LITERATURE

STUDY

GROUP MEMBERS
RISHAB SRIRAM
SNEHA M
SRIHA M
ROHIT SUNNY
 HISTORY

• A shopping center is a complex of retail stores end related

facilities planned as a unified group to give maximum shopping • 3. The first cash register was invented by
convenience to the customer . James Ritty in 1883.

• To trace the complete history of commerce back to its inception, • Ritty was a saloon keeper in Ohio and
we must travel to a time when wooly mammoths still walked the nicknamed the invention the “incorruptible
Earth. People exchanged cows and sheep in trade as far back as cashier.” The machine used metal taps and
9000 BC. The first proper currency extends as far back as 3000 BC simple mechanics to record sales.
in Mesopotamia. • A bell sounded when a sale was completed,
leading to the phrase “ringing up” — which we
• The first retail stores take up the mantle a bit further down the still use today.
line. By 800 BC in ancient Greece, people had developed markets • This invention went on to spark the ease of
with merchants selling their wares in the Agora in the city center. The word “agora” derives from the ancient Greek term customer checkout for over a century, as it
ageirein, meaning “to gather together” and is attested as
was quickly adopted for retail sales.
• These ruins are of an ancient Greek agora. People would come early as the eighth century BCE.
there not only to shop but to socialize and participate in It is commonly translated as “assembly,” “assembly • 4. In the 1920s, credit cards or “charge
government. place,” and “market place.” cards” began to take hold of the American
shopper. However, these early cards were usually
1. Mom and Pops: 1700s–1800s. issued by hotels or individual businesses and could
2. Department stores arrive: Mid 1800s – Early 1900s. only be used within their companies.
• A “mom and pop” store is a colloquial phrase for a small, family- • The pioneering spirit of people moving west and both • The first universal credit card that could be used at
owned, independent business. opening and shopping at local general stores evolved as the multiple establishment was the Diners Club card in
United States moved into the 20th century. 1950.
• In the 18th and 19th centuries, and particularly by the 1880s, • In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, • The first bank-run credit card was started by Bank
these stores were plentiful throughout the United States. Many
• America’s business and economic sectors changed of America in 1958. Unlike today, a credit card’s
of these stores were drug stores or general stores selling
dramatically. Agriculture — which had previously been the main use was so people didn’t have to travel to a
everything from groceries and fabrics to toys and tools.
dominant business — was replaced by manufacturing and bank and withdraw money to shop.
industry. • Today it is far more of a bookkeeping/convenience
• People during this time were also expanding settlement across
the country and creating new towns. • Oil, steel, textile, and food production in factories brought use.
new jobs and new standards of living.

5. Shopping malls: 1950s.

 TYPES OF MALLS SUPER REGIONAL MALLS
• A super regional mall, as the vary name implies, is a shopping place which is an
extension of regional malls in terms of size and merchandise assortment.
REGIONAL MALL • As per International Council of Shopping Centers, any mall which is designed to
cater large population base and is larger with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of
gross leasable area, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25
miles) in which it is located is known as super regional mall
• A regional mall is a shopping place which offers general merchandise (a large
percentage of which is apparel) and services in depth and width. A typical regional
mall is usually enclosed with an inward orientation of the stores connected by a • A super regional mall usually is an enclosed mall with three or more anchors
common walkway and parking surrounds the outside perimeter. catering visitors with mass merchants, more variety, and a deeper selection of
merchandise.
• As per International Council of Shopping Centers any mall which is designed to • Most of the regional malls are multilevel and serve as dominant shopping venues
cater large number of local people and is larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to for the region in which they are located.
800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores is
known as regional mall. These malls are proved to be good tourist attractions if are The concept of vertical mall came in
located in vacation areas. existence because of the complexities of
densely populated cities/nations where land
• The unique feature of such malls is that their goods such as clothes, fashion price were so high that it was becoming
difficult for existing retailers to think of any
accessories, grocery, etc are made in their regionsDuring weekends and holidays,
kind of horizontal expansion to
these become a place for fun and social get together.
accommodate increasing crowd to their
retail outlets.
It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits
atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail
mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.
VERTICAL
The mall which is still operational has almost 100 shops spread in
MALLS eight different levels. Besides this, mall contains several
restaurants, eateries, a live theatre, arranged around a chrome-
and-glass
 HISTORY’S FIRST MALL
• Shopping center in the heart of the business district The Emperor
Trajan's architect, the Greek slave Apollodorus, built a shopping
center adjacent to the Roman Forum in A.D . 110 .
• It had a two-level enclosed and ventilated mall lined with open-
fronted shops startlingly similar to today's most upto-date concept

