Quarter 1 THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING:
LESSON 4 Clientele, Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Read the specific directions carefully before answering the exercises
and activities. Accomplish this module on or before the deadline. For online consultations,
please refer to the given schedule.
ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES: At the end of these lessons, I am expected to:
1. A: Describe the clientele of counseling
2. T: Adjust on the different process and methods involved in counseling and
What do I the settings where they are used.
need to
know?
Hello and welcome to grade 12! I know the past months have been hard but learning
should and will never stop. Let us move above it all and use this time to embrace the
“New Normal”. Before we start we should put in mind that everything is a continuation
just like the course we are about to partake in this module. “Disciplines and Ideas in
the Applied Social Sciences (DIASS)” is a continuation of your previous course entitled
What I “Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Science (DISS)” With that in mind let us being our
know? review or recap activities below. GOOD LUCK!
REVIEW
I. Motivation. Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.
A B
a. Relationship Building _____1. This serves as the window for the
counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
b. Assessment and
Diagnosis _____2. It shall serve as the parameter of work
and the client – counselor relationship.
c. Formulation of _____3. The essential goal in counseling to
Counseling Goals witness a client progress on his/her own
without the assistance of the counselor.
d. Research and _____4. This stage can be undertaken at any
Evaluation point in counseling stage.
e. Termination and _____5. The guidelines include the following: (a)
Follow –up the counselor has to provide a mapping
of the different approaches offered, (b)
describe the role of the counselor and
f. Intervention and client for each procedure, (c) identify
Problem solving possible risks and benefits that may
come and (d) estimate the time and
cost of each procedure.
_____6. This is the heart of the counseling process
because it provides the force and
foundation for the counseling to
succeed.
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 1
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Approaches in the Counseling setting
The late 1950s saw three schools of thought in psychology that
became very dominant: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and the
humanistic perspective.
Psychoanalysis headed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). This draws attention
to the darker forces of the unconscious and the influence that it has on how
we feel about ourselves. Behaviorism represented by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990).
This focuses on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior. This
school is composed mainly of the classical conditioning and operant
conditioning. And the last is represented by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
and George Kelly, the Humanistic Perspective. This attempts to understand
the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-
reflection and growth.
The following are among the basic counseling approaches commonly used
today that provide processes, methods, and tools for counselors to draw
from: psychoanalysis therapy, Adlerian therapy, existential therapy, person-
centered therapy, gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, behavior therapy,
rational emotive therapy, and reality therapy.
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 2
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
We should erase the stigma that it is a shame to be seen in a counseling
office. People here in the Philippines are publicly criticized when seeking
professional help from a counselor or the sort. Here we will learn that anyone can
and is in need of help from professionals like a counselor.
Characteristics of the Clientele and Audience of Counseling
The clientele and audience of counseling are NORMAL PEOPLE. They are NOT IN NEED
OF CLINICAL OR MEDICAL HELP. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical
moments of their growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in
behavior or attitude, or individuals simply seeking to achieve a goal.
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling.
School guidance counselors
Provide the need for the personal guidance by helping students seek more options and
find better and more appropriate ones in dealing with situations of stress or simply
decision-making.
Job hunting counselors
Provide avenues for people to find necessary information and get suitable employment
for them. From CV making to proper grooming on interviews are the services they offer.
Conflict management counselors
Provide the need for principles and theory-based approaches to deal with conflict and
de-escalate it.
Human resource personnel
These professionals provide the needs common to all workplaces and they are
employed in almost all workplaces to deal with various employee needs that cover
aspects of compensation, social services, and workplace discipline. They are designed
to keep workers happy and cared for as HUMANS.
Marriage counselors
Professionals provide the need for conflict resolution skills to couples, and children to
deal with various stresses and issues that threaten their unity or peaceful coexistence.
Reconciliation of couples that had undergone turmoil, legal separation, divorces and
annulments.
Bereavement counselors
They respond to the need to be helped to go through loss, such as death in the family,
in a way that will help prevent depression and other unhealthy ways of dealing or
coping with a loss such as committing suicide or giving up on life.
