Differential Equations (I)

Department of Applied Mathematics

109 學年第二學期
Exam 3, 110/06/17

Student I.D.#: Name:

請詳列計算式子.
(1) Find a series solution of y 00 (x) + xy(x) = 0 in powers of x. (15%)
Solution: Let y = ∞ n
P
n=0 an x .

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
y 00 + xy = n(n − 1)an xn−2 + an xn+1 = n(n − 1)an xn−2 + an xn+1
n=0 n=0 n=2 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
n−2
= 2a2 + (n − 1)nan x + an xn+1
n=3 n=0
X∞ ∞
X
n+1
= 2a2 + (n + 3)(n + 2)an+3 x + an xn+1
n=0 n=0
∞
X
= 2a2 + [(n + 3)(n + 2)an+3 + an ] xn+1 = 0.
n=0

−an
Ans: a0 , a1 ∈ R, a2 = 0, an+3 = (n+3)(n+2)
for n = 0, 1, . . ..

(2) Find a series solution of y 00 (x) = xy(x) in powers of (x − 2). (20%)

Solution: Let y = ∞ n
P
n=0 an (x − 2) .

y 00 − xy = y 00 − [(x − 2) + 2]y
X∞ ∞
X ∞
X
n−2 n+1
= n(n − 1)an (x − 2) − an (x − 2) − an (x − 2)n
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X
= 2(a2 − a0 ) + [(n + 3)(n + 2)an+3 − an − 2an+1 ] (x − 2)n+1 = 0.
n=0

an +2an+1
Ans: a0 , a1 ∈ R, a2 = a0 , an+3 = (n+3)(n+2)
for n = 0, 1, . . ..

(3) Find the general solution of x2 y 00 (x) − xy 0 (x) + 5y(x) = 0, x > 0. (15%)
Solution: Let y = xr .

y 00 (x) + xy(x) = [r(r − 1) − r + 5]xr = 0

r = 1 ± 2i. The general solution is

y = c1 x cos(2 ln x) + c2 x sin(2 ln x)
(4) Find a series solution of the I.V.P. y 00 (x) + xy 0 (x) + 2y(x) = 6 + 9x, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1. (25%)
Solution: Let y = ∞ n
P
n=0 an x .

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
00 0 n−2 n+1
y + xy + 2y = n(n − 1)an x + an x +2 an x n
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
= 2a2 + (n − 1)nan xn−2 + an xn+1
n=3 n=0
X∞
= (2a2 + 2a0 ) + (6a3 + 3a1 )x + [(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 + (n + 2)an ] xn
n=2
= 6 + 9x.

We have
(2a2 + 2a0 ) + (6a3 + 3a1 )x = 6 + 9x
(n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 + (n + 2)an = 0, n = 2, 3, . . .
−an
Ans: a0 = y(0) = 1,a1 = y 0 (0) = 1, a2 = 2, a3 = 1, an+2 = n+1
for n = 2, 3, . . ..
(5) The equation 2xy 00 (x) + y 0 (x) − xy(x) = 0 has a regular singular point at x = 0. (25%)
Consider the series solution in powers of x, x > 0. Determine (a) the indicial
equation and (b) the recurrence relation.
Solution: Let y = ∞ r+n
P
n=0 an x .

2xy 00 + y 0 − xy
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
r+n−1 r+n−1
= 2(r + n)(r + n − 1)an x + (r + n)an x − an xr+n+1
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
= [2(r + n)(r + n − 1) + (r + n)]an xr+n−1 − an xr+n+1
n=0 n=0
= [2r(r − 1) + r]a0 xr−1 + [2(r + 1)r + (r + 1)]a1 xr
X∞
+ {[2(r + n + 2)(r + n + 1) + (r + n + 2)]an+2 − an } xr+n+1 = 0
n=0

Ans:
(a) 2r(r − 1) + r = r(2r − 1) = 0
(b) a0 6= 0, a1 = 0,
an
an+2 = , n = 0, 1, . . .
2(r + n + 2)(r + n + 1) + (r + n + 2)