AESA BASED IPM Package

BETELVINE

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Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
 Important Natural Enemies of Betelvine Insect & Mite Pests

Parasitoids Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering in

Betelvine Vineyard

Chrysocharis spp. Aphidius spp. Encarsia formosa

Alfalfa Sunflower Ocimum spp.

Aphytis spp. Aphelinus spp. Ceranisus menes

Cosmos Spearmint Mustard

Predators

Marigold Carrot Caraway

Robber fly Pentatomid bug Oligota spp.

Cowpea Buckwheat Maize

Orius spp. Chilocorus sp Cybocephalus sp

The AESA based IPM – Betelvine, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of
Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS. JS (PP). The package was
developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization.

NIPHM Working Group:

Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General
Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S.N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor
: Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM)
Core Members :
1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.
2. Dr. O.P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.
3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.
4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.

Other members :
5. Dr. N. Srinivasa Rao, Assitant Director (RPM), Rodent Expertise.
6. Dr. B.S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise.

Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:

1. Shri Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM)
2. Shri R. Murali, Deputy Director (Entomology)
3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology)
4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science)

Contributions by External Experts:

1. Dr. V.K. Kalra HOD (Entomology), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana
2. Director of Research, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur
3. Director of Research, Navsari Agricultural University, Eru Char Rasta, Dandi Road, Navsari-396450 (Gujarat)
4. Director of Research, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415712, Dist-Ratnagiri.
5. Directorate of Experiment Station, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar-263145, Dist.
Udham singh Nagar (Uttarakhand, India)
6. Dr. S.K. Panda, Professor & Head, Department of Entamology, College of Agriculture, Odhisha University of
Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
7. Dr. K.C. Sahu, Professor & Head, Department of Plant pathology, College of Agriculture, Odhisha University of
Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
8. Dr. S.N. Mohapatra, Professor & Head, Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture, Odhisha University
of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003
9. Dr. Jayalaxmi Ganguli, Asst. Professor (Entomology), IGKV, Raipur (CG) 492 012
10. Dr. Narendra Lakpale, Asst. Professor (Plant Pathology), IGKV, Raipur (CG) 492 012.
11. Director of Research, SKUASST, Kashmir, Shalimar-190025

Information on Region-wise Distribution of Pests Provided by:

1. Dr. N. Sathyanarayana, Director, Plant Biosecurity Division, NIPHM
2. Mrs. S. Latha, Scientific Officer, Plant Biosecurity Division, NIPHM
Citation Satyagopal, K., S.N. Sushil, P. Jeyakumar, G. Shankar, O.P. Sharma,
S.K. Sain, D.R. Boina, N.S. Rao, B.S. Sunanda, Ram Asre, R. Murali,
Sanjay Arya, Subhash Kumar, V.K. Kalra, S.K. Panda, K.C. Sahu,
S.N. Mohapatra, Jayalaxmi Ganguli, Narendra Lakpale, N.
Sathyanarayana and S. Latha. 2015. AESA based IPM package for
Betelvine. pp 38.

Front cover picture Model AESA chart for Betelvine

Back cover picture Betelvine Vineyard

Published by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad – 500 030

Copies: 1,000; March, 2015

For internal circulation only. Not for sale.

Contact APPA - IPM, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage,

CGO Complex, NH IV, Faridabad, Haryana - 121 001.
Tel : 0129 2413020, e-mail: [email protected]

Printed at Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd.,

A.C. Guards, Hyderabad.
Tel : 040-23303424
e-mail: [email protected]
www.balajiscan.com
 अपर सचिव Avinash K Srivastava
Additional Secretary
भारत सरकार Government of India
कृ षि मं त्रालय Ministry of Agriculture
(कृ षि एवं सहकािरता विभाग) (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
कृ षि भवन, नई िदल्ली - 110001 Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110 001

FOREWORD

Intensive agricultural practices relying heavily on chemical pesticides are a major cause of wide spread ecological
imbalances resulting in serious problems of insecticide resistance, pest resurgence and pesticide residues. There
is a growing awareness world over on the need for promoting environmentally sustainable agriculture practices.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a globally accepted strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture. During
last century, IPM relied substantially on economic threshold level and chemical pesticides driven approaches.
However, since the late 1990s there is conscious shift to more ecologically sustainable Agro-Eco System Analysis
(AESA) based IPM strategies. The AESA based IPM focuses on the relationship among various components of
an agro-ecosystem with special focus on pest-defender dynamics, innate abilities of plant to compensate for
the damages caused by the pests and the influence of abiotic factors on pest buildup. In addition, Ecological
Engineering for pest management - a new paradigm to enhance the natural enemies of pests in an agro-
ecosystem is being considered as an important strategy. The ecological approach stresses the need for relying on
bio intensive strategies prior to use of chemical pesticides.

Sincere efforts have been made by resource personnel to incorporate ecologically based principles and field
proven technologies for guidance of the extension officers to educate, motivate and guide the farmers to adopt
AESA based IPM strategies, which are environmentally sustainable. I hope that the AESA based IPM packages
will be relied upon by various stakeholders relating to Central and State government functionaries involved in
extension and Scientists of SAUs and ICAR institutions in their endeavour to promote environmentally sustainable
agriculture practices.

Date : 6.3.2014 (Avinash K. Srivastava)

 सं युक्त सचिव
Joint Secretary
भारत सरकार Government of India
कृ षि मं त्रालय Ministry of Agriculture
(कृ षि एवं सहकािरता विभाग) (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
कृ षि भवन, नई िदल्ली - 110001 Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi - 110001

FOREWORD

IPM as a holistic approach of crop protection based on the integration of multiple strategies viz., cultural, physical,
mechanical, biological, botanical and chemical. Over the years IPM underwent several changes, shifting its focus
from damage boundary, economic injury to economic threshold. Currently most stake holders rely upon economic
threshold levels (ETL) and tend to apply chemical pesticides at the first instance in the event of a pest attack,
through Government of India has advocated need based and judicious application of chemicals. This approach
is likely to cause adverse effects on agro-ecosystems and increase the cost of agricultural production due to
problems of pest resurgence, insecticide resistance and sustainability.

During the late 90s FAO started advocating Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) based IPM. Experience in
different countries have sine show that AESA, which takes into account ecological principles and relies on the
balance that is maintained by biotic factors in an ecosystem has also resulted in reduction in cost of production
and increase in yields. AESA based IPM also takes into account the need for active participation of farmers and
promotes experiential learning and discovery based decision making by farmers. AESA based IPM in conjunction
with ecological engineering for pest management promotes bio-intensive strategies as against current chemical
intensive approaches, while retaining the option to apply chemical pesticides judiciously as a measure of last
resort.

The resource persons of NIPHM and DPPQ & S have made sincere efforts in revising IPM packages
for different crops by incorporating agro-ecosystem analysis, ecological engineering, pesticide application
techniques and other IPM options with the active cooperation of crop based plant protection scientists working
in state Agricultural Universities and ICAR institutions. I hope this IPM package will serve as a ready reference for
extension functionaries of Central / State Governments, NGOs and progressive farmers in adopting sustainable
plant protection strategies by minimizing the dependence on chemical pesticides.

(Utpal Kumar Singh)

 National Institute of Plant Health Management
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India

Dr. K. SATYAGOPAL, IAS

Director General Rajendranagar
Telephone : +91-40-24015346, Hyderabad-500030
E-mail : [email protected] http://niphm.gov.in
Tele-Fax : +91-40-24015346

PREFACE
Need for environmentally sustainable agricultural practices is recognised worldwide in view of the wide spread
ecological imbalances caused by highly intensive agricultural systems. In order to address the adverse impacts
of chemical pesticides on agro-ecosystems, Integrated Pest Management has evolved further from ETL based
approach to Agro-ecosystem Analysis based Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

In AESA based IPM the whole agro-ecosystem, plant health at different stages, built-in-compensation
abilities of the plant, pest and defender population dynamics, soil conditions, climatic factors and farmers’
past experience are considered. In AESA, informed decisions are taken by farmers after field observation, AESA
chart preparation followed by group discussion and decision making. Insect zoo is created to enable the farmer
understand predation of pests by Natural Enemies. AESA based PHM also results in reduction of chemical pesticide
usage and conserves the agro-ecosystems.

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management, a new paradigm, is gaining acceptance as a strategy for
promoting Biointensive Integrated Pest Management. Ecological Engineering for Pest Management relies on
cultural practices to effect habitat manipulation and enhance biological control. The strategies focus on pest
management both below ground and above ground. There is growing need to integrate AESA based IPM and
principles of ecological engineering for pest management.

There is a rising public concern about the potential adverse effects of chemical pesticides on the human
health, environment and biodiversity. The intensity of these negative externalities, through cannot be eliminated
altogether, can be minimized through development, dissemination and promotion of sustainable biointensive
approaches.

Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage (DPPQ&S), has developed IPM package of practices
during 2001 and 2002. These packages are currently providing guidance to the Extension Officers in transferring
IPM strategies to farmers. These IPM package of practices, have been revised incorporating the principles of AESA
based IPM in detail and also the concept of Ecological Engineering for Pest Management. It is hoped that the
suggested practices, which aim at enhancing biodiversity, biointensive strategies for pest management and
promotion of plant health, will enable the farmers to take informed decisions based on experiential learning and
it will also result in use of chemical pesticides only as a last resort & in a safe and judicious manner.

