INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

HEAT ENGINE:
Heat engine can be defined as any type of engine or machine, which drives heat energy from the
combustion of fuel or any other source and converts this energy into mechanical work.
TYPES OF HEAT ENGINE: There are two types of heat engines:
1. External combustion engine (EC Engine): are those engines in which the combustion of fuel takes place
outside the engine cylinder. Example-steam engine, steam turbine, gas turbine etc.
2. Internal combustion engine (IC Engine): are those engines in which combustion and conversion of heat
energy into mechanical work occur inside a cylinder. Example- petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine etc.

Comparisons between EC and IC engine

MAIN PARTS OF IC ENGINE:

Cylinder Block: is usually in one piece as it is cast in a single

block it has cylinders which contains gas under pressure and
guides the piston. Within the cylinder the piston moves to and
fro/reciprocates in order to develop power. It has passage for
cooling water flow, oil passage for lubrication, tunnels for push
rod and crank shaft and cam shaft. It is cast from Gray iron,
iron alloy and aluminum alloy.
Cylinder Head: Cylinder head refers to a detachable plate,
which is used for covering the closed end of a cylinder assembled
in an automotive engine. It comprises of combustion chamber,
the inlet & outlet valves, Spark plug/fuel injector, inlet and
exhaust ports and passages for cooling water. It is cast from Cast
Iron or Aluminum alloy.
Crankcase: It is the largest cavity within an engine that protects
the crankshaft, connecting rods and other components from
foreign objects.It supports the crankshaft in bearings. The
camshaft is also held by the crankcase in bearings. This is also
acts as reservoir for lubricating oil.

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

 MAIN PARTS OF IC ENGINE

Piston: is a cylindrical plug used for moving up and down the cylinder according to the position of the
crankshaft in its rotation and transmit the force exerted by the burning of charge to the connecting rod.
Piston is made from iron or aluminum.
It has good heat conducting property and also greater strength at higher temperatures. It is called heart of an
IC engine

A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a reciprocating engine
such as an internal combustion engine or steam engine. Generally made of special steel alloys.
There are two sets of rings,
Compression ring for airtight seal to prevent leakage of the fresh mixture & burnt gases through the
clearance between cylinder and piston into the lower portion.
Oil control ring/scraper ring for control the oil film on the cylinder wall, prevent leakage of the oil into the
engine/combustion chamber.
The three main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines are :

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

 Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is no transfer of gases from the combustion chamber to the
crank.
 Supporting heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall. Regulating engine oil consumption.
 The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore.

Connecting Rod: transmits power from the piston to the Crankshaft. More precisely, connecting rods also
referred to as con rod are used for conjoining the piston to the crankshaft. The top end of the rod is called the
small end which moves up and down with the piston. The bottom end is called big end which rotates with
the crankshaft. Steel or duralium is used as the material for connecting rod.
Crankshaft is made of forged steel. The main parts are journals, crankpins and cranks. It is a rotating shaft
through which engine work output is supplied to external systems, rotated by reciprocating pistons through
connecting rods. Crankshaft converts to & fro motion to rotary motion.
Flywheel: is a rotating mechanical device is fitted to the rear end of the crankshaft that is used to store
rotational energy produced by the power stroke and releases it during the idle strokes. It takes care of
fluctuation of speed and maintains its speed fairly constant. It is made of steel or cast iron.

Camshaft: is made either of forged steel or of cast iron which contains the cams for lifting the intake and
exhaust valve. The eccentric operates the fuel pump. The pinion rotates the lubricant pump.

Spark Plug : A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the
combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric
spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell,
electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator.
Fuel Injector: The function of a fuel injector is to spray atomized fuel into the combustion chamber of an
internal combustion engine. Fuel injection became the primary fuel delivery system in automobiles starting
in the mid-1980s. The spray from a fuel injector can be continuous or intermittent.

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

 Spark Plug Fuel Injector

Carburetor: a device for atomizing, vaporizing and mixing of fuel

with air in appropriate proportion. The main components are a) float
chamber and b) mixing chamber. Float Chamber; it is a mean for
regulating the entry of fuel to the carburetor according to the rate at
which the fuel is used. Mixing chamber; it is the mean for atomizing
the fuel and mixing it with necessary amount of air.
How Carburetor Works: Air is drawn through venture on its way
into the engine when engine is running. This results in a depression
drop in pressure occurring at the throat of the venture. Due to decrease
in pressure occurring at the nozzle caused coming out of the fuel. The
coming air stream vaporizes it. This mixture is now supplied to the
engine through intake manifold.

