AR416
“ALTERNATIVE BUILDING
SYSTEM”
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5
REFERENCE BOOK
BSA 4B
BINGIL, RACHEL JOYCE A. AR. EMIL FER P. ABELLA, UAP
RESEARCH WORK 1
1.1 floor system and roof slab system
GENERAL NOTES:
1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
THE COST OF A FLOOR SYSTEM IS OFTEN A MAJOR PART OF THE OVERALL
STRUCTURAL COST OF A BUILDING. SELECTING THE MOST EFFECTIVE SYSTEM
FOR A GIVEN SET OF CONSTRAINTS IS VITAL TO ACHIEVING THE OVERALL
ECONOMY.
REFERENCE
https://www.slideshare.net/toetoelay75/floor-system
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DEFINITION
A FLAT SLAB IS A TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB THAT USUALLY DOES
NOT HAVE BEAMS AND GIRDERS, AND THE LOADS ARE TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY
TO THE SUPPORTING CONCRETE COLUMNS. THIS COLUMN TENDS TO PUNCH
THROUGH THE SLAB IN FLAT SLABS Reinforced concrete structural systems can
be formed into virtually any geometry to meet any requirement.
REFERENCE
https://www.scribd.com/document/422919667/Floor-slab
BOOK: ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS BY THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
2
1.2 FLAT PLATE
GENERAL NOTES:
1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
A flat plate floor system is a reinforced concrete frame system with a uniform
thickness that is supported directly over the columns or the load-bearing walls.
The flat plate floor system is a common floor construction type employed in the
construction of the building. One of the important features of a flat plate floor
system is the thickness of the floor. It is constructed with uniform thickness with
a flat soffit. A flat plate floor can be constructed with an economical span of 6 to
8m for an ordinary reinforced flat plate floor. For prestressed construction.
REFERENCE
https://theconstructor.org/building/flat-plate-floor-system-feature
1.3 RIBBED FLOOR SLAB
GENERAL NOTES:
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1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
Ribbed SLAB provides a lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab,
reducing the extent of foundations. They provide a very good form of
construction where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories and hospitals.
Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns
with narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the
beams are the same depth. A thin topping slab completes the system.
REFERENCE
https://www.concretecentre.com/Building Elements/Floors/Ribbed-Waffle-Slabs.aspx
1.4 WAFFLE SLAB
GENERAL NOTES:
1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
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2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
A waffle slab is a type of slab with holes underneath, giving the
appearance of waffles. It is usually used where large spans are required to avoid
many columns interfering with space. Hence thick slabs spanning between wide
beams are required. Since the tensile strength of concrete is mainly satisfied by
the steel bar reinforcement, only the “ribs” containing the reinforcement are kept
where the remaining ‘unused’ concrete portion below the neutral axis is
removed, to reduce the self-weight of the slab.
REFERENCE
https://dailycivil.com/waffle-slab-purpose-uses-advantages-disadvantages/
1.5 LIFT SLAB
GENERAL NOTES:
1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
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DEFINITION
Lift Slab, using a structural flat slab construction (with posttension
tendons), was developed to provide a fast and economical method of building
construction. Here, the reinforced concrete flat floor and roof slabs of a multi-
storey structure are cast, one after the other, around its steel columns at ground
level applied with a separating chemical mixture between each slab and
employing the ground floor level slab as the initial soffit form for the succeeding
concrete floor slabs to be concreted.
REFERENCE
https://dailycivil.com/LIFT-slab-purpose-uses-advantages-disadvantages/
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1.6 SPANSTRESS FLOOR SYSTEM
GENERAL NOTES:
1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
A construction method which utilizes span-stress prestressed TJoist that
can be used with filler blocks or collapsible steel forms, or plywood forms. The
system has the stiffness of a conventional slab since the concrete was poured
monolithic and relates to the structure by providing connection reinforcement
that will transfer the lateral forces to the lateral load resisting members No
exposed metal parts, the system assures you of a durable and minimal to
virtually maintenance fee structure.
REFERENCE
https://dailycivil.com/LIFT-slab-purpose-uses-advantages-disadvantages/
1.7 SLIPFORM METHOD
GENERAL NOTES:
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1.The information presented on these pages is intended only as a
preliminary design guide. All structural dimensions for slab thickness,
beam and joint sizes, column sizes, etc. Should be calculated and analyzed
for each project condition by a licensed professional engineer.
2. Spans shown are approximate and is used based on mild reinforcing
steel. Spans maybe increased 25 to 50% with the use of prestressing. For
spans greater than 40 ft. Consider post tensioning.