(K. SATYAGOPAL)
 Contents
Betelvine - Plant description............................................................................................................................. 1
I. Pests ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
A. Pests of Major Significance ................................................................................................................ 2
1. Insect and mite pests ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Diseases ............................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Weeds ................................................................................................................................................ 2
4. Nematodes ........................................................................................................................................ 2
5. Rodents ............................................................................................................................................. 2
B. Pests of Minor Significance ..................................................................................................................... 3
1. Insect and mite pests ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Disease............................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Nematode.......................................................................................................................................... 3
II. Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) Based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) .................................... 3
A. AESA .................................................................................................................................................. 3
B. Field scouting ................................................................................................................................... 8
C. Yellow pan water/ blue sticky traps ................................................................................................ 9
D. Nematode extraction ....................................................................................................................... 9
III. Ecological engineering for pest management ...................................................................................... 10
IV. Crop stage-wise IPM ................................................................................................................................ 14
V. Rodent pest management ...................................................................................................................... 17
VI. Insecticide resistance and its management .......................................................................................... 18
VII. Nutritient deficiencies and toxicity........................................................................................................ 19
VIII. Common weeds ....................................................................................................................................... 19
IX. Description of insect, mite and nematode pests .................................................................................. 21
X. Description of diseases ........................................................................................................................... 28
XI. Description of rodent pests .................................................................................................................... 32
XII. Safety measures ...................................................................................................................................... 32
A. At the time of harvest ....................................................................................................................... 32
B. During post-harvest storage ........................................................................................................... 32
XIII. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM ............................................................................................................................. 33
XIV. Basic precautions in pesticide usage ..................................................................................................... 34
XV. Pesticide application techniques ........................................................................................................... 35
XVI. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief ........................................................... 36
XVII. References ................................................................................................................................................ 37
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR BETELVINE

Betelvine - Plant description:

The betelvine (Piper betel L.; Family: Piperaceae) is the leaf of a vine which includes pepper and kava. In India, it is
known as ‘pan’. Betelvine is a perennial, dioecious, evergreen climber that is grown in tropics and subtropics for its
leaves that are used as a chewing stimulant. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the
ground. The betel plant is an evergreen and perennial creeper, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkin.
The leaves are alternate, entire, 5 to 10 cm long and 3 to 6 cm across. The flowers are small, produced on pendulous
spikes 4 to 8 cm long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening up to 7 to 15 cm as the fruit matures. Betelvine
leaves and stem have pungent aromatic flavour. Betel leaves chewing is considered as source of diatery calcium.
Betel oil has several medicinal uses.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

I. PESTS
A. Pests of Major Significance
1. Insect and mite pests
1.1 Scale insect: Lepidosaphes ulmi L. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
1.2 Betelvine/ mirid bug: Disphinctus politus Walk. (Hemiptera: Miridae)
1.3 Mealybug: Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
1.4 Whitefly: Dialeurodes pallida Singh (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
1.5 Red spider mite: Tetranychus spp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
2. Diseases
2.1 Leaf rot and foot rot: Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina.
2.2 Leaf spot or anthracanose: Colletotrichum piperis (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby
2.3 Sclerotial wilt or collar rot: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
2.4 Powdery mildew: Oidium piperis Uppal, Kamat & Patel
2.5 Bacterial leaf spot: Xanthomonas campestris Dowson pv. betlicola
3. Weeds
Broadleaf
3.1 Yellow sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)
3.2 Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)
3.3 Creeping thistle: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop (Asteraceae)
3.4 Batthal: Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. (Asteraceae)
3.5 Joyweed: Alternanthera sessiles (L.) R.Br. ex DC. (Amaranthaceae)
3.6 Creeping wood sorrel: Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
3.7 Punarnava: Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae)
3.8 Common purselane: Portulace oleraceae L. (Portulacaceae)
3.9 Common sorrel: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae)
3.10 Horse purslane: Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
Grasses
3.11 Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon L. Pers (Poaceae)
3.12 Blue grass: Poa annua L. (Poaceae)
Sedges
3.13 Nut grass: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)
3.14 Flat sedge: Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae)
4. Nematodes
4.1 Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)
4.2 Reniform nematode: Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)
5. Rodents
5.1 Lesser bandicoot: Bandicota bengalensis (Gray)
5.2 Black rat: Rattus rattus L.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

B. Pests of Minor Significance

1. Insect & mite pests
1.1 Black fly: Aleurocanthus woglumi Singh (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
1.2 Thrips: Thrips tabaci L. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)-(West Bengal)
1.3 Aphids: Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)-(West Bengal)
1.4 Yellow mite: Polyphagotarsonemus latus-(West Bengal)
2. Disease
2.1 Fusarium wilt: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc- (West Bengal)
3. Nematode
3.1 Stunt nematode: Tylenchorhynchus sp. - (Bihar)

II. AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

A. AESA:
The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides
on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the planters. The economic threshold level (ETL) was the basis
for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is given to AESA where planters take decisions based
on larger range of vineyard observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes
physical factors (i.e. soil, rain, sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. insect pests, diseases and
weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their natural
enemies. Understanding the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.
Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agro-ecosystem. Planter has
to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the vineyard situation and how to make proper decisions for
their crop management. This process is called the AESA. Participants of AESA will have to make a drawing on
a large piece of paper (60 x 80 cm), to include all their observations. The advantage of using a drawing is that it
requires the participants/planters to observe closely and intensively. It is a focal point for the analysis and for the
discussions that follow, and the drawing can be kept as a record.
AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and planters to analyze
the vineyard situations with regards to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health and the influence of climatic
factors and their relationship for growing a healthy crop. The basic components of AESA are:
•• Plant health at different stages
•• Built-in compensation abilities of plants
•• Pest and defender population dynamics
•• Soil conditions
•• Climatic factors
•• Planters past experience

Principles of AESA IPM:

Grow a healthy crop:
•• Select healthy seeds/seedlings/planting material
•• Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

•• Treat the seeds/seedlings/planting material with recommended pesticides especially biopesticides

•• Follow proper spacing
•• Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring wherever applicable)
•• Nutrient management especially by using organic manures and biofertilizers based on the soil test results.
If the dose of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible
to insects and diseases. If the dose is too low, the crop growth is retarded. So, the growers should apply
an appropriate amount of nutriens for best results.
•• Proper irrigation.
Observe the vineyard regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors):
Planters should:
•• Monitor the field situations of the vineyard at least once a week (soil, water, plants, pests, natural enemies,
weather factors etc.)
•• Make decisions based on the vineyard situations and Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio)
•• Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested plants etc.)

Plant compensation ability:

Compensation is defined as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and has been associated with
increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots
and remaining leaves to new leaves) during active vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory can arise
from the interaction of a variety of plant traits and external environmental factors.

Understand and conserve defenders:

•• Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through regular observations of the agro-
ecosystem
•• Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum activity
Insect zoo:
In vineyard various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be harmful. Generally planters
are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the planters) which feed on pests are not easy to observe in crop
vineyard. Insect zoo concept can be helpful to enhance planters’ skill to identify beneficial and harmful insects.
In this method, unfamiliar/unknown insects are collected in plastic containers with brush from the vineyard and
brought to a place for study. Each insect is placed inside a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and some

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

known insect pests. Insects in the bottle are observed for certain time and determined whether the test insect is a
pest (feeds on plant) or a predator (feeds on other insects).

Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):

Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the planters to make appropriate pest management
decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the numbers of pests and defenders. The P:
D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential of natural enemy as well as the type of pest. The natural
enemies of betelvine insect pests can be divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2. predators; and 3. pathogens.

Model Agro-Ecosystem Analysis Chart

Date:
Village:
Planter:

Decision taken based on the analysis of vineyard situations

Soil conditions :
Weather conditions :
Diseases types and severity :
Weeds types and intensity :
Rodent damage (if any) :
No. of insect pests :
No. of natural enemies :
P: D ratio :
The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is 2: 1. However, some of the
parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2 pests. Wherever specific P: D ratios are not found,
it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio. Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there is no need for
adoption of other management strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio is found to be unfavourable, the planters
can be advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/predators depending upon the type of pest. In
addition to inundative release of parasitoids and predators, the usage of microbial biopesticides and biochemical
biopesticides such as insect growth regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before resorting to synthetic
chemical pesticides.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Decision making:
Planters become experts in crop management:
Planters have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops. AESA planters have
learned to make these decisions based on observations and analysis viz. abiotic and biotic factors of
the crop ecosystem. The past experience of the planters should also be considered for decision making.
However, as vineyard conditions continue to change and new technologies become available, planters
need to continue improving their skills and knowledge.
•• Planters are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation
•• Planters can share their knowledge with other planters
AESA methodology:
•• Go to the vineyard in groups (about 5 planters per group). Walk across the vineyard and choose 20 plants/
acre randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your observations:
•• Plant: Observe the plant height, number of branches, crop stage, deficiency symptoms etc.
•• Insect pests: Observe and count the insect pests at different places on the plant.
•• Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids and predators.
•• Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible disease symptoms and severity.
•• Rats: Count number of plants affected by rats.
•• Weeds: Observe weeds in the vineyard and their intensity.
•• Water: Observe the water situation of the vineyard.
•• Weather: Observe the weather conditions.
•• While walking in the vineyard, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to collect additional
insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.
•• Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.
•• If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.
•• Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.
•• Each group will then analyze the vineyard situation in detail and present their observations and analysis
in a drawing (the AESA drawing).
•• Each drawing will show a plant representing the vineyard situation. The weather conditions, water level,
disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Insect pests will be drawn on one side. Defenders
(beneficial insects) will be drawn on another side. Write the number next to each insect. Indicate the plant
part where the pests and defenders were found. Try to show the interaction between biotic and abiotic
factors.
•• Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management recommendation.
•• The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present their analysis in front
of all participants.
•• The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes sure that all participants
(also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this process.
•• Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on what vineyard
management is required in the AESA plot.
•• Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.
•• Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Data recording:
Planters should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart
•• Keep records of what has happened, help us making an analysis and draw conclusions.
Data to be recorded:
•• Crop situation (e.g. for AESA): Plant health; pests, diseases, weeds; natural enemies; soil condition;
irrigation; weather conditions
•• Input costs: Seeds; fertilizer; pesticides; labour
•• Harvest: Yield (Kg/acre); price of produce (Rs./Kg)
Some questions that can be used during the discussion:
•• Summarize the present situation of the vineyard.
•• What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?
•• Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind of change?
•• Is there any serious insect pest or disease outbreak?
•• What is the situation of the beneficial insects?
•• Is there a balance in the vineyard between pests and defenders?
•• Were you able to identify all insect pests and diseases?
•• Do you think the crop is healthy?
•• What management practices are needed at this moment?
•• When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for all activities are being discussed.
•• Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week such as congenial weather conditions
for pest buildup?
•• What are the problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?
•• Summarize the actions to be taken.
Advantages of AESA over ETL:
One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that
are changing all the time, and that are often not known. The damage or
losses caused by a certain density of insects cannot be predicted at all. In
ETL the due recognition of the role of natural enemies in decreasing pest
population is ignored. Planters cannot base their decisions on just a simple
count of pests. They will have to consider many other aspects of the crop
(crop ecology, growth stage, natural enemies, weather condition, etc.) and
their own economic and social situation before they can make the right
crop management decisions. In ETL based IPM, natural enemies, plant
compensation ability and abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA based
IPM emphasis is given to natural enemies, plant compensation ability,
abiotic factors and P: D ratio.