Abused children caretakers
Drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 3
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Counseling Approaches (Therapies)
Approaches to psychotherapy fall into broad categories:
Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies. This approach focuses on changing
problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious
meanings and motivations. Psychoanalytically oriented therapies are characterized by
a close working partnership between therapist and patient. Patients learn about
themselves by exploring their interactions in the therapeutic relationship. While
psychoanalysis is closely identified with Sigmund Freud, it has been extended and
modified since his early formulations.
Behavior therapy. This approach focuses on learning's role in developing both normal
and abnormal behaviors.
a. Ivan Pavlov made important contributions to behavior therapy by
discovering classical conditioning, or associative learning. Pavlov's famous
dogs, for example, began drooling when they heard their dinner bell, because
they associated the sound with food.
b. "Desensitizing" is classical conditioning in action: A therapist might help a client
with a phobia through repeated exposure to whatever it is that causes anxiety.
c. Another important thinker was E.L. Thorndike, who discovered operant
conditioning. This type of learning relies on rewards and punishments to shape
people's behavior.
d. Several variations have developed since behavior therapy's emergence in the
1950s. One variation is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on both
thoughts and behaviors.
Cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy emphasizes what people think rather than what
they do.
a. Cognitive therapists believe that it's dysfunctional thinking that leads to
dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. By changing their thoughts, people can
change how they feel and what they do.
b. Major figures in cognitive therapy include Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck.
Humanistic therapy. This approach emphasizes people's capacity to make rational
choices and develop to their maximum potential. Concern and respect for others are
also important themes.
a. Humanistic philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Buber and Søren
Kierkegaard influenced this type of therapy.
b. Three types of humanistic therapy are especially influential. Client-centered
therapy rejects the idea of therapists as authorities on their clients' inner
experiences. Instead, therapists help clients change by emphasizing their
concern, care and interest.
c. Gestalt therapy emphasizes what it calls "organismic holism," the importance of
being aware of the here and now and accepting responsibility for yourself.
d. Existential therapy focuses on free will, self-determination and the search for
meaning.
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 4
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Before we go to the next step, let us how you’ll do on our short quiz. I
know you can do it! This will help you to determine your learned
ASSESSMENT mastery about this topic.
WHAT’S MORE?
“Solve Me”
INSTRUCTION: Diagnose the cases repeated below from the previous module, only this
time you will choose a specific counseling approach for each case and explain briefly
why you dubbed that approach for the case.
10 points Answer is relevant and grammatically correct.
5 points Answer is somewhat relevant, with few grammtical errros but
understandable.
3 points Answer is irrelevant as a whole.
1.) Mr. Garrison is only 3 months away from his long awaited retirement. A big party and
send off party is set because he is going to move back to his homeland. During this time
Mr. Garrison was moderately seen day dreaming and looking stress. Others speculate
that maybe it is because he is realizing that he has no family to share his retirement with
for he is not married and have no close relative. What sort of counsellor would suit Mr.
Garrison’s case? Explain briefly.
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2.) Bobbie thinks he is addicted to this newly released mobile game called “Mobile
Legends”. He wants to control it to become more productive at schoolwork. Who needs
to counsel Bobbie?
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HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 5
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
3.) Both Kayla and Brad know that cancer runs in both sides of their family. They are
anxious to have a baby because of the fear that their kids may inherit the genes and
develop cancer at a young age. What type of counsellor should this couple specifically
see for their issue?
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4.) Before Thelma left for Singapore, her husband Lino has never had an affair. After 3
years that they had been separated, Thelma has heard of rumors that Lino is having an
affair with a different woman which happens to be Thelma’s sister. Which counsellor
should they seek help from to save their marriage?
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5.) Everybody is constantly faced with self-esteem issues specially women. Body
shamming is a very big issue with the ladies. Riva who is a 200lbs 18 years old is facing
ridicule and bullying every day, she is practicing unhealthy ways to lose weight. It has
become soon become a cause for her to be rushed to the hospital. Which area of
specialization would Riva find help for her weight crisis?
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HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 6
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Explorer! Please take time to watch the following videos attached in this section
before you proceed to the next lesson. For now, you may take your break.
ENRICHMENT
Video Links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=CLIENT+AND+COUNSELING
2. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GUIDANCE+COUNSELORS%5C
3. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=psychoanalytic+therapy
Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types And Examples. Retrieved
from: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from:
REFERENCES https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative
HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 7
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZED SUBJECT FOR | HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