• The analyst, from his available statistical records, and based

on the income level, population, ethnic origins, and other
characteristics of the trade area, then makes estimates of
the amount of family income likely to be allocated to such
categories as food, drugs, furniture, women's and men's
clothes, shoes, department store purchases, etc and, from
these estimates

• Detailed Analysis prior to planning is done by Analyst : the market analyst • He prepares charts indicating the
makes a complete survey of the anticipated trade area surrounding the recommended total amount of floor
proposed site for the center . area to be built and how much of this
• The analyst assembles data on existing population, future population trends, floor area should be devoted to the
income levels, car ownership, existing shopping facilities and their probable various kinds of merchandise and
future competitive effect, and also projected facilities already announced or services .
likely to be announced by other developers • These data then form the basis for the
architectural planning .
MALL STORE LAYOUTS
SHOPS BAKERY/ BAKERS STORE

TYPICAL LAYOUT SECTIONAL VIEW OF SALE

VEGETABLE STORE
SHOPS

SEA FOOD/POULTRY
STORE
SHOPS
CHEMIST SHOE STORE
 STAIRS
• Max of 16 risers allowed in each flight. With very long stairways VERTICAL
must be change of direction of 30° or more at landing after not more
than 36 rises in consecutive flights CIRCULATION
• Carpet fixing: Avoid step and, particularly, nosing
• Landings between flights must be level and unobstructed, with going
not less than width of stair. • Injurious materials: The stair as well as the handrails
• Clear headroom of 2000 must be maintained, measured vertically and balustrading should be free from projecting
from pitch line (line of nosings). elements, sharp edges and corners, and any rough
surfaces, bars, rods, and other elements that have a
• All parallel treads must have same going; tapered treads must have small section.
same rate of taper, narrow ends at same side, and same going when
measured in centre. . • Materials: Handrails should not be too slippery or too
rough.
• Continuous handrails required on any flight rising more than 600.
Height must be 800—1 000 above pitch line. Rails required at both
sides on stairs wider than 1 000.
ESCALATORS
Types of
escalators

These limitations are as follows:

• Since the equipment does not stop, the passenger must accelerate
to full speed in the action of stepping on, that is in the length of one
step.
• Movement is linear, with passengers exiting in the order they
entered. This means that each machine can only operate between RAMPS
two fixed points, unlike an elevator, which can have many
intermediate stops. • Minimum length of ramp
• The angle of incline is limited. Therefore any significant vertical rise should be 9m with
is accompanied by a far greater horizontal movement, whether this is handrail at a height of
desired or not. A moving walk (that is, with a surface that does not 800mm-900mm.
form steps during its travel), can be built at any angle from horizontal Minimum gap of handrail
to 15°. to wall should be 50 mm
For escalators (which do form steps) the angle is normally 30°, and • Prevent installation of
deviations from this are rare. steel ramp
• Riding on an escalator requires a certain degree of agility and • Provide a flat landing of
locomotor skill. It is not suitable for a wheelchair. A baby carriage or a 1500mm at top and
small baggage trolley can be carried, with some inconvenience. bottom to prevent loss of
It presents difficulty for the visually impaired, since it is necessary to control
observe the arrival of the treads.
 CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT OF LIFTS
LIFTS
CORRIDORS
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
 MAX WIDTH OF ROAD
PARKING SYSTEM STANDARDS FOR TWO WAY