DEFINITION
Slipform construction technique is an alternative for conventional
formwork system which helps in continuous vertical and horizontal construction.
The slipform helps to conduct continuous pouring of the concrete to the moving
formwork. The process stops only when the required length of casting is
completed.
REFERENCE
https://theconstructor.org/construction/slipform-construction-uses/185/
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1.8 WALL PANEL SYSTEM
GENERAL NOTES:
1. CONSTRUCTION NOTES AND TYPICAL DETAILS APPLY TO ALL DRAWINGS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN OR NOTED MODIFY TYPICAL DETAILS AS
DIRECTED TO MEET SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL EXAMINE THE DRAWINGS AND SHALL NOTIFY
THE ENGINEER/ARCHITECT OF ANY DISCREPANCIES HE MAY FINDBEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK, OR DURING CONSTRUCTION.
3. IT SHALL BE THE CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE
ADEQUATE SHORING & BRACINGS OF THE STRUCTURE FOR ALL LOADS
THAT MAYBE IMPOSED DURING CONSTRUCTION.
4. SHOP DRAWINGS WITH ERECTION AND PLACING DIAGRAMS OF ALL
STRUCTURAL STEELS, MISCELLANEOUS IRON, PRE-CAST CONCRETE ETC.
SHALL BE SUBMITTED FOR ENGINEERS APPROVAL BEFORE FABRICATION.
5. CONTRACTOR SHALL VERIFY ALL DIMENSIONS BEFORE ALL WORK IS TO
BEGIN CHECK WITH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS FOR
CONDUITS PIPE SLEEVES, ETC., TO BE EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE.
6. INSPECTION - ALL CONSTRUCTION AND WORKMANSHIP SHALL BE
SUBJECT TO INSPECTION, EXAMINATION AND TESTING BY THE ENGINEER.
THE ENGINEER SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT REJECT DEFECTIVE MATERIALS
AND WORKMANSHIP OR REQUIRE ITS CORRECTION.
7. ALL SLABS, BEAMS, GIRDERS AND OTHER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
WHICH ARE NOT INDICATED, DETAILED, DESIGNATED OR INADVERTENTLY
OMITTED BUT ARE NECESSARY TO BE COORDINATED WITH THE
ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ENGINEERING PLANS AS WELL AS TO
COMPLETE THE STRUCTURAL WORK IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTENT OF
THE PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS SHALL BE BROUGHT UP DURING PRE-
BIDS/MEETINGS/NEGOTIATIONS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT THE
CONTRACTOR HAS PROVIDED AND INCLUDED ALL THESE ITEMS IN THEIR
BID.
1.9 FLAT TYPE PANEL
GENERAL NOTES:
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1. CONSTRUCTION NOTES AND TYPICAL DETAILS APPLY TO ALL DRAWINGS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN OR NOTED MODIFY TYPICAL DETAILS AS
DIRECTED TO MEET SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
2.
2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL EXAMINE THE DRAWINGS AND SHALL NOTIFY
THE ENGINEER/ARCHITECT OF ANY DISCREPANCIES HE MAY FINDBEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK, OR DURING CONSTRUCTION.
DEFINITION
WHAT IS FLAT WALL PANEL?
IT IS A SINGLE PIECE OF MATERIAL, USUALLY FLAT AND CURT INTO A
RECTANGULAR SHAPE, THAT SERVES AS THE VISIBLE AND EXPOSED COVERING
FOR A WALL.
REFERENCE
https://dokumen.tips/documents/flat-type-wall-panel-system.html?page=13
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1.10 ribbed TYPE PANEL
GENERAL NOTES:
1. CONSTRUCTION NOTES AND TYPICAL DETAILS APPLY TO ALL DRAWINGS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN OR NOTED MODIFY TYPICAL DETAILS AS
DIRECTED TO MEET SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL EXAMINE THE DRAWINGS AND SHALL NOTIFY
THE ENGINEER/ARCHITECT OF ANY DISCREPANCIES HE MAY
FINDBEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK, OR DURING
CONSTRUCTION.
DEFINITION
A ribbed metal panel has ribs with sloping sides. It forms trapezoidal-
shaped voids at the side lap. The way the panel’s profile is raised provides much
of its bending strength. The ribs on these panels create strong, bold lines that
are aesthetically pleasing and offer a unique approach to traditional metal
panels. Most ribbed metal was originally designed to work hard in agricultural
settings but has now moved to more residential and commercial environments.