AESA and farmer field school (FFS):

AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the
planter vineyard. It is season-long so that it covers all the different
developmental stages of the crop and their related management
practices. The process is always learner-centered, participatory and
relying on an experiential learning approach and therefore it has
become an integral part of FFS.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Planters can learn from AESA:

•• Identification of pests and their nature of damage
•• Identification of natural enemies
•• Management of pests
•• Water and nutrient management
•• Influence of weather factors on pest buildup
•• Role of natural enemies in pest management

FFS to teach AESA based IPM skills:

Active involvement of the farmers
Participatory
Farmers learn from other IPM
farmers

Not classroom training

Practical
Active involvement of the farmers

Group meetings

Regular meetings Throughout cropping season

Guided by IPM facilitator

AESA based IPM
training for farmers Learning through Design studies to solve problems
field experiments
Learning by doing

Problem oriented Farmers choose topics

Learning about crop ecology

Understanding role of beneficial insects

B. Field Scouting:
AESA requires skill. So only the trained planters can undertake this exercise. However, other planters also can do
vineyard scouting in their own vineyards at regular intervals to monitor the major pest situation.
Surveillance on pest occurrence in the main vineyard should commence soon after crop establishment
and at weekly intervals thereafter. In vineyard, select five spots randomly. Select five random plants at each spot
for recording counts of insects as per procedure finalized for individual insects.
For insect pests:
Whitefly, mites, aphids, mealybug, thrips, betalvine/mirid bug: Count and record the number of both nymphs
and adults on five randomly selected leaves per plant.
Defoliator/ borers: Count the number of young and grown up larvae on each plant and record.
For diseases:
Whenever scouting, be aware that symptoms of plant disease problems may be caused by any biotic factors such
as fungal, bacterial, viral pathogens or abiotic factors such as weather, fertilizers, nutrient deficiencies, pesticides
and abiotic soil problems. In many cases, the cause of the symptom is not obvious. Close examination, and
laboratory culture and analysis are required for proper diagnosis of the causal agent of disease. Generally fungal
diseases cause the obvious symptoms with irregular growth, pattern & colour (except viruses), however abiotic
problems cause regular, uniform symptoms. Pathogen presence (signs) on the symptoms can also be observed
like fungal growth, bacterial ooze etc. Specific and characteristic symptoms of the important plant diseases are
given in description of diseases section.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Root sampling: Always check plants that appear unhealthy. If there are no obvious symptoms on plants, examine
plants randomly and look for lesions or rots on roots and stems. Observe the signs of the causal organism (fungal
growth or ooze). It is often necessary to wash the roots with water to examine them properly. If the roots are well
developed, cut them to examine the roots for internal infections (discolouration & signs). Count the total number
of roots damaged/infested/infected due to rot should be counted and incidence should be recorded.
Leaf sampling: Examine all leaves and/or sheaths of each plant for lesions. Leaf diseases cause most damage
during the seedling and flowering stages of plant growth. Observe for the symptoms and signs on the infected
plant parts. Determine the percent area of leaf infection by counting the number of leaves (leaf area diameter)/
plant infected due to disease and incidence should be recorded.
Stem and flowers/fruits sampling: Carefully examine the stem and flowers/fruits of plants for symptoms and
signs of fungal or bacterial diseases. The stem, flower, and fruits should be split or taken apart and examined for
discoloration caused by fungi and bacteria. Count the number of stems and flowers/fruits infected due to disease
and percent disease incidence should be recorded.

C. Yellow pan water/blue sticky traps:

Set up yellow pan water traps 15 cm above the canopy for monitoring whiteflies and aphids and blue sticky
traps for thrips @ 4-5 traps/acre. Locally available empty tins can be painted yellow/blue and coated with grease/
Vaseline/castor oil on outer surface may also be used as yellow sticky trap. Count the number of whiteflies, aphids
and thrips on the traps daily and take up the intervention when the population exceeds 100 per trap.

D. Nematode extraction:
Collect 200-300 g representative soil sample. Mix soil sample and pass through a coarse sieve to remove pieces
of stones, roots, etc. Take a 600 cc subsample of soil, pack lightly into a beaker uniformly. Place soil in one of
the buckets or pans half filled with water. Mix soil and water by stirring with paddle; allow to stand until water
almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 20-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue
in first bucket; discard material caught on sieve. Stir material in second bucket; allow to stand until water almost
stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through 60-mesh sieve into first bucket; discard residue in second
bucket. Backwash material caught on 200-mesh sieve (which includes large nematodes) into 250-ml beaker. Stir
material in first bucket; allow to stand until water almost stops swirling. Pour all but heavy sediment through
325-mesh sieve into second bucket; discard residue in first bucket. Backwash material caught on 325-mesh sieve
(which includes small to mid-sized nematodes and silty material) into 250-ml beaker. More than 90% of the live
nematodes are recovered in the first 5-8 mm of water drawn from the rubber tubing and the sample is placed in a
shallow dish for examination.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

III. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PEST MANAGEMENT

Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management
approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological
control. Ecological engineering for pest management is based on informed ecological knowledge rather than high
technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004).

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Below Ground:

There is a growing realization that the soil borne, seed and seedling borne diseases can be managed with microbial
interventions, besides choosing appropriate plant varieties. The following activities increase the beneficial
microbial population and enhance soil fertility.
•• Crop rotations with leguminous plants which enhance nitrogen content.
•• Keep soils covered year-round with living vegetation and/or crop residue.
•• Add organic matter in the form of farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost, crop residue which enhance
below ground biodiversity of beneficial microbes and insects.
•• Application of balanced dose of nutrients using biofertilizers based on soil test report with special focus
on mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR)
•• Application of Trichoderma harzianum/ viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for treatment of seeds/
seedlings/planting material in the nurseries and field application (if commercial products are used,
check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields,
registration is not required).

Ecological Engineering for Pest Management – Above Ground:

Natural enemies play a very significant role in control of foliar insect pests. Natural enemy diversity contributes
significantly to management of insect pests both below and above ground.
Natural enemies may require:
1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar.
2. Shelter, overwintering sites and moderate microclimate, etc.
3. Alternate hosts when primary hosts are not present.

In order to attract natural enemies following activities should be practiced:

•• Raise the flowering plants / compatible cash crops along the vineyard border by arranging shorter plants
towards main crop and taller plants towards the border to attract natural enemies as well as to avoid
immigrating pest population
•• Grow flowering plants on the internal bunds inside the vineyard
•• Not to uproot weed plants those are growing naturally such as Tridax procumbens, Ageratum sp,
Alternanthera sp etc. which act as nectar source for natural enemies,
•• The plant compensation ability should also be considered before applying chemical pesticides.
•• Reduce tillage intensity so that hibernating natural enemies can be saved.
•• Select and plant appropriate companion plants which could be trap crops and pest repellent crops. The
trap crops and pest repellent crops will also recruit natural enemies as their flowers provide nectar and
the plants provide suitable microclimate.

Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predators (natural enemies)
number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen and insects etc. The major predators are a wide
variety of spiders, ladybird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering for Pest Management

Attractant Plants

Cowpea Carrot Sunflower

Buckwheat French bean Alfalfa

Mustard Cosmos Anise

Caraway Dill Parsley

White Clover Tansy Papaya

Marigold Crotolaria Sow thistle

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Sinapis arvensis Sinapis alba Bitter gourd

Bindweed Brassica rapa Jatropa

Repellent plants

Ocimum spp. Peppermint/Spearmint

Border plants

Maize Sorghum
Trap plant

Marigold
The flowering plants suggested under Ecological Engineering for pest management strategy are known as
attractant plants to the natural enemies of the selected pests. The information is based on published research
literature. However, the actual selection of flowering plants could be based on availability, agro-climatic conditions
and soil types.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Biodiversity of natural enemies observed in Ecological Engineering field at NIPHM

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Parasitoids

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Predators

Biodiversity of natural enemies: Spiders

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

IV. CROP STAGE WISE IPM

Management Activity
Pre-planting/Nursery stage*
Common cultural practices:
•• Deep ploughing of fields during summer to manage nematodes population, to expose pupae,
propagules of soil borne pathogens and weeds before establishment of the vineyard
•• Soil solarization is advocated before the establishment of new garden for better plant stand and to
minimize initial disease inoculum levels for nematodes and resting stages of insects, diseases and
weeds.
•• Planting should be done timely and adopt proper spacing, irrigation and fertilizer management.
Avoid application of high nitrogenous fertilizer.
•• Field sanitation
•• Adopt ecological engineering by growing the attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field
bunds
Nutrients •• Apply FYM @10 tons per acre as basal dressing in the last ploughing. The field is laid out into ridges
and furrows 45 cm apart and irrigation channels formed at convenient places.
•• In saline and alkaline soils, apply gypsum @ 1.0 ton per acre and plough the field before sowing live
standards.
Weeds •• Destroy all the weeds from planting area after deep ploughing during summer.
•• Remove all the perennial weeds and their rhizomes/suckers before onset of monsoon.
Soil and Cultural control:
seed borne •• Trimming of field bunds will destroy the existing rodents.
pathogens, Mechanical control:
nematodes, •• The affected cutting along with defoliated leaves should be removed from nursery and destroyed.
rodents
Biological control:
•• To boost the crop, use neem cake @ 40 Kg/acre under assured moisture condition in nematode
infested field only.