BASEMENT PARKING

ADJACENT PARKING RAMP TYPES :

SPIRAL/ HELICAL RAMP
SLOPED RAMP PARKING

PARKING SYSTEM WITH

DOUBLE HELICAL RAMP TURNING RADIUS OF
CARS
BARRIER FREE DESIGN WHEELCHAIR STANDARDS

WITH WALKING STCK HANDRAIL REQUIREMENT

CAR PARKING WITH WHEEL CHAIR ACCESS

WHEEL CHAIR ACCESS
FIXTURE
LOCATION IN
TO LIFTS TO W.C.
ELEVATION

ACCESS DEFINED BY
SPACE AND DOOR
SYMBOLS AND SIGNS

The main purpose of signs should be to provide a clear destination of places ,

warnings and routing information.
A person in wheel chair is less than 1200mm high ,a person
who is partially sighted needs contrasting textures along side walkways and
audible signs for dangerous areas.
Signs should be useful to everyone easily seen from eye level, readable by
moving the fingers and well lighted for night time identification
MULTIPLEX THEATRE
 TYPICAL LAYOUT OF 3
MULTIPLEX THEATRE CINEMA THEATRES
WITH LOBBY/FOYER
TAMIL NADU STANDARDS (TNCD&BR)

Building requirements
(i) Approach to plinth level: Every building should have at
least one entrance accessible to the differently abled and
shall be indicated by proper signage. This entrance shall be
approached through a ramp together with the stepped entry.
PARKING REQUIREMENTS: (ii) Ramped Approach: Ramp shall be finished with non-slip
material to enter the building. Minimum width of ramp shall
be 1800mm with maximum gradient 1:12. Length of ramp
shall not exceed 9.0 meter having 800mm high hand rail on
both sides extending 300mm beyond top and bottom of the
ramp. Minimum gap from the adjacent wall to the hand rail
shall be 50mm
 ● Plinth Regulations No plinth or any part of the building should be less than 30cm above the
determined level of: • The center part of abutting street. • The foot path of the abutting
street. • The highest part of the service lane which determines the drainage of the premises.
• Any portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building. • Undulating or slopping
land 1.2m above the drainage or country water level.

● Rest Room • The height of the water closets measure from the surface of the floor to the
lowest point to the ceiling shall not be less than 2m. • The area of water closet shall be 1.1m
with the minimum width of 0.9m. 6 • It should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open
pace of area not less than 0.3m2 with side not less than 0.3m.

● Parapet Wall • Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof terrace shall not be
less than 1.05m and not more than 1.2m in height from finished floor level. 2.2.4 Boundary
Wall • Except from with special permission of the authority, the maximum height of the
compound wall shall be 1.5m above the centre line of the front street.

● Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m is of the open type, the
construction of the design is to be approved by the authority. • In case of corner plot, the
height of the boundary wall shall be restricted to 0.75m for a length of 10m on the front and
side of the intersections and the balance height of 0.75m if required in accordance with open
type constructions and the design is to be approved by the authority

● Septic Tank • Septic tank have minimum width of 75cm, a minimum depth of 1m below the
water level and the minimum liquid capacity of 1m3. • The length of the tank shall be 3 to 4
● Stair case • For shopping complex building the minimum width of stair case is times the width. • The ventilation pipe shall have extend to a height on which would cause
1.2m • The rise should not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not to smell nuisance to any building in that area.
be less than 200mm
 LONG SPAN BUILDINGS 3. TAPERED GIRDERS:
Long-span buildings create unobstructed, column-free spaces greater than 30 metres ● It is cost effective solution, span range 15 to 25m.
(100 feet) for a variety of functions. These include activities where visibility is ● Allows structural services to be accommodated within the structural floor zone.
important for large audiences (auditoriums and covered stadiums), where flexibility is ● Depth increases midspan
important (exhibition halls and certain types of manufacturing industries), and where
large movable objects are housed (aircraft hangars).

1. PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH

● For spans upto 20m.
● Services can be integrated within 2 layers
● The depth of the beam can be reduced without incurring expense.