TERMINOLOGY

1. Bore: It is the internal diameter of the cylinder of the reciprocating engine.

2. Dead Centres: There are two fixed positions in the cylinder, between which the piston reciprocates. The
uppermost position is called top dead centre (TDC), while the bottom-most position is called the bottom
dead centre (BDC).
Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET
 3. Stroke: It is the linear distance through which the piston travels between the top dead centre (TDC) and
the bottom dead centre (BDC) in the cylinder. It is also called stroke length. It is denoted by L.
4. Swept Volume: It is also called piston displacement volume or stroke volume. It is the volume created or
displaced by the piston during its one stroke travel, i.e. travel of the piston from one dead centre to other
dead centre. It is denoted by Vs
Mathematically, Swept volume, Vs = Piston area x Stroke length
5. Clearance Volume: It is the volume left in the cylinder when the piston reaches the top dead centre. It is
denoted by Vc.
6. Total Volume: It is the maximum volume in the cylinder and is the sum of swept volume and clearance
volume. It is denoted by Vt = Vs + Vc
7. Compression Ratio: It is the ratio of maximum possible volume to clearance (minimum) volume in the
cylinder. It is denoted by r and expressed as r = total volume/ clearance volume = (Vs+Vc)/Vc
8.Cut of Ratio: It is the ratio of cut-off volume to swept volume. It is denoted by ρ. This term is used in
Diesel-cycle.
9. Charge: It is air-petrol mixture for petrol engines and only air for Diesel engines, which is introduced
during suction stroke of the engine.
10. Mean Effective Pressure: It is a hypothetical average pressure, which if acted on the piston during the
entire power stroke, will produce the same power output as produced during the actual cycle.
Net work done in a cycle,

From a given indicator diagram, the indicated mean effective pressure can be obtained as

Mean effective pressure,

𝑎×𝑠
𝑃𝑚 =
𝑙
Here,
2
a= area of indicator card, mm
s= scale of indicator spring, bar/mm
l=length of indicator card, mm

IC ENGINE WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The piston is inside the cylinder and is linked with the
crankshaft through the connecting rod. Thus, the piston rotates
the crankshaft through the connecting rod. The crankshaft
revolves due to the up and down movement of the piston. The
crankshaft drives the camshaft. The gear of the crankshaft
meshes with the gear of the camshaft. The camshaft operates
the valve by means of the cam, tappet, push rod and rocker arm.
The flywheel stores the energy produced during the power
strokes and releases the energy again during the idle strokes.

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Sequence of Operation in a Cycle:
1. Suction stroke: Air fuel mixture or only air in correct proportion is supplied to the engine cylinder
through inlet valve.
2. Compression stroke: Air fuel mixture or only air is compressed in the engine cylinder. Here both valves
are remains closed.
3. Expansion or working stroke: Fuel is fired and it results the sudden rise of pressure, which push the
piston with a great force and rotates crankshaft. Here both valves are remains closed.
4. Exhaust stroke: Burnt gases are exhausted from the cylinder through exhaust valve.

FOUR STROKE CYCLE OTTO ENGINES/ Petrol Engine

It is also known as Spark Ignition (SI) engine, since in these engines ignition is due to spark. It requires four
strokes of the piston to complete one mechanical cycle of operation in the engine cylinder.
Application: Four stroke cycle petrol engines are usually employed in light vehicles such as cars, jeeps and
aero planes.
Suction or charging stroke: the inlet valve is opened and the outlet valve is closed. The air fuel mixture is
sucked into the cylinder. The piston moves from TDC to BDC and when piston reaches to BDC, the inlet
valve closes.
Compression: both inlet and outlet valve is closed. The mixture is compressed into the combustion
chamber and the piston rises from BDC to TDC. When the piston reaches near the TDC, a spark is produced
in the spark plug, which ignites the mixture.
Expansion or Working stroke: both inlet and outlet valves remain closed, the burning gas expands and
pushes the piston down to BDC. When the piston reaches near BDC, the outlet valve opens.
Exhaust: the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened. The piston rises from BDC to TDC, the
burnt gases is pushed out the cylinder, the outlet valve closes and inlet valve opens. The piston moves down
again and a fresh air fuel mixture is again drawn into the cylinder. The cycle of suction, compression, power
& Exhaust repeated

FOUR STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE

It is also known as Compressed (CI) Ignition engine, since in these engines ignition is due to compression.
Application: The four stroke cycle diesel engines are generally employed In heavy vehicles such as buses,
trucks, tractors etc.
Suction: In this stroke, the inlet valve opens and pure air is sucked into the cylinder as the piston moves
from TDC to BDC.