Planting*
Nutrients •• Apply nutrients based on soil test report and recommendation for the zone. In general, apply 60 kg N/
acre/year; 50 percent through Neem cake and 50 % through Urea.
•• Apply 40 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O at the time of planting.
•• Care should be taken to avoid direct contact of fertilizers with the roots of betelvine.
Weeds •• Ploughing and levelling of field before setting up of betelvine bareja as well as standing crop.
•• Drip irrigation should be adopted to reduce weed problem. Drip irrigation produce significantly
maximum vine elongation, number of branches and number of leaves per acre.
•• Follow the recommended agronomic management practices of land preparation, plant spacing,
fertilizer and irrigation etc. to have healthy plants stand.

Nematodes, Cultural control:

and soil borne •• Select healthy and disease free planting materials.
disease •• Use resistant tolerant varieties.
•• The incidence of diseases viz., foot rot can be reduced by application of drip irrigation.
•• In open type of shorter duration of 2-3 years the desirable cropping sequence has to be worked to
minimize the population of soil borne pathogens
•• Neem cake @ 1 Kg/pit may be mixed with the mixture at the time of planting.
Note: Apply Trichoderma viride/harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed and soil application (If Commercial products
are used, check for label claim. However, biopesticides produced by planters for own consumption in their vineyard,
registration is not required).

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Vegetative stage
Common cultural practices:
•• Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop
•• Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions.
•• The soil used for earthing up should be either sun dried or disinfested by chemical.
Common mechanical practices:
•• Collection and destruction of visible eggs, and larvae of inset pests.
•• Collect and destroy diseased and insect infested plant parts
•• Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and whitefly and blue sticky traps for thrips @ 4-5 traps/acre.
•• Set up bonfire during evening hours at 7-8 pm.
Common biological practices:
•• Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering
•• Augmentative release of natural enemies.
•• Enhance parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when larval parasitoids are observed
Nutrients Table 1. Fertilizers requirement of betelvine
N P K
Time of application
(kg/acre)
Basal dressing 15 40 20
Top dressing in 3 split doses 45 0 0
Total 60 40 20
•• Apply N as top dressing @ 45 Kg / acre in three split doses first at 15 days after lifting the vines while
second and third dose at 40 - 45 days intervals as mentioned in Table 1.
•• The manures and fertilizers are applied around the vine at a distance of 30 cm from the base and
incorporated into the soil.
Weeds •• Pull out weeds before flowering by 2-3 rounds of hand tool weeding.
•• Slash weeding is a cost-effective method and to keep a cover always over the soil.
•• Mulching with dry/green leaves or organic matter @ 10 Kg should be given to control weed growth
and to prevent sun scorching of young vines during summer.
•• Mulching by black polyethylene sheet or organic matter between the rows be adopted to manage
the weeds.
Phytophthora •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
foot rot, •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Sclerotial wilt Cultural control:
or collar rot or •• Removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is essential as this
Fusarial wilt** reduces the build up of inoculum (fungal population).
•• Planting material must be collected from disease free gardens and the nursery preferably raised in
fumigated or solarized soil.
•• Adequate drainage should be provided to reduce water stagnation.
•• Injury to the root system due to cultural practices such as digging should be avoided.
•• The freshly emerging runner shoots should not be allowed to trail on the ground. They must either be
tied back to the standard or pruned off.
•• The branches of support trees must be pruned at the onset of monsoon to avoid build up of humidity
and for better penetration of sunlight.
•• Reduced humidity and presence of sunlight reduces the intensity of leaf infection.
Chemical control (for foot rot):
•• Copper oxychloride 50% WP @ 1 Kg in 300-400 l of water/acre

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Leaf spot or •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
anthracanose •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Cultural control:
•• Eradication of affected vine from vineyard.
•• Apply phytosanitation process.
•• Irrigation by rose can.
Powdery •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
mildew •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Cultural control:
•• Cultural practices that reduce humidity within the vineyard, enable good air circulation through the
canopy, and provide good light exposure to all leaves and clusters aid in managing powdery mildew.
•• Use an under vine irrigation system and manage it carefully, excess can favour the disease
Bacterial leaf •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
spot •• For resistant / tolerant varieties consult ICAR Institute / KVK’s / SAU’s.
Cultural control:
•• Collecting and burning the infected plant parts minimizes the spread of the disease.
•• Increase air circulation in the vineyard.
•• Remove disease cane from the vineyard during normal pruning operations in the dormant season.
•• Follow up hand pruning.
Thrips** •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
Cultural control:
•• The recommendation on shade management, if adopted, will help to prevent the excessive built up
of thrips and mites
•• Regular field assessment
Aphids** •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
Cultural control:
•• Reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants.
•• Sturdy plants can be sprayed with a strong jet of water to knock aphids from leaves
Mealybug, •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
betalvine/ Cultural control:
mirid bug
•• Removal of weeds and alternate host plants like hibiscus, bhendi, custard apple, guava etc in and
nearby vineyards throughout the year.
•• Deep ploughing in summer or raking of soil in vineyards helps to destroy its nymphal stages and
minimizing the incidence.
Physical control:
•• Detrash the crop on 150 and 210 DAP.
Biological control:
•• Release exotic predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 5 per infested plant as per literature.
Scale insects •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
Cultural control:
•• Initiate control measures during early stages of pest infestation.
•• Select scale free seed vines.
•• For other follow common practices.
Biological control:
•• In nurseries spraying neem oil 0.3 per cent or fish oil rosin 3.0 per cent is also effective in controlling
the pest infestation.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Whitefly •• Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices (See page no. 14, 15).
Cultural control:
•• Field sanitation and rogueing of alternate hosts.
•• A regularly maintained program of hedging and topping
•• Can help avoid whitefly problems
Spike formation/flowering stage
Nutrients •• Apply deficient micronutrient, if any.
Weeds •• Left over weeds may be removed before shedding of their seeds.
Leaf spot, •• Same as in vegetative stage.
powdery
mildews
Mites (red Cultural control:
and yellow**) •• The recommendation on shade management, if adopted, will help to prevent the excessive built up
of mites
•• Grow nurseries away from infested crops and avoid planting next to infested fields
•• Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water holding capacity and
reduce evaporation
•• Keep perennial hedges such as pigeon peas, they are said to encourage predatory mites
•• Uproot and burn infested plants. This can be successful during the early stages of infestation when
the mites concentrate on a few plants
•• Keep the field free of weeds
•• Remove and burn infested crop residues immediately after harvest
Other insect •• Same as in vegetative stage.
pests and
diseases

Note: Pesticides dosage use is based on high volume sprayer. The recommended chemicals given are as per CIBRC
list updated on 31.10.2014.
**Pests of minor significance.

V. RODENT PEST MANAGEMENT

Lesser Cultural control:
bandicoot, •• Practice clean cultivation/maintain weed free vineyard which reduces the harboring/hiding points
Black rat for rodents.
•• Practice trapping with locally available traps using lure @ 20-25 traps/ac. In areas, where bandicoot
is a problem, wonder traps/multi-catch traps work better and enable to trap more animals in a single
trap.
•• Identify live rodent burrows and smoke the burrows with burrow smoker for 2-3 minutes
•• Erect owl perches @ 12-15/ac to promote natural control of rodents
Chemical control:
•• In cases of high level of infestation (>50 live burrows/ac) practice poison baiting with zinc phosphide
@ 2.0% on community approach. PRACTICE PRE-BAITING TO AVOID BAIT SHYNESS
Day 1: Close all the burrows in the orchards, orchard bunds, canal bunds and surrounding barren lands
etc.
Day 2: Count the re-opened burrows and practice pre-baiting @ 20 g/burrow (98 parts of broken rice +
2 parts of edible oil)
Day 4: Observe the re-opened burrows and treat the burrow with zinc phosphide poison bait (96 parts
of broken rice + 2 parts of edible oil + 2 parts of zinc phosphide) @ 10g/ burrow. Collect the dead rats, if
found any outside and bury them.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

VI. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest
population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used
according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to
one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter
product.

Causes of resistance development: The causes and rate at which insecticide resistance develops depend on
several factors, including the initial frequency of resistance alleles present in the population, how rapidly the
insects reproduce, the insects’ level of resistance, the migration and host range of the insects, the insecticide’s
persistence and specificity, and the rate, timing and number of applications of insecticide made. For instance,
insect pests that survive in large populations and breed quickly are at greater advantage of evolving insecticide,
especially when insecticides are misused or over-used.

General strategy for insecticide resistance management: The best strategy to avoid insecticide resistance
is prevention and including insecticide resistance management tactics as part of a larger integrated pest
management (IPM) approach.

1 Monitor pests: Monitor insect population development in fields to determine if and when control measures
are warranted. Monitor and consider natural enemies when making control decisions. After treatment,
continue monitoring to assess pest populations and their control.