REFERENCE
https://www.bridgersteel.com/blog/ribbed-metal
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1.11 WINDOW TYPE
GENERAL NOTES:
1. CONSTRUCTION NOTES AND TYPICAL DETAILS APPLY TO ALL DRAWINGS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN OR NOTED MODIFY TYPICAL DETAILS AS
DIRECTED TO MEET SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL EXAMINE THE DRAWINGS AND SHALL NOTIFY
THE ENGINEER/ARCHITECT OF ANY DISCREPANCIES HE MAY FINDBEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK, OR DURING CONSTRUCTION.
DEFINITION
A ribbed metal panel has ribs with sloping sides. It forms trapezoidal-
shaped voids at the side lap. The way the panel’s profile is raised provides much
of its bending strength. The ribs on these panels create strong, bold lines that
are aesthetically pleasing and offer a unique approach to traditional metal
panels. Most ribbed metal was originally designed to work hard in agricultural
settings but has now moved to more residential and commercial environments.
REFERENCE
https://www.bridgersteel.com/blog/ribbed-metal
1.12 Tilt-up wall PANEL
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GENERAL NOTES:
1. CONSTRUCTION NOTES AND TYPICAL DETAILS APPLY TO ALL DRAWINGS
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN OR NOTED MODIFY TYPICAL DETAILS AS
DIRECTED TO MEET SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL EXAMINE THE DRAWINGS AND SHALL NOTIFY
THE ENGINEER/ARCHITECT OF ANY DISCREPANCIES HE MAY
FINDBEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK, OR DURING
CONSTRUCTION.
DEFINITION
A ribbed metal panel has ribs with sloping sides. It forms trapezoidal-
shaped voids at the side lap. The way the panel’s profile is raised provides much
of its bending strength. The ribs on these panels create strong, bold lines that
are aesthetically pleasing and offer a unique approach to traditional metal
panels. Most ribbed metal was originally designed to work hard in agricultural
settings but has now moved to more residential and commercial environments.
REFERENCE
https://www.bridgersteel.com/blog/ribbed-metal
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RESEARCH WORK 2
pre-stressed concrete
1.1 PRE-TENSIONING
GENERAL NOTES:
1. Bridge bearings shall be placed in horizontal position, inclined or tapered
bearings shall not be allowed.
2. All materials and workmanship shall conform to general specifications
(1998) given in contract documents and relevant as to standards unless
otherwise stipulated wherever astm specifications are referred to, they
shall be followed. A copy of the standards shall be supplied by the
contractor to the engineer.
DEFINITION
Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing wires or strands, called
tendons, to predetermined amount by stretching them between two anchorages
prior to placing concrete.
The concrete is then placed, and tendons become bonded to concrete
throughout their length. After concrete has hardened, the tendons are released
by cutting them at the anchorages. The tendons tend to regain their original
length by shortening and in this process transfer through bond a compressive
stress to the concrete. The tendons are usually stressed using hydraulic jacks.
The stress in tendons is maintained during the placing and curing of concrete by
anchoring the ends of the tendons to abutments that may be as much as 200m
apart. The abutments and other formwork used in this procedure are called
prestressing bench or bed.
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REFERENCE
https://www.slideshare.net/aishwaryasanap/prestressed-concrete249345965
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1.2 pOST-tENSIONING
GENERAL NOTES:
1. Bridge bearings shall be placed in horizontal position, inclined or tapered
bearings shall not be allowed.
2. All materials and workmanship shall conform to general specifications
(1998) given in contract documents and relevant as to standards unless
otherwise stipulated wherever astm specifications are referred to, they
shall be followed. A copy of the standards shall be supplied by the
contractor to the engineer.
DEFINITION
In a post-tensioned beam, the tendons are stressed, and each end is
anchored to the concrete section after the concrete has been cast and has
attained sufficient strength to safely withstand the prestressing force. In post-
tensioning method, tendons are coated with grease or a bituminous material to
prevent them from becoming bonded to concrete. Another method used in
preventing the tendons from bonding to the concrete during placing and curing
of concrete is to encase the tendon in a flexible metal hose before placing it in
the forms.
REFERENCE
RESEARCH WORK 3
https://www.civilconcept.com/pre-tensioning-and-post-tensioning/
1.1. Cable
GENERAL NOTES
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1. All STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE
WITH ANSC/ SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGHN
FABRICATION AND ERECTION
INSULATION
JACKET
CONCENTRIC NEUTRAL
CONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR SHIELD
DEFINITION
Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and
uses suspension cables for support. Highly efficient, cable structures include
the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-wheel roofThe
cable-stayed roof is supported from above by steel cables radiating downward
from masts that rise above roof level. The bicycle-wheel roof involves two layers
of tension cables radiating from an inner tension ring and an outer compression
ring, which in turn is supported by columns.