4. LONG SPAN TRUSS:

● Triangulated system of straight interconnect structural elements.
● Long span, light weight, reduced deflection.

1. COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS

PORTAL FRAMES:
● Web openings are typically formed in beams to allow services to pass through them, thereby 5.
reducing the depth of construction.
● Series of transverse frames braced longitudinally.
● Used for spans in the range 50 to 30m ● Consists of columns , rafters and bracings.
● Span 20 to 100m.
ATRIUMS, AWNINGS AND KIOSKS
Kiosks are small open fronted cubicles from
which newspapers, refreshments etc. are
Awnings are extended coverings which can be attached to
sold.
a building or freestanding. They are usually constructed from prefabricated and built with aluminum panels or,
tubular steel or aluminum frames and covered with fabric. most commonly, with wooden elements.
Mostly, awnings are custom manufactured and can be designed
easily removable, thus not attached to a
to fit most any architecture.
permanent foundation. For this reason, you can use
materials that can be dry mounted.
stand-alone, i.e. not sharing any walls with the
next building while the customers’ seating area is
built around the structure.
intended for serving food and drinks, thus
interiors are organized in relation to these functions. the atrium was the central open area of a house,
We also need to make further distinctions. In fact, but today the term atrium is typically associated
spaces must be organized differently depending on with commercial and public buildings including
the type of food being served (that can be either offices, health care facilities, libraries, hotels,
packaged food or prepared on site). educational institutions etc.

Inter-floor height 2.70 m

In architecture, an atrium (plural: atria) is a large
Width of internal circulation flows >
open-air or skylight-covered space surrounded by
0,70 m a building. Atria were a common feature in Ancient
Staff bathroom surface > 2 m² Roman dwellings, providing light and ventilation to the
Countertop / counter 0.30 m interior.
Worktop 0.70 m
Awnings offer the flexibility of covering large areas at a fraction Lighting and ventilation ratio in the
of the cost compared to traditional building methods. service area > 1/8
Restaurants and hotels often use awnings to cover substantial Lighting and ventilation ratio in the
outdoor areas for outdoor dining, parties, or reception. On bathroom > 1/12
commercial store front buildings, graphics are often applied
displaying information like the companies name, address or
branded logo. This allows the awning to act as a sign or
billboard as well as providing shade, breaking strong winds, and
protecting from rain or snow.
The configuration of the surrounding architecture will play a
major role in determining the configuration of the awning.
Common post and beam structures, such as pole barns, are
rendered stable by the addition of siding, roofing, “X”- bracing
and fixed cantilevered footings.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS Primary stage
The primary stage involves separating solids from liquids. The sewage is
construction projects, including multi-storey apartment buildings, IT parks and other pumped into sedimentation tanks, where gravity forces solids to the bottom
commercial establishments, having a built-up area of more than 20,000 sq.mt., should get the of the tank. The water is then released, leaving behind a sludge/slurry.
TNPCB’s consent to operate an STP under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The proponents who have got
the consent shall get it renewed regularly. Secondary treatment is the biological treatment stage that breaks down
organic contaminants in wastewater.
The two most frequently used processes are activated sludge (aerated ponds)
and filter beds (sewage tricked over aggregate), where ‘good’ bacteria in the
sludge/aggregate break down the pathogens in the wastewater.
After secondary treatment, wastewater can sometimes be released,
providing there’s a low risk to human and animal life and the environment.

Wastewater is considered clean after secondary treatment, but

tertiary treatment returns it to an even higher quality for release
in protected waters.
The type of tertiary treatment depends on the wastewater.