2 Focus on AESA. Insecticides should be used only as a last resort when all other non-chemical management
options are exhausted and P: D ratio is above 2: 1. Apply biopesticides/chemical insecticides judiciously after
observing unfavourable P: D ratio and when the pests are in most vulnerable life stage. Use application rates
and intervals as per label claim.

3 Ecological engineering for pest management: Flowering plants that attract natural enemies as well as
plants that repel pests can be grown as border/intercrop.

4 Take an integrated approach to managing pests: Use as many different control measures as possible viz.,
cultural, mechanical, physical, biological etc. Select insecticides with care and consider the impact on future
pest populations and the environment. Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides when a narrow-spectrum or more
specific insecticide will work. More preference should be given to green labeled insecticides.

5 Mix and apply carefully: While applying insecticides care should be taken for proper application of
insecticides in terms of dose, volume, timing, coverage, application techniques as per label claim.

6 Alternate different insecticide classes: Avoid the repeated use of the same insecticide, insecticides in
the same chemical class, or insecticides in different classes with same mode of action and rotate/alternate
insecticide classes and modes of action.

7 Preserve susceptible genes: Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population by providing
unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent “refuge” fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field
that facilitate immigration. These susceptible individuals may outcompete and interbreed with resistant
individuals, diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of resistance.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

VII. Nutrient deficiencies AND TOXICITY

Nutrients Symptoms
Nitrogen:
Reduced plant growth with yellowish green to yellow leaves. Lower
leaves senesces and drop.
Apply N as top dressing as per recommended dose. Apply 2 % urea as
foliar spray.

http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp24dtinf_system.jsp

Chloride toxicity:
It can be prominently seen when betelvine crop is grown in salty soils or
when water containing high salt level is used for irrigation.

VIII. Common weeds

1. Batthal: 2. Creeping wood sorrel: 3. Joyweed:

Launea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. Oxalis corniculata L. Alternanthera sessiles (L.) 
(Asteraceae) (Oxalidaceae) R.Br. ex DC. (Amaranthaceae)

4. Punarnava: 5. Common purselene: 6. Lambs quarter:

Boerhavia diffusa L. Portulaca oleraceae L. Chenopodium album L.
(Nyctaginaceae) (Portulacaceae) (Chenopodiaceae)

19
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

7. Horse purslane: 8. Common sorrel: 9. Yellow sweet clover:

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Rumex dentatus L. Melilotus indica (L.) All.
(Aizoaceae) (Polygonaceae) (Fabaceae)

10. Creeping thistle: 11. Bermuda grass: 12. Blue grass:

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pears. Poa annua L.
(Asteraceae) (Poaceae) (Poaceae)

13. Flat sedge: 14. Purple nutsedge:

Cyperus iria L. Cyperus rotundus L.
(Cyperaceae) (Cyperaceae)

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

IX. DESCRIPTION OF INSECT, MITE AND NEMATODE PESTS

1) Scale insect:
Biology:
Egg: The eggs are laid underneath the waxy covering and hatch over a period of
one to three weeks.
Nymph: The newly hatched scales (called crawlers) move about over the plant
until they locate succulent new growth. They insert their piercing-sucking
mouthparts into the plant and begin feeding. Female scales lose their legs
and  antennae  during the first  molt. They molt a second time before reaching
maturity and do not pupate. The cast skins (exuviae) are incorporated in the scale
1. Lepidosaphes sp.
cover. Male scales go through two additional molts and pupate underneath the
wax.
Adult: Adult males are tiny two-winged,  gnat-like  insects without mouthparts.
Lepidosaphes is small, dark, boat shaped.
Damage symptoms:
Both nymph and adults infest the leaves, petioles and main veins. The scale
infested leaves loose their colour, exhibit warty appearance, crinkle and dry up
ultimately. The affected vines present a sticky appearance and wilt in due course.
Natural enemies of scales: 1. Damage symptoms
Parasitoids: Encarsia citrine, Aphytis sp. etc. 1,2: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=scale+insect+of+
black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch&tbo=u
Predators: Bdella sp. Aleurodothrips jasciatus, Karnyothrips melaleucus, Chilocorus &source=univ&sa=X&ei=RTgYU7mXB8SFrQePj4HwAg&ve
d=0CDoQsAQ&biw=1242&bih=585#facrc 2. https://www.
circumdatus, C. nigrita, Pharoscymnus horni; Pseudoscymnus, lacewings, mirids, google.co.in/search?q=encarsia+formosa&espv=210&
Phytoseiids beetles etc. es_sm=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=LjcYU6qQ
G8bnrAfI1oDAAQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1242&bih=5
85#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=PHem7BhlBs6FMM%253A%
*For the management refer page no 16 3BHkcuogaJYUpWJM%3Bhttp%2

2) Red spider mite:

Biology:
Egg: Eggs are reddish, spherical, provided with a small filament. Before hatching becomes light orange colour. Incubation
period is 4-6 days.
Nymph: Upon hatching, it will pass through a larval stage and two nymphal stages before becoming adult. Developmental
stages include six legged larva, protonymph and deutonymph.
Adult: Adult female is elliptical in shape, bright crimson anteriorly and dark pruplish brown posteriorly. Mites spin a web of
silken threads on the leaf. Each developmental stage is followed by a quiescent stage and life cycle completed in 10-14 days.
Life cycle: Damage symptoms:
•• Spider mites usually extract the cell contents from the
leaves using their long, needle- like mouthparts. This results
in reduced chlorophyll content in the leaves, leading to the
formation of white or yellow speckles on the leaves.
•• In severe infestations, leaves will completely desiccate
and drop off. The mites also produce webbing on the
leaf surfaces in severe conditions. Under high population
densities, the mites move to using strands of silk to form a
ball-like mass, which will be blown by winds to new leaves
or plants, in a process known as “ballooning.”
1.http://bugguide.net/node/view/348888;
2.http://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-photo-gallery/Corn-Insects.html;
3.http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Other%20Arachnids/Acari4.htm

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Natural enemies of mites:

Predators: Anthocorid bugs (Orius spp.), mirid bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lacewings (Mallada basalis and Chrysoperla
zastrowi sillemi), predatory mites (Amblyseius alstoniae, A. womersleyi, A. fallacies and Phytoseiulus persimilis), predatory
coccinellids (Stethorus punctillum), staphylinid beetle (Oligota spp.), predatory cecidomyiid fly (Anthrocnodax occidentalis),
predatory gall midge (Feltiella minuta), spiders etc.

*For the management refer page no 17.

3) Yellow mite:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are oval shaped large, obovate, flattened at the bottom and white in colour. Eggs are glued firmly on the leaf
surface and hatches after 27-32 hours
Nymph: Nymphs white in colour.
Adult: Adults large, oval and broad and yellowish in colour. Females are yellowish and bigger than the males and they
carrying the “female nymphs” on their back.

Life cycle: Damage symptoms:

Adult •• Mite is seen on young leaves especially the top
3-5 days
two to three leaves and the bud.
•• Affected leaves become rough and brittle and
with corky lines.
•• Downward curling.
s
day

•• Internodes get shortened

2-3

Chilli mite,
Yellow mite:
Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Nymphs Eggs
1-3 days

Predators same as red spider mite.

*For management refer to page number 17

4) Thrips:
Biology:
Egg: White to yellow, kidney-bean shaped, microscopic in size. Develop within leaf tissue with one end near the leaf surface.
Egg stage is 5-10 days.
Larva: Instars I and II are active, feeding stages. White to pale yellow, elongate and slender body. Resemble adult, but
without wings. Antennae are short and eyes are dark in color. Feed on new leaves in the center of the onion neck. Crawl
quickly when disturbed. Larval stage is 10-14 days.
Pre-pupa and pupa: Instars III and IV are inactive, non-feeding stages called pre-pupa and pupa. Pale yellow to brown;
body more stout than younger instars. Antennae are bent to head; wing buds are visible. Found in the soil, at the base of
the onion plant neck, or underneath bulb scales. Lasts 5-10 days.
Adult: About 1.5 mm long; elongate, yellow and brown body with two pairs of fringed (hairy) wings. Mouthparts are beak-
like and antennae are 7-segmented. Spend the winter in protected sites under plants and debris in onion, alfalfa and small
grain fields, and other plant habitats. In the spring when temperatures warm, adults fly to new onion fields. Parthenogenic
(asexually reproducing) females; males are extremely rare. Feed on young leaves in center of onion neck and insert eggs
individually into leaves. Fly readily when disturbed. Adult life span is about 1 month; pre-oviposition period (time before
egg-laying begins) is 1 week and females will lay eggs for about 3 weeks.

22
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Life cycle: Damage symptoms:

4. Adult
Thrips prefer to feed on the newly emerged leaves. Under
crowded conditions, they will move toward leaf tips to feed.
5-10 d ays
3. Pupa Both adult and larval thrips feed within the mesophyll layer
PUPA 1. Eggs
using a punch-and suck motion. The beak and mandible is
Thrips tabaci
thrust forward to puncture the leaf epidermis and sap released
from injured plant cells is sucked up. Removal of chlorophyll
10- 14 d ays
5-10 days causes the feeding area to appear white to silvery in color. Areas
of leaf injury can occur as patches and streaks. When feeding
injury is severe, leaves take on a silvery cast and can wither. Tiny
2. Larva black “tar” spots of thrips excrement are evident on leaves with
1,2,4. http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/ENT-117-08PR.pdf
heavy feeding injury.
Natural enemies of thrips:
Parasitoids: Ceranisus menes (nymph).
Predators: Syrphid flies, minute pirate bug/anthocorid bug (Blaptosthethus sp, Buchananiella whitei, Orius tantilus), praying
mantis, predatory thrips (Aeolothrips fasciatum), damsel bug, lace wings, coccinellids (Menochilus sexmaculatus), spiders etc.
*For management refer to page number 16
5) Betelvine/mirid bug:
Biology:
Egg: Each femele lays 72 eggs. It thrusts its eggs singly within the tender plant parts. Egg period is 8 - 16 days.
Nymph: Upon hatching nymphs suck the sap from tender leaves. Nymphal period is 12 - 18 days.
Adult: The adult is reddish brown bug. The incidence of this pest is severe in June to October. 
Damage symptoms:
•• Both nymph and adults suck the sap from the tender leaves causing leaf blotches leading to ultimate drying. 
*For management refer to page number 16.

