Binalonan, Pangasinan

Basic Concepts in Statistics

Course Title: Statistical Analysis With Software Application

Course Code: ACC9

Name:_____________________________________________________________________

Course and Year:_____________________________________________________________

Date and Time Allotment:______________________________________________________

Introduction:

To the Learners,

Welcome to Module 1!

This learning material is composed of learning objectives, activities, and assessment.

Those parts are based on the course syllabus of said subject.

Hoping you will enjoy reading and answering the different ways of questioning here.

Goodluck and God bless!

 I. Objectives:

In this module the learners shall be able to:

1. Understand the role of statistics in real life. II. Lecture

2. Understand the definition of basic Statistical Concepts. and
3. Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussions of
the Lesson/s
4. Obtain types of Variables
5. Determine the measurement level for each variable.
Introduction
6. Obtain the basic sample techniques.
to Statistics
7. Explain the difference between an observational and experimental study.
Our life
is full of events and phenomena that enhance us to study either natural or artificial phenomena
could be studied using different fields one of them is statistics. For example, the applications of
statistics are many and varied as follows:

 People encounter them in everyday life

 Reading newspapers or magazines,
 Listening to the radio, or watching television.

Since statistics is used in almost every field of endeavor, the educated individual should be
knowledgeable about the vocabulary, concepts, and procedures of statistics.

Statistics is a branch of science dealing with collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing

and making decisions from data.

Statistics is divided into two main areas, which are descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics deals with methods for collecting, organizing, and describing data by
using tables, graphs, and summary measures.

Inferential statistics deals with methods that use sample results, to help in estimation or
make decisions about the population.

Difference between Population and Sample

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 A population is the set of all elements (observations), items, or objects that bring them a
common recipe and at least one that will be studied their properties for a particular goal. The
components of the population are called individuals or elements.

A sample is a subset of the population selected for study.

Variables and Types of Data

An element (or member of a sample or population) is a specific subject or object about

which the information is collected.

A variable is a characteristic under study that takes different values for different
elements.

The value of a variable for an element is called an observation or measurement.

Types of Variables

Quantitative variable gives us numbers representing counts or measurements.

Qualitative variable (or categorical data) gives us names or labels that are not numbers
representing the observations

Moreover, the variables measured in quantitative data divided into two main types,
discrete and continuous. A variable that assumes countable values are refers to discrete variable,
otherwise the variable is a continuous one. Accordingly, we provide the following definitions.

Discrete variables assume values that can be counted

Continuous variables assume all values between any two specific values, i.e. they take
all values in an interval. They often include fractions and decimals.

There are four levels of measurement scales; nominal, ordinal, interval, and the ratio
level of measurement, the difference between these four levels is explained in the following
definitions.

The nominal level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive (disjoint)
categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.

The ordinal level of measurement classifies data into categories that can be ordered,
however precise differences between the ranks do not exist.

The interval level of measurement orders data with precise differences between units of
measure. (in this case there is no meaningful zero). On the other hand, the resulting measurement
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values belong to an interval of the real numbers.
 The ratio level of measurement is the interval level with additional property that there is
also a natural zero starting point. In this type of measurement zero means nothingness. Another
difference lies in that we can attribute some of the quantities to others.

A Simple Random Sampling Method

It’s the simplest method for sampling and it is applicable when the population is slightly
small. In order to get a sample of this type the elements of population should be to achieve the
following conditions:

All elements of population have the same chance of choice,

All elements of population are independent.

Systematic Sampling Method

Suppose we want to take a sample with size n using this method, we are including the
following:

We giving the elements of the population serial numbers from 1 up to N.

Determining an interval (called the withdrawal period). This interval can be computed
their width by dividing the size of the population that we are interested by the required sample
size.

Stratified Sampling Method

In statistics, a subset of a population share some characteristics is called a ‘stratum’ the

plural is strata. In such condition, the stratified sampling method is used and these subsets are
selected randomly.

Cluster Sampling Method

The difference between the stratified sampling method and the clustered is that, in case of
stratified the researcher select a random sample of elements from population strata and the
analyses are performed on the elements directly, while in other case; the analyses are performed
on the clusters chosen randomly from the population. Usually, each cluster consists of
heterogeneous elements based on geographical bases. The advantage of this method is that it’s
cheaper than other methods.