● Microfiltration (where water passes through tiny holes at high

pressure).
● Ion exchange (where ions in the water are exchanged for other
ions).
● Activated carbon adsorption (which removes organics).
● Disinfection (where UV light or chemicals kill organic pathogens
leftover).
 VENTILATION IN UNDERGROUND PARKING
As vehicles enter, exit and drive through the enclosed parking space, they DUCTED MECHANICAL EXTRACT SYSTEMS
release taxic gases which include carbon monoxide, carbon-di-oxide, oxides of
nitrogen etc. Traditional mechanical systems use sheet metal duct work to transport fumes or smoke
to the atmosphere.
Two methods of ventilation - natural and mechanical ventilation.
They must be evenly distributed around the car park.
Natural Ventilation - Simply requires opening to fresh air
They run underneath the ceiling reducing the restricted height.
Mechanical ventilation - limits the concentration of CO, CO2 and other
harmful gases to below 30ppm

Jet fans can be used for partial smoke extraction, ventilation or even in
case of fire. They are positioned to ensure that fumes and smoke are
removed quickly and efficiently.
 Boom barriers and iBMS
A bar or pole that can be lowered to block vehicular access through Building management system (BMS) also known as building automation
a controlled location, or raised to allow traffic to pass. system (BAS) refers to a computer-based control system that needs to be
installed within buildings to monitor and regulate the building's electrical and
mechanical equipment such as power system, lighting, and ventilation

After installation, the boom barriers require only minimal

human intervention and can be operated from anywhere via
buttons.

Authorized Access

Minimal Space Requirements

Power failures don’t impede the operations These systems may include access control, video surveillance, fire alarms,
HVAC control, programmable lighting and electric power management.
value for money

Durable The iBMS provides control and monitors

The five components include individual components by providing access
Sensors to full range of data
Controllers
Output Devices It improves system efficiency, reduce cost
Communication Protocols and increase safety.
Terminal interface
Can identify problems in advance
 SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS: the laws relating to CCTV cameras in India provide a balance
between the protection of safety and security, and the protection of
The visual range of a security camera depends on a variety of individuals' privacy rights. They also help to promote transparency
features. Generally speaking, security cameras have a range of
anywhere between 10 and 70ft during the day. Alternatively, and accountability in the use of CCTV cameras, and can assist in
some night-vision security cameras have a range of 100-200ft! the efficient operation of law enforcement.

Closed-circuit television, abbreviated as CCTV camera is a self-

contained surveillance system that transfers the video recordings of It is important to note that the use of CCTV cameras should be in
the connected cameras to a DVR (Digital Video Recorder) through compliance with the Right to Privacy under the Indian Constitution.
coaxial cabling.
It's also mandatory to display the signs of CCTV surveillance at the
Because the system makes use of traditional radio frequency (RF), it
entry and exit points of the premises where the cameras are
is considered to be the most efficient and cost-effective means of
video surveillance. installed.
Surveillance cameras are video cameras that monitor the area The Information Technology Rules, 2021, and the Right to Privacy
where they are installed. These work in conjunction with security and Data Protection Bill, 2019 also deal with surveillance. However,
systems. These cameras can be installed in any public places to
ensure security and also deter criminal activity. The recorded footage there are no detailed guidelines and legislation for CCTV
of these cameras is also used as a piece of evidence in case of the surveillance in India.
occurrence of the crime.

while organizations are required to obtain consent from individuals

before collecting, storing, and using their personal information,
there are exceptions, such as the use of CCTV cameras for the
protection of safety and security.
 BACKUP GENERATORS:

EMERGENCY COMMERCIAL GENERATORS

These backup generator systems automatically provide backup power in the event of power loss due to a power outage. You can find different
types of emergency power supply systems in the NFPA code. These units must provide power within 10 seconds to all safety systems, which
commonly include:
Exit lighting
Smoke alarms Diesel generators are one of the most commonly installed generators in the market for emergency backup power and standby generator selections. Their
Evacuation systems versatility means various industries can use them for different needs. Additionally, these models require less overall maintenance, so you may be able to save
money in the long run.
Fire alarms
The drawback to diesel generators is how the capacity of their fuel tanks restricts their maximum operating runtime. Therefore, you should have a plan for
Escalators providing fuel to refill the tanks.
Elevators
FIRE SAFETY: Tamil Nadu Fire & Rescue Services Department
FIRE SAFETY: Underground shopping
centres