6) Aphid:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are very tiny, shiny-black, and are found in the crevices of bud, stems, and barks of the plant. Aphids usually do
not lay eggs in warm parts of the world.
Nymph: Nymphs (immature stages) are young aphids, they look like the wingless adults but are smaller. They become adults
within 7 to 10 days.
Adult: Adults are small, 1 to 4 mm long, soft-bodied insects with two long antennae that resemble horns. Most aphids have
two short cornicles (horns) towards the rear of the body.
Life cycle: Damage symptoms:
3. Adults
5-10 days
•• Infesting tender shoots and under surface of the leaves.
•• Curling and crinkling of leaves
•• Stunted growth
•• Development of black sooty mould due to the excretion of
Aphid,
Aphis gossypii honeydew

2. Nymphs 1. Eggs
1-2 days

1. http://www.flickr.com/photos/23293858@N04/2672985270/
2. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1081/2902-1081.html
3. http://www.flickr.com/photos/25848431@N02/7479982150/

23
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Natural enemies of aphids:

Parasitoids: Aphelinus spp. Aphytis spp., Diaeretiella rapae
Predators: Ladybird beetles viz., Coccinella septumpunctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Hippodamia variegata and Menochilus
vicina, syrphid fly: Sphaerophoria spp., Eristallis spp., Metasyrphis spp., Xanthogramma spp. and Syrphus spp., Chrysoperla
zastrowi sillemi, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Predatory bird (Motacilla cospica)
Entomopathogenic fungi: Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii

*For management refer to page number 16

7) Mealybug:
Biology:
Egg: Eggs are deposited as white cottony masses called ovisacs. The glossy, light yellow eggs are oval and approximately 0.3
mm long. A female lay 300 to 600 eggs in a life period, which are deposited in groups of 5 to 20.
Nymph: Nymphs emerge from the ovisacs and typically settle along midribs and veins on the underside of leaves and young
twigs. Wax and honeydew secreted by crawlers are visible indicators of infestations. The nymphs are yellow, oval-shaped
with red eyes, and covered with white waxy particles. The female nymphs resemble the adult female in appearance, while
male nymphs are more elongated. Female nymphs have four instars.
Adult: Adult size ranges in length from 3 mm (females) to 4.5 mm (males). The females are wingless, white to light brown in
color, with brown legs and antennae. The body of adult females is coated with white wax and bears a characteristic faint gray
stripe along their dorsal side. Short waxy filaments can be seen around the margins of their oval body with a slightly longer
pair of filaments present at the rear end of their body.

Life cycle: Damage symptoms:

•• Young plants – susceptible for heavy infestation. 
•• Infest tender branches, nodes, leaves, spikes,
berries and roots
•• Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the
leaves.
•• Severe infestation - Chlorotic leaves, aborted
flower buds and small berries
•• Honey dew excrete – development of sooty
mould fungus (affects photosynthesis)

1. http://www.alexanderwild.com/keyword/planococcus%20citri/
2. http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/citrus/photos/figure21.jpg\

Natural enemies of mealybug:

Parasitoid: Leptomastix dactylopii etc.
Predators: Ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, spider,
reduviid etc.
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20
*For the management refer page no 16 Coffee.html#7

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

8) Whitefly:
Biology:
Egg: The whitefly lays yellow eggs with a nearly smooth surface, distinguishing them from eggs of the cloudy winged
whitefly, which are yellow when freshly laid, but soon turn black and have a surface that is netted with a system of ridges.
Nymph: The nymph is a flat, elliptical, scale-like object, closely fastened to the underside of a leaf. It becomes fixed after
the first molt. The nymphs, after the first instar, are flattened, oval, and are similar in appearance to the early instars of the
unarmored scale insects.
Like the scale insects, whiteflies lose their normal legs and antennae after the first molt (they are kept, but are abbreviated),
but unlike the scale insects, the females gain them back in the adult stage.
The nymphs of the whitefly lack a fringe of conspicuous, white, waxy plates or rods extending out from the margin of the
body, which characterizes some species of whiteflies.
Nymphs of both species are translucent, oval in outline, and very thin. Because the green color of the leaf shows through
the body, nymphs are difficult to see. Pupae are similar but are thickened and are somewhat opaque, and eye spots of the
developing adult may show through the pupal skin.
Adult: The adult is a tiny, mealy-white insect with four mealy-white wings that expand less than 1/8 of an inch. The adults of
both sexes have two pairs of wings covered with a white, powdery wax which gives the insects their common name. In the
middle of each wing, cloudy winged whitefly adults have a darkened area which is lacking in the wings of the whitefly, and
the wings fold to a flatter position than those of the whitefly.
Life cycle: Damage symptoms:
Both nymph and adults suck the sap from the tender
leaves causing yellowing, chlorotic spots and shooty mould
development on leaves.

Whitefly:
Dialeurodes
pallida

1,2,3: http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/citrus_whitefly.htm

Natural enemies of whitefly:

Parasitoids: Cryptognatha spp. (egg), Encarsia sp, Eretmocerus sp, Chrysocharis pentheus (nymphal)
Predators: Mirid bug (Dicyphus hesperus), dragonfly, spider, ladybird beetle, lacewings, mites, ants, and a species of thrips,
Aleurodothrips fasciapennis.

*For management refer to page number 17

9) Root-knot nematode:
Biology:
•• Most species of plant parasitic nematodes have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of the egg, four larval stages and
the adult male and female.
•• Development of the first stage larvae occurs within the egg where the first molt occurs. Second stage larvae hatch from
eggs to find and infect plant roots or in some cases foliar tissues.
•• Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch and new larvae emerge to complete the life cycle within 4 to
8 weeks depending on temperature.
•• Nematode development is generally most rapid within an optimal soil temperature range of 70 to 80°F.

25
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Life cycle: Damage symptoms:

3. Adults •• Infected plants in patches in the field
Male (longer): 16-22 days
Female (bulged): 25-30 days •• Formation of galls on host root system is the primary
symptom
•• Roots branch profusely starting from the gall tissue causing
s
a ‘beard root’ symptom
ay

•• Infected roots become knobby and knotty

6d
-1

Root-knot nematode,
12

Meloidogyne spp. •• In severely infected plants the root system is reduced

and the rootlets are almost completely absent. The roots
2. Larvae are seriously hampered in their function of uptake and
[Infective (J2) 1. Eggs
juveniles]
4-6 days
transport of water and nutrients
•• Plants wilt during the hot part of day, especially under dry
1.http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/sweetpotato/key/Sweetpotato%20Diagnotes/
Media/Html/TheProblems/Nematodes/RootKnotNematode/Root-knot.htm conditions and are often stunted
2. http://nematology.umd.edu/rootknot.html
3. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/pgg/dan_webpage/Introduction/Images/pyroform.htm
•• Nematode infection predisposes plants to fungal and
bacterial root pathogens
Survival and spread:
Primary: Egg masses in infected plant debris and soil or collateral and other hosts like Solonaceous, Malvaceous and
Leguminaceous plants act as sources of inoculums.
Secondary: Autonomous second stage juveniles that may also be water dispersed.
Favourable conditions:
Loamy light soils.

*For management refer to page number 14.

Natural Enemies of Betelvine Insect and Mite Pests

Parasitoids
Nymphal/larval and adult parasitoids

1. Chrysocharis spp. 2. Aphidius spp. 3. Encarsia formosa 4. Aphytis spp.

5. Aphelinus spp. 6. Ceranisus menes

1. http://baba-insects.blogspot.in/2012/05/blog-post_21.html; 2. http://biobee.in/products-and-services/solutions/bio-aphidius/; 3.
http://www.buglogical.com/whitefly-control/encarsia-formosa/; 4. http://www.dongbufarmceres.com/main/mboard.asp?strBoardID=c_
product01_en; 5. http://australianmuseum.net.au/image; 6. Aphelinus-wasp-stings-aphid-Denis-Crawford

26
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

Predators

1. Lacewing 2. Ladybird beetle 3. Reduviid bug 4. Spider

5. Robber fly 6. Red ant 7. Black drongo 8. Common mynah

9. Big-eyed bug 10. Earwig 11. Ground beetle 12. Pentatomid bug

13. Preying mantis 14. Predatory mite 15. Predatory thrips 16. Bdella sp

17. Oligota spp. 18. Orius spp. 19. Hover fly 20. Mirid bug

27
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

21. Chilocorus sp 22. Cybocephalus sp

5.http://www.warpedphotosblog.com/robber-fly-and-prey;6.http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-
launched-a-war-against-the-fire-ant-invasion-but-12-years-later-they8217re-still-on-the-march/story-fnihsrf2-1226686256021;7.http://
nagpurbirds.org/blackdrongo/picture/1639;8.http://nickdobbs65.wordpress.com/tag/herbie-the-love-bug/;9.http://bugguide.net/node/
view/598529;10.http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnhallmen/2901162091/;11.http://www.mattcolephotography.co.uk/Galleries/insects/
Bugs%20&%20Beetles/slides/Ground%20Beetle%20-%20Pterostichus%20madidus.html;12.http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/
Pentatomoidea/Genus_Asopinae/Eocanthecona.htm;13.http://spirit-animals.com/praying-mantis/;14.http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/
persea_mite.html15.http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33;16.http://www.dragonfli.
co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-enemies;17.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_2_(cropped).jpg;18.http://
www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Miridae/blepharidopterus_angulatus.html;20.http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/persea_mite.html;21.
http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Minibeast-Beetle/Chilocorus%20circumdatus/Main.html;22.http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_
message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33

X. DESCRIPTION OF DISEASES
1) Leaf stem and foot rot:
Disease symptoms:
•• Most destructive fungal disease that produces both a wet rot symptom on
leaves and wilting due to foot rot.
•• At first circular, dark brown spots appear which become wet and rot under
continuous high humid conditions
•• Otherwise dark brown necrotic spots with alternate light brown zonations
appear.
•• Loss of lustre of the leaves in the foot rot condition followed by total wilting
and drying of the vines occur in a quick sequence
•• Root system of the affected plant is damaged. Lateral roots are completely
destroyed. Disease occurs mostly in patches and the vines wilt and die. In a
week’s time, 80 to 90 per cent of the vines wilt and die.

