TARGET WORDS ie academy # approach 2 concept # construct 2 couple ‘enhance # function & partner # pose 2 publication # range # region @ select simulate 2 uniform Le eee a From Market to Mall In this unit, you will read about the history of the shopping center and developments that led to the birth of the modern shopping mall. learn about the design and function of shopping centers. Increase your understanding of the target academic words for this unit. READING SKILL Previewing and Predicting -~@ S Self-Assessment Think about how well you know each target word, and check (/) the appropriate column. | have. never seen seen the word seen the word used the word, used the word used the word tho word but am not sure and understand butam not cure confidenty in gonfidenti in before what it means what itmeans if correctly ‘etter speaking both speaking or vsiting and wetingBefore You Read Read these questions. Discuss your answars in a small group. 1. Describe your favorite shopping center or mall. What is special about it? ‘What types of things do you usually buy there? Besides shopping, what else is there to do at the mall? Are there things just for people your age? For young children? ror older people? 3. Do you think that shopping malls are part of a community or something separate from i? Why? Do you think they've always been that way? Tay E (ce 4) aa Previewing and Predicting LEARN Previewing a text helps you predict what the text is going to be about. This helps prepare you for taking in information and remembering it. Before reading a text, preview it + Read the titles or headllines. “Tooke at the pictnres and read the captions + Skim the text for names and details that are mentioned frequently. ‘This allows you to anticipate the topic of the text and prepare yourself to learn more about it. APPLY ‘Skim Reading 1, Look for and note these things. Then make some predictions. 1. A frequently mentioned location or type of building: 2. Some dates: 3. Some specific global locations: 4, Some information sources: 5. What is this text going to be about? 2 UNIT a© Read ‘This magazine article traces the history of shopping centers through various cultures. The Architecture of the Marketplace vildings are among the most lasting of human creations. Their forms and functions are evidence of the dynamic social life that has long been tied to centers of economic and political power. One ancient structure and gathering place, the marketplace, has evolved into what we call today the regional shopping center or mall. It is often constructed on a site so big that it requires a location outside of the crowded urban center. ‘There it sometimes develops into a commercial rival to the older city center. In many ways, these 2Ist-century malls are nothing new. In fact, they follow a long tradition of commercial expansion that began with the development of the first lang-distanc networks temporary at first, but they became more ith the rise of cities in the Middle East about five thousand yea trade 1d markets, These markets were permanent ago. They grew alongside the rivers, harbors, and overland caravan routes that connected the swelling towns of the agricultural era The population growth and economic prosperity of the agricultural society made possible the advancement of specialized craftspeople and merchants. These people met to barter, buy, or sell their merchandise in a place that was accessible, safe, and regulated. By 2000 nc, what is now Iraq), the covered bazaar and the shop-lined street had established itself The traditional bazaar consists of shops in streets that can be closed off by gates at each end. This follows the historical town-planning the ancient Sumerian city of Ur (in requirement that commercial and residential areas be kept strictly apart. Though they are far from uniform, bazaars are typically divided into ‘A bazaar In Istanbul, Turkey various sections that each specialize in a single teade oF craft, In small towns, the bazaar Gut be as small as a single covered street, while in larg cities it can be a vast area filled with mazelike passageways. The Grand Bazaar of Tehran is ten kilometers long, while the one in Istanbul, dating from the 15th century, has more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Historically, as in modern times, the bazaar was a source of tax revenue for the government. In return, the ‘government provided the bazaars with a system of internal security and justice. In the Greek cities of the Sth century ac, the marketplace was the agora. The historian Lewis ‘Mumford describes the agora as an open-air where the interchange of news and opinion played almost as important a “place of assembly Part as the interchange of goods.” The agora was also a place for seasonal festivals and sports such as horse racing. The expansion of the agora FROM MARKET TO MALL4 in both physical size and variety of w traded goods reflected the shift in the Greek economy from neighborly rural trading to long. distance multicultural exchange. ‘The descen the pia lants of the agora are and plazas in both Fumpe and the Americas ‘One of the most appealing jons on the model of the the Turopean arcade that appeared in. ent marketplace w: the 18th century. An arcade was ypically a covered set of city streets similar to the bazaar, but it retained some of the openness of the agora through the use of sulted, or arched, skylights. One of the first arcades was the Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, Russia, built between 1757 and 1785. It has an open floor that ‘simulates the Ital © 1 piazza but is covered by a glass roof that imitates the openness of the gora even during cold Russian winters. The Gostiny Dvor remains one of the finest shopping, centers in Northern Europe. ss In Southern Europe, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, named after the first king of united Italy, opened in Milan in 1867, Vaulted iron and glass cei ings provide both shelter and light for shopping int dhe micille of a dense city » — Ayoung Viennese architect named Gruen was among the many visitors who were favorably impressed by the Galleria. In the 1950s, Gruen was commissioned? to design a regional shopping mall in the state of 5 Minnesota in the northern United States. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II served as the starting concept for his mall design. ‘The cold weather in Minnesota posed 2 speci approach was to enclose the whole building, The mall was built away from big cities and challenge to shopper comfort, Gruen’s was accessible mainly by automobile, so it required a sea of automobile parking spaces outside, The re alt, called Southdale, was a tos spacious suburban destination. It attempted Tpommissionedoffelally asked to ake or orate something unit a A plazza in Zagreb, Croatia to retain the inviting festivity of the agora, the energy of the bazaar, and the lightness of the arcade, It included enhanced climate control, easy access, and a range of other inviting conveniences and attractions outhdale soon became the archetype? for the modern mall. Since Southdale, huge regional shopping malls have sprung up all over the world. They nclude several main “anchor” stores, ‘ommonly an ice skating rink, movie theaters, a themed idan amusement park of other major n. Such huge shopping and entertainment centers depend on the willingness and ability of 120 people to travel some distance and shop or play for long periods of In the early 2000s, hundreds of such malls were constructed in the People’s Republic of China. In 2008, a vast complex in the United ‘Arab Emirates, the Dubai Mall, attracted over 37 million visitors in its first year alone. The mall, one of the largest in the world, features over 1,200 stores, a marine aquarium, and an Olympic-size ice skating rink. Its a magnet sso for visitors, and its surrounding neighborhood has been called “the new heart of the city. Other world malls of note include the Istanbul Cevahis, the Mall Taman Anggrek (Orchid 2nrehetype: the most toll or gerfect example of a particular thingGacden Mall) in Jakarta, Indonesia, and the ‘mall, the social function of a marketplace has ss. West Edmonton Mall in Alberta, Canada, which 40 changed greatly. One thing remains the same: features a water park. these centers of trade and retail marketing From moveable markets, to bazaars and indicate economic prosperity and serve as agoras, to the sprawling modern regional ‘global starus symbols. m Reading Comprehension Mark each sentence as T (true) or F (false) according to the information in Reading 4. In your notebook, cite the location of the information by line number, and correct each false statement. _— 1. Regional shopping centers and malls exist today in a wide range of global locations. _— 2. The construction of a large retail center is an indication of economic prosperity. _— 3. The concept of a regional trade market is new to human social life. — 4. Agriculture created food surpluses that enhanced the development of civilization, — 5. The open-air market called the agora originally came from South America. _ 6. The bazaars of the Middle East are quite uniform in appearance. _— 7. The European arcades simulated both the bazaar and the agora. 8. Architect Victor Gruen’s approach to Southdlale, a fully enclosed American shopping complex, was inspired by an arcade he had seen in Russia. Cea STEP |: Word Level ‘The word uniform, as a noun, refers to the set of clothes worn by people in the same job or organization, for example, a military uniform or a football uniform. As an adjective, uniform means “the same in all cases and at all times.” It is often used for technical descriptions, for example, uniform standards for construction projects. iF ‘A. Which aspects of these things or situations should be uniform? Discuss your answers in a small group. What else should be uniform or have uniform aspects? 1. a busy city street 5. workers in the same company 2, chain restaurants 6. cars 3, textbooks used in one school 7. other: 4, schools in different regions 8. other: FROM MARKET TO MALLB. Using the target words in the chart, complete the sentences. Be sure to use the correct form and tense of each word. 1, —_an aquarium and an ice-skating rink in a hot desert uid) climate ‘a special challenge to architects in the U.A.E. presenteah 2. ‘The development of _______ trade markets —_____ ‘wrea ae) Traroed opportunities for specialized craftspeople and merchants. 3. Covering the streets of the bazaar was an _____ that dealt with Troroverent) the need for climate control in the Middle East. 4. St. Petershurg's Gostiny Dvor was in the 18th century but ai remains one of the nicest shopping centers in the _________ today. 5. A few malls in China ____ American amusement parks like (pretend oe) Disneyland in an effort to attract more shoppers. ‘Work with a partner, Write down at least one example of each type of region. a geographic region: the Middle East a metropolitan region: an industrial region: . an agricultural region: —__ . a region known for a specific feature or activity: Fie gs 6 unaVocabulary Activities [Eu ‘The word academy generally refers to a school for special instruction or training, as in an art academy, military academy, or tennis academy. ‘The adjective form, academic, refers to education in general—for example, this book focuses on the Academic Word List. ir How important are these concepts to you? Why? Write a complete sentence for each. Consult your dictionary, if needed. Be prepared to discuss your ideas. 1, academic integrity 3. academic standards 4, academic community E. Answer the questions in your notebook. Use al lest one of the Larget academic ‘words in each answer. Compare your sentences with a partner. 1. The ancient Greek agora was not only a marketplace, but also an arena for festivals and sports. Does the modern shopping mall continue this tradition in some way? How so? 2. In what ways does the modern mall resemble the Persian bazaar? How do malls maintain Islamic town planning requirements? 3. If Victor Gruen had stayed in Europe or immigrated to a different conntry, do you think he would have invented the mall there? Why or why not? 4, Is shopping at a mall different from shopping in a typical downtown environment? Why or why not? 5. What are some factors that are fundamental to the design of a shopping mall? Why are they important? Which ones originated with the European arcade? FROM MARKET TO MALL 7‘The word pose has two verb forms. The first form is ¢ntransitive—t does not take an object. It means either “to sit for a portrait” or “to pretend to be other than what one is.” Sometimes people don't lke to pase for photos. The reporter posed as a sick person to investigate the hospital. The second form is transitive—it must have an object. It means “to present, raise, put forward, bring up, or propose something.” The extreme cold of Russian winters posed a challenge to the arcade designers in St. Petersburg. The very hot climate of Dubai posed a challenge to mall el ir... F. Think of things that pose questions or concems for you, your region, or for the planet in general. Write complete sentences and be prepared to explain your Ideas to your classmates. 1. Something that poses a concern For you: For your region: For our planet: 2. Something that poses an opportunity For you: For your region: For our planet: 3, Something that poses a challenge For you: For your region: or our planets 4, Something that poses a threat For you: For your region; For our planet: 5. Something that poses a difficult choice, or dilemma For you: 8 UNIT