitable for large-spanning slabs. Voids
between all the domes reduce the dead load as the width of that portion of the slab
is less than a flat slab. This type of slab is known as waffle slabs because they look
like waffles with rows of beams running underneath them. Waffle slab shows a
ceiling which is suitable to install all the electrical appliances and can give a better
outlook thus increasing the aesthetic factor.
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB ADVANTAGES
Savings on weight light weight and materials.
Attractive soffit appearance if exposed.
Economical when reusable formwork pans used.
Vertical penetrations between ribs are easy.
Medium to long spans.
Holes in topping easily accommodated.
Large holes can be accommodated.
Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer in passive cooling.
SPAN STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Is more compact and light weight. Easier to transport and handle. It eliminates or
reduces scaffoldings to the minimum.
Steel floor systems also means less labor and cost.
SPAN STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM DETAILS
SPAN STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM ADVANTAGES
Longer spans with heavy loads.
Reduced dead load due to voids.
Electrical. Mechanical etc. can be placed between voids.
Good vibration resistance.
SLIPFORM METHOD DESCRIPTION
Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a structure and only stops
when the full required height of the structure has been reached.
Method of vertically extruding a reinforced concrete section and is suitable for
construction of core walls in high rise structure lift shafts, stair shafts, towers.
SLIPFORM METHOD DETAILS
TYPES OF SLIP-FORM CONSTRUCTION
VERTICAL SLIP FORM
In vertical slip forming, the concrete form may be surrounded by a platform on which
workers stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into the concrete and ensuring a smooth
pour. Together, the concrete form and working platform are raised by means of
hydraulic jacks. Generally, the slip-form rises at a rate which permits the concrete to
harden by the time it emerges from the bottom of the form.
HORIZONTAL SLIP-FORM
In horizontal slip forming for pavement and traffic separation walls, concrete is cast,
vibrated, worked, and settled in place while the form itself slowly moves ahead. This
method was initially devised and utilized in Interstate Highway construction initiated
during the 1950s.
Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to horizontal structures and
are used for paving, canals, and tunneling.
The technique is more in use for structures that have continuous walls like silos,
chimneys, and piers for very tall bridges.
It has also been successfully used for construction of buildings, although this requires
the manner of leaving inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided well
in advance, as well as also any necessary inserts to support floor slabs after the
walls are constructed.
TAPERED SLIP-FORMING Slip forming is also used in the construction of conical
chimneys, cooling towers, piers and other tall concrete structures involving constant
or changing thicknesses in walls, diameters and/or shapes. A form is used with
sections which overlap so that one gradually slides over the other. This is commonly
done in chimney construction but it is not satisfactory for architectural concrete
because the lap shows. While the tapered slip-forming process is similar to that used
on the standard slip-forming, it requires greater attention, contractor experience and
expertise ensures the success of such projects.
SLIPFORM METHOD ADVANTAGES
A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required formwork to retain the
concrete till it can be safely de shuttered and be able to support itself and other
imposed loads
The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer locations and then re-erected.
Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes.
In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only once and remains intact
until the entire structure is completed.
Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving for re erection.
Cost effective.
The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also leads to far more safe
working conditions that also make it a major advantage.
REFERENCES
2020. “Flat Slab – Types, Uses, Advantages And Disadvantages.”
https://dailycivil.com/flat-slab-types-uses-advantages-disadvantages/
“Flat Slab Floor System: Definition & Description.”
https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/32-flat-slab
2020. “Flat Plate Floor System Features and Advantages.”
https://theconstructor.org/building/flat-plate-floor-system-features-
advantages/36113/
Anand, Paul. 2021. “Basics of Flat Plate Floor System – Advantages & Disadvantages.”
https://civildigital.com/basics-flat-plate-floor-system-advantages-
disadvantages/
Rajput, Krunal. 2020. “What is Waffle Slab Waffle| Slab| Advantages & Disadvantages
Waffle Slab | Waffle Slab Design Construction of Waffle Slab.”
https://civiljungle.com/waffle-slab/\
2016. “Lift form slab construction.”
https://www.slideshare.net/tivarrose/lift-form-slab-construction
2015. “Ribbed Floor Slab.”
https://www.scribd.com/document/275698606/Ribbed-Floor-Slab
2015. “Slipform.”
https://www.slideshare.net/rahulbhardwaj9650184/slipform
