Double Integrals - Examples -

c CNMiKnO PG - 1

Double Integrals - Techniques and Examples

Iterated integrals on a rectangle

If function f is continuous on an integral [a, b] × [c, d], then:

ZZ Zb Zd Zd Zb



f (x, y) dxdy = f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy.
[a,b]×[c,d] a c c a

Notation
Rb Rd
Rb Rd
Instead of f (x, y) dy dx we may also write dx f (x, y) dy.
a c a c
Rd Rb
Rd Rb
Instead of f (x, y) dx dy we may also write dy f (x, y) dx.
c a c a

x
RR
Example 1. Calculate y2
dxdy, where R = [1, 2] × [4, 6].
R
x x
R2 R6 x
R2 y=6 R2
dy dx = ([− xy ]y=4 ) dx = ( x4 − x6 ) dx =
RR RR

Solution: y2
dxdy = y2
dxdy = y2
R [1,2]×[4,6] 1 4 1 1
R2 x 2 x=2
12
dx = [ x24 ]x=1 = 4−1
24
= 3
24
= 81 .
1

A double integral of a function with separable variables

If function f is of form f (x, y) = g(x) · h(y) and g is continuous in [a, b] and h is continuous in
[c, d], then:
ZZ Z b  Zd 
f (x, y) dxdy = g(x)dx · h(y) dy .
[a,b]×[c,d] a c

x
RR
Example 2. Calculate y2
dxdy, where R = [1, 2] × [4, 6], separating variables.
R
R2  R6  2 x=2
x 1 dy y=6
= ( [ x2 ]x=1 ) · ( [− y1 ]y=4 ) =
RR RR
Solution: y2
dxdy = x· y2
dxdy = x dx · y2
R R 1 4
−2+3
( 4−1
2
) · (− 16 + 14 ) = 3
2
· 12
= 3
24
= 18 .

A double integral over a simple region

If f is a continuous function on the vertically simple region

D = {(x, y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, g(x) ≤ y ≤ h(x)},

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then
ZZ h(x)
Zb  Z 
f (x, y) dP = f (x, y) dy dx.
D a g(x)

If f is a continuous function on the horizontally simple region

D = {(x, y) : c ≤ y ≤ d, p(y) ≤ x ≤ q(y)},

then
ZZ Zd  Zq(y) 
f (x, y) dP = f (x, y) dx dy.
D c p(y)

RR
Example 3. Evaluate (x+y) dxdy over a region
D
bounded by curves xy = 6 and x + y = 7. Sketch
a diagram of the region.
Solution: From the system of equations of xy = 6
and x + y = 7 (or: y = x6 , y = 7 − x) we obtain
two intersection points: A = (1, 6) and B = (6, 1).
Region D is vertically simple, so:

Z6  y=7−x Z6 
y 2 y=7−x 
ZZ Z 
(x + y) dxdy = (x + y) dy dx = [xy + ] 6 dx
2 y= x
D 1 y= x6 1

Z6 
(7 − x)2 6 36 
= x(7 − x) + − x · − 2 dx
2 x 2x
1
Z6
x2 18 37 x3 18 37x 6 125
= (− − 2 + ) dx = [− + + ]1 = .
2 x 2 6 x 2 3
1
RR
Example 4. Evaluate (x − y) dxdy over a region bounded by curves
D
y2
x = y 2 and x = 2
+ 1. Sketch a diagram of the region.
2
Solution: From the system of equations of x = y 2 and x = y2 + 1 we obtain
√ √
two intersection points: (− 2, 2) and ( 2, 2). Region D is horizontally
simple, so:
√ y2 √
ZZ Z 2  Z2 +1 Z 2 2 y2
 x x= 2 +1

(x − y) dxdy = (x − y) dx dy = [ − xy]x=y2 dy =
√ √
2
D − 2 y2 − 2
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√ √
Z 2 2 Z 2
( y2 2
+ 1) y 2
y 4  3y 4 y 3 y 2 1
= − ( + 1)y − + y3 dy = − + + −y+ dy =
√
2 2 2 √
8 2 2 2
− 2 − 2
√
3y 5 y 4 y 3 y 2 y √2 16 2
= [− + + − + ]−√2 = .
40 8 6 2 2 15

Iterated integrals in a reversed order

Example 5. Sketch the region over which the

R3 Rx
integration (2x + 1) dydx takes place and
1 −x+2
write an equivalent integral with the order of
integration reversed. Evaluate both integrals.

Solution: First let us evaluate:

Z3 Zx Z3 Z3
x
(2x + 1) dydx = ( [y(2x + 1)]−x+2 ) dx = ( x(2x + 1) − (−x + 2)(2x + 1) ) dx
1 −x+2 1 1
Z3
4x3 3 68
= (−2 − 2x + 4x2 ) dx = [−2x − x2 + ]1 = .
3 3
1

To reverse the order of integration, we need to di-

vide the region into two parts that are horizontally
simple. Now:

Z3 Zx Z3 Z3 Z1 Z3
(2x + 1) dydx = (2x + 1) dxdy + (2x + 1) dxdy
1 −x+2 1 y −1 −y+2
Z3 Z1 Z3 Z1
2 3 2 3 2
= [x + x ]y dy + [x + x ]−y+2 dy = (12 − y − y ) dy + (6 + 5y − y 2 ) dy
1 −1 1 −1
y2 y3 3 5y 2 y 3 1 34 34 68
= [12y − − ]1 + [6y + − ]−1 = + = .
2 3 2 3 3 3 3
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Polar coordinates