Survival and spread:

•• Fungus survives in disease plant debris as well as soil. These vines may recover
after the rains and survive for more than two seasons till the root infection
culminates in collar rot and death of the vine.

Favourable conditions:
•• Rains during July onwards favour the development of disease.
Disease symptoms
http://mrgoutham.blogspot.in/2011/05/betelvine-disease-
gallery_23.html

*For management refer to page number 15.

28
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

2) Leaf spot or anthracnose:

Disease symptoms:
•• Leaf spots are irregular in shape and size, light to dark brown surrounded by diffuse chlorotic yellow halo.
•• Marginal leaf tissue becomes black, necrotic and gradually spreads towards the leaf centre.
•• Occasionally diffused yellow halo also develops.
•• In the anthracnose stage circular, black lesions that occur rapidly increase in size and girdle the stem culminating in the
death of the vine.
Survival and spread:
•• The primary infection by sowing infected seeds and secondary by wind.
Favourable conditions:
•• Rain and high humidity are responsible for the development of disease.

1. 2. 3.
Disease symptoms
1: http://mrgoutham.blogspot.in/2011/05/betelvine-disease-gallery_23.html 2,3: http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16dtinf_system.jsp

*For management refer to page number 16.

3) Fusarial wilt:
Disease symptoms:
•• Plants show the yellowing of leaves and wilts gradually. Often sudden wilting and drying up entire plant takes place.
Vascular discoloration of plant.
Survival and spread:
•• Chlamydospores survive in soil, conidia spread through irrigation water.
•• Secondary infection by conidia through rain or wind
Favourable conditions:
•• High temperature and high relative humidity favour the development of disease.

Disease symptom
http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/ANSadv_system_dises.jsp?defectid=2&qid=156

*For management refer to page number 15

29
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

4) Sclerotial wilt or collar rot:

Disease symptoms:
•• Darkening of the stem at the foot of the plant, near ground level.
•• The leaves turn yellow, become flaccid and droop off.
•• Ultimately the whole vine wilts and dries up.
•• The darkened portion of the stem becomes shrinked, soft and turn black.
•• On the affected stem portion, white ropy fan shaped mycelial strands develop.
•• Brown to dark brown sclerotia appears on the infected portion

Survival and spread:

•• Disease is soil borne and
pathogen survives in soil
which is the source of primary
infection.
Favourable conditions:
•• The disease is mainly noticed
in nurseries during June-
September and is caused
by Sclerotium rolfsii.

1. 2.
Disease symptoms
1,2: http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16dtinf_system.jsp

*For management refer to page number 15

5) Powdery mildew or basal rot:
Disease symptoms:
•• White to light brown powdery patches appears on lower surface of the leaves, later these increases in size.
•• Early leaf infection appears as light grey spots which gradually enlarge and soon powdery mass of fungal growth covers
the lower surface of the leaf.
•• Under ideal conditions both the leaf surface gets covered by the white floury mass of fungal growth resulting in early
leaf fall.
Survival and spread:
•• The fungus survives in the
form of a resting mycelium or
encapsulated haustoria in the
crop debris.
•• Secondary spread occurs
through wind borne conidia.
Favourable conditions:
•• Cool weather coupled with
mild temperature favour the
development of disease.

Disease symptom
http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16_2dtinf_system.jsp

*For management refer to page number 17.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

6) Bacterial leaf spot/bacterial stem rot:

Disease symptoms:
•• Minute water soaked lesions appear on all over the leaf
blade which delimited by veins.
•• These coalesce to form large irregular brown spots.
•• The affected leaves defoliate prematurely.
Survival and spread:
•• The pathogens survive in soil, bacteria spread through
irrigation water.
Favourable conditions:
•• High temperature and high relative humidity favour the
development of disease.
Disease symptoms
*For management refer to page number 16. http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp18dtinf_system.jsp

Disease cycle:
1. Foot rot: 2. Fusarium wilt:

3. Sclerotial wilt or collar rot: 4. Powdery mildew:

31
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XI. DESCRIPTION OF RODENT PESTS

1) Lesser bandicoot:
Distribution and Identification:
Distributed throughout India and infests almost all crops. It is a robust rodent
(200 to 300 g body weight) with a rounded head and a broad muzzle. Dorsum
covered with grey-brownish rough hairs. Tail is naked, shorter than head and
body. Breeds throughout the season and litter size 6-8 in normal conditions.
Burrows are characterized by the presence of scooped soil at the entrance and
mostly burrow openings are closed with soil.
Damage symptoms:
•• Mostly damage occurs at fruiting stage. Bandicoots cut the raw and ripened
fruits and hoard them in their burrows.

*For management refer to page number 17.

2) Black rat/ house rat/ roof rat:
•• Distributed throughout India. Medium sized (80-120g) slender rodent.
Commonly found in houses and on plantation crops.
•• Very good climber with longer tail than head and body.
•• Causes damage to ripened fruits. Inhabitation on bushes and other places
and won’t make burrows.

*For management refer to page number 17.

XII. SAFETY MEASURES

A. At the time of harvest:
As vines reach to a certain height, leaves are harvested from the lower portion of the stem. Harvesting is done
during March–April in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, during May–June in Andhra Pradesh; during
January–February or April–May in Tamil Nadu. Mature leaves are plucked along with a portion of petiole. They are
plucked by hand. In Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, leaves are plucked from side shoots. In south India, comparatively
tender leaves are preferred in the market. After plucking, they are washed thoroughly and made into bundles
according to the prevailing custom of the area. On an average, 60–80 lakh leaves are harvested annually from one
hectare plantation. 

B. During the post-harvest storage:

Harvested leaves are washed, cleaned and graded according to their size and quality. Then they are packed after
cutting a portion of the petiole and rejecting the damaged leaves. The picked leaves are sorted into different
grades according to size, colour, texture and maturity. After that, they are arranged in numbers for packing. For
packing mostly bamboo baskets are used and in many places straw, fresh or dried banana leaves, wet cloth etc. are
used for inner lining. Usually betel leaves are used for chewing as fresh unprocessed. But in certain areas, leaves are
subjected to processing known as bleaching or curing. There is a good, demand for such leaves which fetch higher
prices in the markets. Bleaching is done by successive heat treatments at 60°–70°C for 6–8 h.

32
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XIII. DO’S AND DON’TS IN IPM

S.No. Do’s Don’ts
1 Deep ploughing is to be done on bright sunny Do not plant or irrigate the field after ploughing, at
days during the months of May and June. The least for 2-3 weeks, to allow desiccation of weed’s
field should be kept exposed to sun light at bulbs and/or rhizomes of perennial weeds.
least for 2-3 weeks.
2 Grow only recommended varieties. Do not grow varieties not suitable for the season or
the region.
3 Always treat the planting material with Do not use planting material without seed treatment
approved chemicals/biopesticides for the with biopesticides/chemicals.
control of seed borne diseases/pests.
4 Sow the planting materials in rows at optimum Do not sow planting materials beyond 5-7 cm depth.
depths under proper moisture conditions for
better establishment.
5 Apply only recommended herbicides Pre-emergent as well as soil incorporated herbicides
at recommended dose, proper time, as should not be applied in dry soils. Do not apply
appropriate spray solution with standard herbicides along with irrigation water or by mixing
equipment along with flat fan or flat jet nozzles. with soil, sand or urea.
6 Maintain optimum and healthy crop stand Crops should not be exposed to moisture deficit
which would be capable of competing stress at their critical growth stages.
with weeds at a critical stage of crop weed
competition
7 Use NPK fertilizers as per the soil test Avoid imbalanced use of fertilizers.
recommendation.
8 Use micronutrient mixture after sowing based Do not apply any micronutrient mixture after sowing
test recommendations. without test recommendations.
9 Conduct AESA weekly in the morning preferably Do not take any management decision without
before 9 a.m. Take decision on management considering AESA and P: D ratio
practice based on AESA and P: D ratio only.
10 Install pheromone traps at appropriate period Do not store the pheromone lures at normal room
temperature (keep them in refrigerator).
11 Release parasitoids only after noticing adult Do not apply chemical pesticides within seven days
moth catches in the pheromone trap or as of release of parasitoids.
pheromone trap or as per field observation
12 In case of pests which are active during night Do not spray pesticides at midday since, most of the
spray recommended biocides/ chemicals at the insects are not active during this period.
time of their appearance in the night.
13 Spray pesticides thoroughly to treat the Do not spray pesticides only on the upper surface of
undersurface of the leaves, particularly for leaves.
mites, scales, thrips whiteflies, etc.
14 Apply short persistent pesticides to avoid Do not apply pesticides during preceding 7 days
pesticide residue in the soil and produce. before harvest.
15 Follow the recommended procedure of trap or Do not apply long persistent on trap crop, otherwise
border crops technology. it may not attract the pests and natural enemies.

