AMOUD UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Numerical Methods
LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER TWO
Theory of Matrices and Determinants
(Part Two)
CLASS: Junior
FIRST SEMESTER
ACADEMIC YEAR: September, 2020 – July, 2021
LECTURER: Mr. Abdiqani M. Aden (Msc in Research & Statistics; Msc in Pure Mathematics)
Determinant of Matrix
The determinant of a matrix is a number that is specially defined only for square matrices.
The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix is de fined as (ad − bc)
The elements of the determinant of a matrix are written between vertical lines. Thus, the
determinant of
3 −4 3 −4
is written as and is equal to (3 × 6) − (−4 × 1), i.e. 18 − (−4) or 22. Hence
1 6 1 6
3 −4
the determinant of a matrix can be expressed as a single numerical value, i.e. = 22.
1 6
Example (1)
3 −2
Determine the determinant of the matrix, A =
1 6
Example (2)
1 −2
Determine the value of =
5 4
Example (3)
x 5
Solve the unknown quantity, If the determinant of the matrix is 22 find the value of x .
2 3
Theorem
If A and B are × matrices, det(AB) = det(A) ∙ det(B)
Example (4)
2 −3 1 3
If A = and B =
1 4 2 5
Then, find
a) det(AB)
b) det(AB) = det(A) ∙ det(B)
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Theorem
If A is any square matrix ( × ), then det(A ) = det (A).
Example (5)
2 1
If A =
3 4
Find
a) det (A )
b) Show that det (A ) = det (A)
Determinant of × Matrix
The determinant of 3 × 3 can be determined by either;
1. Expansion by minors.
2. Diagonal expansion
Method I: Expansion by Minors
Procedure
If A =
ℎ
Then det(A) = − +
ℎ ℎ
det(A) = a(ei – hf) – b(di – gf) + c(dh - eg)
Note: In this case the first row is used as the minors, but any row and any can also be used by
then.
If A =
ℎ
Using the second column as minnors
Then det(A) = − + −ℎ
det(A) = -b(di – gf) + e(ai – gc) - h(af - dc)
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Note: In expansion by minors, the sign will be as follows;
+ − +
− + −
+ − +
Example (6)
Find the determinant by using expansion by minors.
2 3 4
= 6 5 7
1 2 8
Example (7)
Evaluate the determinant using;
a) The first column.
b) The third row.
c) The first row.
2 −2 0
= −3 1 2
1 −3 −1
Method II: Diagonal expansion
Procedure
If A =
ℎ
det (A) = ( )+( )+( ℎ) − ( ) − (ℎ )−( )
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Example (8)
Find the determinant by using diagonal expansion
2 3 4
= 6 5 7
1 2 8
Example (9)
3 4 −1
Find the value of 2 0 7
1 −3 −2
Properties of Determinants
Property 1: The value of determinant remains unchanged, If the rows are interchanged into
columns and vice versa (the columns into rows).
Property 2: If two rows (or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of the
value of determinant changes.
Property 3: If two rows (or two columns of a determinant are identical, then the value of a
determinant is zero.
Inverse of Matrix
The inverse of square × matrix A, is another × denoted by A such that: AA =
A A=I
Where I is the × identity matrix, that is multiplying a matrix by it’s inverse produces an
identity matrix.
Note: Not all square matrices have an inverse. If the determinant of the matrix is zero (singular
matrix), then it will not have an inverse, and the matrix is said to be singular matrix. Only non-
singular matrices have an inverse.
( )
An inverse of any matrices is found by: A = | |
,
Where Adj(A) is the adjoint of matrix A
|A| is the determinant of matrix A
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Inverse of × Matrix
( )
The inverse of 2 × 2 matrix can be found by A = | |
The adjoint of 2 × 2 is different to those matrices more than 2 × 2, it is just a rule.
If A =
Matrix formed by co-factors is:
− −
transposing it, we get
− −
−
Therefore, Adj(A) =
−
Example (1)
Determine the inverse of the following matrices.
2 3
A=
3 5
6 8
B=
2 3
5 3
C=
1 1
Example (2)
3 −2
Find A , If A = .
7 4
Inverse of × Matrix
( )
The inverse of 3 × 3 matrix can also be found by A = | |
The adj(A) is the transpose of it’s co-factor matrix.
In 3 × 3 the matrix of co-factors can be determined as follows:
If A =
The matrix of formed by the co-factors of the elements in matrix A is
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Where
= =( ) - (( ) , = =( )-( )
= =( ) - (( ) , = = ( )-( )
= =( )-( ) , = =( )-( )
= =( )-( ) , = =( )-( )
= =( )-( )
The transpose of the matrix of cofactors;
This is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix
Example (3)
Given the matrix
3 −3 4
A = 2 −3 4
0 −1 1
a) Find the matrix of cofactors of matrix A.
b) Find the adjoint of matrix A.
c) Find the inverse of matrix A.
THE END
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