Cluster sampling is used when the population is large or when it involves elements
residing in a large geographic area.

Observational and Experimental Studies

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 Statistical studies are classified into two types of studies according to how researcher gets
observations. In an observational study, the researcher is interested in studying something
happened in the past or happening at the moment of performing the study, then (he/she) makes
statistical analysis on collected observations to take the right decision. In other words, it’s used
when the researcher interested in studying the correlation between two or more variables, for
example number of studying hours and GPA.

A survey is a kind of an observational study which can be performed by several ways. In

experimental studies, the researcher is interested in studying elements of population after
distribute them into groups and each group is being studied using different treatments. That is,
the researcher applies factor(s) on the groups under study in order to compare them. This type of
studies also concerns about the effect of a variable called independent variable on other
variable(s) called dependent variable(s).

III. Application/Activity
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 1. Classify each according to level of measurement with the
interpretation of the meaning of zero if exist.

 Eyes of her boyfriend.

 Two sliced of bread.
 Religion of her father.
 Brown complexion of her skin.
 Weight of her belly.
 Length of the hose.

2. Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.

 Eyes of her boyfriend.

 Two sliced of bread.
 Religion of her father.
 Brown complexion of her skin.
 Weight of her belly.
 Length of the hose.

3. Classify each variable as discrete or continuous

 Eyes of her boyfriend.

 Two sliced of bread.
 Religion of her father.
 Brown complexion of her skin.
 Weight of her belly.
 Length of the hose.

IV. Assessment
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 1. Give an example for each of the following concepts:

 Discrete variable
 Continuous variable.
 Nominal-level measurement
 Ordinal-level measurement
 Interval-level measurement
 Ratio-level measurement.
2. Classify each according to level of measurement with the
interpretation of the meaning of zero if exist.

 Ages of students in the college (in years).

 Ages premature babies in the maternity hospital (in hours).
 Color of eyes of people.
 Colors of Spectrum of light.
 Rankings of football players.
 Temperatures inside room (in Celsius).
 Temperatures inside high cold cooling device in a la- bor (in Kelvin).
 Nationalities of the workers in Riyadh.
 Salaries of employees in the college.
 Weights of boxes of fruits.
 Criminal cases in court
3. Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.

 Time neededtofinish the exam.

 Colors of basketball team T-shirts.
 Weights of luggage of passengers.
 Classification of children in a day care center ac- cording to gender.
 Marital status of faculty members in King Saud University.
 Horsepower of tractor engines.

4. Classify each variable as discrete or continuous

 Lifetime (in hours) of table lamps.

 Number of cars rented each week.
 Number of cups sold each day by coffee shop.
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  Weights of boys in a school.
 Capacity (in gallons) of ten jugs of oil.

5. Classify each sample as simple random, systematic, stratified, or

cluster.s n Statistic Equations and Inequalities CHAPTER
1
 Out of every 50 cars manufactured is
checked to determine its gear.
 Out of every 10 customers entering a
shopping mall is asked to select his favourite
store.
 Assistant professors are selected using
random num- bers to determine annual
salaries.

V. References

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 Allen, G. Blumann (2010).Elementary Statistics. 7th Ed. London :Mc Graw-Hill
International Book Company.

Arora, P.N (2008).Comprehensive Statistical Methods. 2nd Ed. India.

Barnett, V & Lewis T.(1984).Outliers in Statistical Data. Wiley, New York.

Dixon, W.J(1990)BMDP Statistical Software Manual. University of California, Press,

Berkery.

Downie & R.W. Heath(1983):Basic Statistical Methods. 5th Ed. Harper&Row,New

York.

Eyank, Nancy(1995).Basic Statistical Methods. 1st Ed. Dar Arcan.

Goon, A.M. Gupa & B. Dasgupta (1983)Fundamental of Statistics, 6th Ed. Calcutta,
India.

Prepared by:

LEONIDES L. GAVINA, DBA, CPA

Subject Teacher

Checked by:

BONIFACIO V. TARAPE, MBA, CPA

Program Head, CBE