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 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XIV. BASIC PRECAUTIONS IN PESTICIDE USAGE

A. Purchase
1. Purchase only just required quantity e.g. 100, 250, 500, 1000 g/ml for single application in specified area.
2. Do not purchase leaking containers, loose, unsealed or torn bags; Do not purchase pesticides without
proper/approved labels.
3. While purchasing insist for invoice/bill/cash memo
B. Storage
1. Avoid storage of pesticides in house premises.
2. Keep only in original container with intact seal.
3. Do not transfer pesticides to other containers; Do not store expose to sunlight or rain water; Do not
weedicides along with other pesticides
4. Never keep them together with food or feed/fodder.
5. Keep away from reach of children and livestock.
C. Handling
1. Never carry/ transport pesticides along with food materials.
2. Avoid carrying bulk pesticides (dust/granules) on head shoulders or on the back.
D. Precautions for preparing spray solution
1. Use clean water.
2. Always protect your nose, eyes, mouth, ears and hands.
3. Use hand gloves, face mask and cover your head with cap.
4. Use polythene bags as hand gloves, handkerchiefs or piece of clean cloth as mask and a cap or towel to
cover the head (Do not use polythene bag contaminated with pesticides).
5. Read the label on the container before preparing spray solution.
6. Prepare the spray solution as per requirement
7. Do not mix granules with water; Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew while preparing solution
8. Concentrated pesticides must not fall on hands etc while opening sealed container. Do not smell
pesticides.
9. Avoid spilling of pesticides while filling the sprayer tank.
10. The operator should protect his bare feet and hands with polythene bags
E. Equipments
1. Select right kind of equipment.
2. Do not use leaky and defective equipments
3. Select right kind of nozzles
4. Don’t blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Use old tooth brush tied with the sprayer and clean with
water.
5. Do not use same sprayer for weedicide and insecticide.
F. Precautions for applying pesticides
1. Apply only at recommended dose and dilution
2. Do not apply on hot sunny day or strong windy condition; Do not apply just before the rains and after
the rains; Do not apply against the windy direction
3. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used for spraying with battery operated ULV
sprayer
4. Wash the sprayer and buckets etc with soap water after spraying
5. Containers buckets etc used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose
6. Avoid entry of animals and workers in the field immediately after spraying
7. Avoid tank mixing of different pesticides
G. Disposal
1. Left over spray solution should not be drained in ponds or water lines etc. throw it in barren isolated area
if possible
2. The used/empty containers should be crushed with a stone/stick and buried deep into soil away from
water source.
3. Never reuse empty pesticides container for any other purpose.

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AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XV. Pesticide application techniques

Equipments
Category A: Stationary, crawling pests/diseases
Vegetative stage Insecticides and • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of
i) For crawling and fungicides big size)
soil borne pests • Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
• Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min
or
• Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower
ii) For small sucking (droplets of small size)
leaf borne pests • Airblast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle

Reproductive stage Insecticides and • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of

fungicides big size)
• Hollow cone nozzle @ 35 to 40 psi
• Lever operating speed = 15 to 20 strokes/min

Category B: Field flying pests/airborne pests

Vegetative stage Insecticides and • Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower
Reproductive stage fungicides (droplets of small size)
(Field Pests) • Airblast nozzle
• Operating speed: 2/3rd throttle
Or
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (droplets
of small size)
• Spinning disc nozzle

Mosquito/ locust Insecticides and • Fogging machine and ENV (exhaust nozzle
and spatial fungicides vehicle) (droplets of very small size)
application • Hot tube nozzle
(migratory Pests)

Category C: Weeds
Post-emergence Weedicide • Lever operated knapsack sprayer (droplets of
application big size)
• Flat fan or floodjet nozzle @ 15 to 20 psi
• Lever operating speed = 7 to 10 strokes/min

Pre-emergence Weedicide • Trolley mounted low volume sprayer (droplets

application of small size)
• Battery operated low volume sprayer (droplets
of small size)

35
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XVI. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief

1. For application rate and dosage see the label and leaflet of the
particular pesticide.

2. It is advisable to check the output of the sprayer (calibration) before

commencement of spraying under guidance of trained person.

3. Clean and wash the machines and nozzles and store in dry place
after use.

4. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while

preparing and applying pesticides.
Do not apply pesticides without protective clothing and wash
clothes immediately after spray application.

5. Do not apply in hot or windy conditions.

6. Operator should maintain normal walking speed while undertaking

application.

7. Do not smoke, chew or eat while undertaking the spraying operation

8. Operator should take proper bath with soap after completing

spraying

9. Do not blow the nozzle with mouth for any blockages. Clean with
water and a soft brush.

36
AESA based IPM – Betelvine

XVII. REFRENCES
•• http://m.animal.memozee.com/m.view.php?q=%EB%8B%B4%EB%B0%B0%EA%
B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4&p=3
•• http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=2511050
•• http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/publications/documents/factsheets/bemisia.pdf
•• http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Whitefg.html
•• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=scale+insect+of+black+pepper&espv=210&es_sm=122&tbm=isch
&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=RTgYU7mXB8SFrQePj4HwAg&ved=0CDoQsAQ&biw=1242&bih=585#f
acrc
•• http://www.dragonfli.co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-enemies
•• http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/persea_mite.html
•• http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Minibeast-Beetle/Chilocorus%20circumdatus/Main.html
•• http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33
•• http://bugguide.net/node/view/348888
•• http://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-photo-gallery/Corn-Insects.html
•• http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Other%20Arachnids/Acari4.htm
•• http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/ENT-117-08PR.pdf
•• http://plantdiagnostics.umd.edu/level3.cfm?causeID=246
•• http://bugguide.net/node/view/205042/bgpage
•• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabidae
•• http://www.flickr.com/photos/23293858@N04/2672985270/
•• http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1081/2902-1081.html
•• http://www.flickr.com/photos/25848431@N02/7479982150/
•• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=damage+symptoms+of+wheat+by+nematode&espv=210&es_sm
=122&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=xs8BU9DHGoOJ
•• http://www.pbase.com/image/135529248
•• http://baba-insects.blogspot.in/2012/02/telenomus.html
•• http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/chelonus.htm
•• http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/ichneumon-wasp.html
•• http://72.44.83.99/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=40633&pid=178398
•• http://www.nbaii.res.in/Featured%20insects/Campoletis.htm
•• http://baba-insects.blogspot.in/2012/05/blog-post_21.html
•• http://biobee.in/products-and-services/solutions/bio-aphidius/
•• http://www.buglogical.com/whitefly-control/encarsia-formosa/
•• http://www.dongbufarmceres.com/main/mboard.asp?strBoardID=c_product01_en

37
 AESA based IPM – Betelvine

•• http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Aphelinus-wasp-stings-aphid-Denis-Crawford/
•• http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/biocon/What%20is%20Biological%20Control.htm
•• http://www.warpedphotosblog.com/robber-fly-and-prey
•• http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/queensland-launched-a-war-against-the-fire-ant-
invasion-but-12-years-later-they8217re-still-on-the-march/story-fnihsrf2-1226686256021
•• http://nagpurbirds.org/blackdrongo/picture/1639
•• http://nickdobbs65.wordpress.com/tag/herbie-the-love-bug/
•• http://bugguide.net/node/view/598529
•• http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnhallmen/2901162091/
•• http://www.mattcolephotography.co.uk/Galleries/insects/Bugs%20&%20Beetles/slides/Ground%20
Beetle%20-%20Pterostichus%20madidus.html
•• http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Genus_Asopinae/ Eocanthecona.htm
•• http://spirit-animals.com/praying-mantis/
•• http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/persea_mite.html
•• http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33
•• http://www.dragonfli.co.uk/natural-pest-control/natural-enemies
•• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orius_insidiosus_from_USDA_2_(cropped).jpg
•• http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Miridae/blepharidopterus_angulatus.html
•• http://biocontrol.ucr.edu/hoddle/persea_mite.html
•• http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Minibeast-Beetle/Chilocorus%20circumdatus/Main.html
•• http://www.fugleognatur.dk/forum/show_message.asp?MessageID=560188&ForumID=33
•• http://mrgoutham.blogspot.in/2011/05/betelvine-disease-gallery_23.html
•• http://mrgoutham.blogspot.in/2011/05/betelvine-disease-gallery_23.html
•• http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16dtinf_system.js
•• http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/ANSadv_system_dises.jsp?defectid=2&qid=156
•• http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16dtinf_system.js
•• http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp16_2dtinf_system.jsp
•• http://www.indiakisan.net/web/pest/betelvine/betp18dtinf_system.jsp
•• Gurr, GM, Wratten, SD and Altieri MA (2004a) Ecological Engineering for Pest Management Advances in
Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods. CSIRO PUBLISHING, Collingwood, Australia.
•• Gurr GM, Wratten SD and Altieri MA (2004b) Ecological Engineering: a new direction for pest
management. AFBM Journal 1: 28-35.

38
 Important Natural Enemies of Betelvine Insect & Mite Pests

Parasitoids Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering in

Betelvine Vineyard

Chrysocharis spp. Aphidius spp. Encarsia formosa

Alfalfa Sunflower Ocimum spp.

Aphytis spp. Aphelinus spp. Ceranisus menes

Cosmos Spearmint Mustard

Predators

Marigold Carrot Caraway

Robber fly Pentatomid bug Oligota spp.

Cowpea Buckwheat Maize

Orius spp. Chilocorus sp Cybocephalus sp

 AESA BASED IPM Package
BETELVINE

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