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Compression stroke: In this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valve are closed and the air is compressed as
the piston moves from BDC to TDC. As a result of compression, both the pressure and temperature of the
air increases considerably. This completes one revolution of the crankshaft.
Expansion or working stroke: Shortly before the piston reaches TDC (during compression stroke) diesel
fuel oil is injected in the form of fine spray into engine cylinder with the help of a fuel injector, as a result
ignition starts. It suddenly increases both the temp. and pressure. Due to the rise in pressure, the piston is
pushed down with a great force. During this expansion, the heat energy is transformed into mechanical
work. The fuel oil is assumed to be burnt at constant pressure.
Exhaust stroke: In this stroke, the exhaust valve is open. As the piston moves from BDC to TDC, it pushes
out the products of combustion from the engine cylinder through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This
completes the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck air again.

STROKES OF A TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

In two stroke cycle engine, one working cycle is completed in two stroke of the piston or one revolution of
the crank shaft. This is achieved by carrying out the suction and compression process in one stroke (inward
stroke), expansion and exhaust process in the second stroke (out ward stroke). A two stroke engine has ports
instead of valves.
So, from thermodynamic point of view there is no difference between 2 and 4 stroke engine. The difference
is purely mechanical.
Applications: The two stroke petrol engines are generally employed in very light vehicles such as scooters,
motorcycles, three wheelers

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

Valve timing diagram of a 4 stroke cycle engine

At A, the inlet valve opens and suction takes place from A to

B. Here crankshaft revolves through 1800 and piston moves
from TDC to BDC.
At B, the inlet valve closes and compression takes place
from B to C. Here crankshaft revolves through 1800 and
piston moves from BDC to TDC.
At C, the fuel is fired and expansion takes place from C to D.
Here crankshaft revolves through 1800 and piston again
moves from TDC to BDC.
At D, the exhaust valve opens and exhaust takes place from
D to E. Here crankshaft revolves through 1800 and piston
moves back to TDC.
In practice, the intake valve usually opens earlier than top
dead center, and stays open a little past bottom dead center.
The exhaust valve opens a little before bottom dead center,
and stays open a little past top dead center.
On the exhaust stroke, the intake and exhaust valve are open
at the same time for a few degrees around top dead center.
This is called valve overlap.

Actual Valve-timing diagram

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

p-v diagram of Otto cycle and Diesel cycle:

Actual Indicator Diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Comparison between Petrol and Diesel Engine:

IC ENGINE COOLING:
30%of total heat is converted to mechanical work, 40% is carried out by exhaust gas and remaining 30% is
left un-attended, will be absorbed by the engine cylinder, cylinder head, piston, engine valves etc.
Need of Cooling:
 to remove heat from the engine parts;
 to keep their temperature within safe limit;
 to avoid the following troubles due to over heating the engine parts:
1. Distortion of the engine parts
2. Reduction of the strength of piston and seizure of the piston.
3. Decomposition of lubricating oil.
4. Burning of valves and valve seats,
5. Reduction of the volumetric efficiency i.e. Reduction of compression ratio.
6. Increasing tendency of detonation.
7. Pre-ignition i.e. Ignite the fresh charge before spark occurs.
Types of Cooling System:
Air Cooling System: The cylinder is cast with a number of fins which are surrounded on it. This type of
cylinder is used in the motor cycle and scooters. Atmospheric air flows against these fin removes the heat
from the cylinder/ engine
Advantages of air cooling system:
1) Simple in design and lighter.
2) Less starting trouble.
3) More freedom in the positioning of engine.
4) Low maintenance and capital cost.
5) Free from leakage problem.
Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET
6) No risk of damage due to freezing of coolant.