REFERENCE
https://www.britannica.com/technology/cable-structure
1.2. tensile method
GENERAL NOTES
2. ALL STRUCTURAL SHAPES SHALL CONFORM TO ASTM AND ALL
STEEL PLATES ASTM A36.
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3. ALL SPLICES AND CONNECIONS SHALL BE DESIGHNED FOR ATLEAST
1:25 % OF THE CAPCITY OF THE MEMBER BEING JOINED OR A MINIMUM
STRESS OF 6MKPS.
DEFINITION
In structural engineering, a tensile structure is a construction of elements
carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should
not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and
compression elements. Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell
structures.
A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can
economically and attractively span large distances. Tensile membrane structures
may also be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications being
sports facilities, warehousing and storage buildings, and exhibition venues.
REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_structure#:~:text=In%20structural%20engineering%2C%20a
%20tensile,both%20tension%20and%20compression%20elements.
1.3. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
GENERAL NOTES
4.ALL STRUCTURAL WELDINGS SHALL CONFORM TO E 70 XX.
5.ALL STRUCTURAL ANCHOR BOLTS SHALL CONFORM TO A32N / A490.
6.THE CONTRACTOR SHALL SUBMIT SHOP / FABRICATION DRAWINGS OF
ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING TO INCLUDE MATERIAL SCHEDULE, ERECTION
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SCHEMES, DETAIL OF CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES FOR REVENT AND APPROVAL
OF ENGINEER PRIOR TO ERECTION
DEFINITION
a tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and
no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused
with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression
elements. A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can
economically and attractively span large distances. Tensile membrane structures
may also be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications being
sports facilities, warehousing and storage buildings, and exhibition venues.
REFERENCE
RESEARCH WORK 4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_structure#:~:text=In%20structural%20engineering
%2C%20a%20tensile,both%20tension%20and%20compression%20elements.
1.4. SHELL STRUCTURE
GENERAL NOTES
1. ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL SHALL CONFORM TO ASTN A35 AND SHALL
HAVE A MINIMUM YELD STRESS TY= 248 MPA (36000 PSI).
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DEFINITION
Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate
structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and
shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually
constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh.
Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major
long-span concrete structure after World War II.
REFERENCE
https://www.britannica.com/technology/shell-structure-building-construction
1.5. PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS
GENERAL NOTES
2. ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL SHALL BE FABRICATED AND ERECTED IN
ACCCORDANCE WITH T-E AISC SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF STANDARD
PRACTICE AS AMMENDED TO DATE
3. ALL BOLTS SHALL CONFORM TO ASTM A-307 UNLESS OTHERWISE
INDICATED SHOP AND FIELD WELDING SHALL BE IN ACCORANCE WITH AWS 01.1
AND PERFORMED BY QUALIFIED WELDERS.
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DEFINITION
a pre-engineered building (PEB) is designed by a PEB supplier or PEB
manufacturer with a single design to be fabricated using various materials
and methods to satisfy. Within some geographic industry sectors pre-
engineered buildings are also called pre-engineered metal buildings
(PEMB) or, as is becoming increasingly common due to the reduced
amount of pre-engineering involved in custom computer-aided designs,
simply engineered metal buildings (EMB).
REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-engineered_building#:~:text=In%20structural
%20engineering%2C%20a%20pre,structural%20and%20aesthetic%20design
%20requirements.
1.6. GEODESIC STRUCTURE
GENERAL NOTES
4.NO STEEL OTHERWISE INDICATED, WELDIING ELECTRONS SHALL BE E60
APPROVED BY THE STRUTURAL ENGINEER.
5.WELDS/ (CONFORM WITH AMERICAN WELDING STANDARDS) USING E
60xx ELECTRODES FY= 93.77 MPS
6.ANCHOR BOLTS (CONFORM WITH ASTM A-307 ) FT = 96.68 MPA FY = 69
MPA.
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DEFINITION
A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-
shell) based on a geodesic polyhedron. The triangular elements of the
dome are structurally rigid and distribute the structural stress throughout
the structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy loads
for their size. Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a strut. A
stainless-steel band locks the strut's hole to a steel pipe. With this
method, the struts may be cut to the exact length needed. Triangles of
exterior plywood are then nailed to the struts.
REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome
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