Air Cooling System Water Cooling System

Water Cooling System:
The heat dissipated by the engine is so large that it is not possible to cool the engine quickly. To enable
faster cooling, a pump is introduced in the system between the radiator and the engine block at the lower
side. This pump is rotated by the crankshaft by means of a belt. When pump rotates, water is circulated with
some force, therefore the heat of the engine block, cylinders, valve seats are removed quickly without any
difficulty. After passing through the engine jackets water is passed through the radiator to be cooled by the
air drawn from a fan.
Advantages:
1) Uniform temperature throughout the engine.
2) Engine can be made more compact.
3) Water and jacket deaden mechanical noise.
4) Better in arduous conditions without over heating.
Anti freezing: In cold countries to prevent freezing of water, ethylene glycol is used as a anti freezing agent.
Its lowers the freezing point of water.

Comparison of air and water cooling system-

Lubrication of IC Engine: Lubrication is termed as the blood of the IC engine.

Continuous rubbing action of one part with another part wearing may occur
Purposes:
1) Decrease the power required to overcome friction.
2) Reduce wear and tear of the moving parts.
3) Make the piston gas-tight.
4) Cool the parts as a coolant.
5) Carry off the particles of worn metal, carbon & soot of product of combustion i.e. Clean the moving parts.
6) Reduce engine noise and damps down the vibration.

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Methods of Lubrications: Splash lubrication and Forced lubrication.

Splash lubrication
Used for lubricating small IC engines. Here, an oil sump is fixed
to the bottom of the crank case and the pump is immersed in the
lubricating oil. A small hole is drilled in the crank shaft and the
oil is forced through this hole to the bearings. The oil is also
forced along the connecting rod either through a hole drilled in
the rod or along a small copper pipe to the gudgeon pin and
piston. The surplus oil is thrown out in the form of a spray, from
the bearings by centrifugal action, which lubricates the cams,
tappers, valve stems etc. The whole oil is drained back into the
sump.

Forced lubrication : Here, the lubricating

oil is carried in a separate tank and is
pumped at a high pressure to the main
bearings and at a low pressure to the
camshaft and timing gears. As the oil drains
with the sump, it is pumped back by a pump
known as scavenge pump through an oil
cooler to the oil tank.

Scavenging: It is the process of pushing out the exhausted gas from the combustion chamber of the engine
cylinder and drawing in a fresh draught of air or fuel/air mixture for the next cycle. This process is essential
in having a smooth-running internal combustion engine.
Mostly effective for the 4 stroke engine than 2 stroke engine.
Types:
1. Crossflow Scavenging
2. Backflow or loop Scavenging
3. Uniflow Scavenging

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Supercharging:
Process of increasing the mass or in other wards density, of the air-fuel mixture (in SI engine) or air (CI
engine) into the engine cylinder. This is done with the help of compressor or blower known as supercharger.
Widely used aircraft engines.
A supercharged engine is lighter, requires smaller foundations and consumes less lubricating oil as
compared to an ordinary engine.
Objectives:
1. To reduce mass of the engine per brake power.
2. To maintain power at high altitude where less oxygen is available for combustion.
3. To reduce the space occupied by the engine.
4. To increase the power output of an engine when greater power (Racing car).

OTTO CYCLE
The Otto cycle is an ideal air standard cycle for the gasoline (petrol) engine, gas engines and high-speed
engines. The operations of the Otto cycle is shown in Fig.
In an actual engine, the working substance becomes the air–fuel mixture and heat transfer processes are
replaced by combustion process and exhaust process.

DIESEL CYCLE:

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Performance calculation:

Indicated power (IP)-

The power actually developed by the engine cylinder.
It is calculated as
𝐼𝑃 = KW
Where,
K=number of cylinder; P = Actual mean effective pressure (bar); L=Length of strokes (meter);
m
A=Area of the piston (m2)
n= No. of explosions or no. of working strokes per mint.
=N…….for 2-stroke engine
=N/2 …….for 4-stroke engine
N=Speed of the engine (rpm)
Brake power (BP)-
The power available at the crank shaft. It is usually measured by means of prony or rope mechanism.
>>In the case of prony brake, 𝑃 =
Here,
N=Speed of the engine (rpm)
T= Torque (N-m)= W.l
Here, W=Brake load (N)
l=length of arm (meters)

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET

Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET
Bably Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, CUET