For any point P other than the origin, let r be the distance between P and the origin, and ϕ
an angle having its initial side on the positive x axis and its terminal side on the line segment
joining P and the origin. The pair (r, ϕ) is called a set of polar coordinates for the point P .
Every point (x, y) in the plane has both Cartesian and polar coordinates (r, ϕ):

 x = r cos ϕ
.
 y = r sin ϕ

We have the following result for polar coordinates:

Z Z Z Z
f (x, y) dxdy = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ) r drdϕ .
D ∆

RR
Example 6. Using polar coordinates, calculate xy 2 dxdy where
D
D : x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0.
Solution: The region of integration is a semicircle with radius equal
−π π
2. Therefore, the region in polar coordinates is given by 2
≤θ≤ 2

and 0 ≤ r ≤ 2.
After substituting x and y with polar coordinates, we have:
π π
ZZ Z2 Z2  Z2 Z2 
2 2 4 2
xy dxdy = (r cos θ) · (r sin θ) r dr dθ = r sin θ cos θdr dθ
D − π2 0 − π2 0
π
Z 2
 Z2  sin3 θ π2 r5 2 64
2
= sin θ cos θdθ · r4 dr = [ ]− π · [ ]0 = .
3 2 5 15
− π2 0
RR
Example 7. Using polar coordinates, calculate (x2 + y 2 ) dxdy, where D : x2 + y 2 − 2y ≤ 0.
D
Solution (a): Let us represent the equation describing D in a different form:

x2 + y 2 − 2y ≤ 0
x2 + (y 2 − 2y + 1) − 1 ≤ 0
x2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
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Such an equation describes a circle with the origin in (0, 1), so we cannot describe it with polar
coordinates as easily as in Example 6. Let us substitute x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ:

x2 + y 2 − 2y ≤ 0
r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ − 2r sin θ ≤ 0
r ≤ 2 sin θ

the integral is equal to:

ZZ Z π  2Zsin θ Zπ 2Zsin θ Zπ 4
2 2 2 2 2

3 r 2 sin θ
(x + y ) dxdy = r (sin θ + cos θ)rdr dθ = ( r dr)dθ = [ ]0 dθ
0 4
D 0 0 0 0
Zπ
3θ sin 2θ sin 4θ π 3π
= 4 sin4 θdθ = 4[ − + ]0 = .
8 4 32 2
0

Angle θ ranges from 0 to only π, because for θ ∈ (π, 2π] the radius would be negative – which
is impossible.
Solution (b): Since the circle is moved by a vector of ~v = (0, 1), then we can also move the
function x2 + y 2 by the same vector. The new function will be x2 + (y − 1)2 . We can now use
the method from Example 6:
ZZ Z2πZ1
2 2 2 2 2
 3π
(x + y ) dxdy = (r cos θ + (r sin θ − 1) )rdr dθ = · · · = .
2
D 0 0

Area of a bounded region in the plane

The area of a closed bounded plane region R is given by the formula
RR
Area = 1 dxdy.
R

Example 8. Calculate the area of a region bounded by curves

√
y = x1 , y = x and a line x = 2. Sketch the region.
Solution: The area is equal to:

√
Z x
Z2 y= Z2 Z2 √
√
y= x √ 1 2 3 2 1
( 1 dy) dx = [y] 1 dx = ( x − ) dx = [ x 2 − ln |x|]1 = (−2 + 4 2 − ln 8).
y= x x 3 3
1 y= x1 1 1
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Volume
Let R be a a bounded region in the OXY plane and f be a function continuous on R. If f is
nonnegative and integrable on R, then the volume of the solid region between the graph of f
and R is given by
RR
V olume = f (x, y) dxdy.
R

Let R be a a bounded region in the xy plane and g1 , g2 be continuous functions on R. If g1

and g2 are integrable on R such that g1 (x, y) ≤ g2 (x, y), then the volume of the solid region
between the graph of g1 and g2 is given by
RR
V olume = (g2 (x, y) − g1 (x, y)) dxdy.
R

Example 9. Calculate the volume of a solid bounded by curves y = x2 , y = 1, z = 0, z = 2y.

solution: The region of integration is bounded by y = x2 and y = 1 and f (x, y) = 2y.
Therefore:
Zx=1 Zy=1 Zx=1 Zx=1
2 y=1 4 x5 1
V olume = ( 2y dy) dx = [y ]y=x2 dx = (1 − x ) dx = [x − ]−1
5
x=−1 y=x2 x=−1 x=−1
1 1 2 8
= 1− − (−1 + ) = 2 − = .
5 5 5 5

Surface
Let S be the surface z = f (x, y) where the points (x, y) come from the given region R in the
OXY plane. Then
RR q
AreaS = 1 + ( ∂f
∂x
)2 + ( ∂f
∂y
)2 dxdy,
R

where f and its first partial derivatives are continuous.

Example 10. Calculate the surface of a plane 2x + 2y + z = 8 bounded by the coordinate
system axes.
Solution: After transformations of the equation of a plane, we have x
4
+ y4 + z8 = 1, so the plane
intersects the coordinate system axes at points A = (4, 0, 0), B = (0, 4, 0) and C = (0, 0, 8).
Therefore, the region of integration is bounded by x = 0, y = 0, y = −x + 4. We also have
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∂f ∂f
f (x, y) = z = 8 − 2x − 2y, so ∂x
= −2 and ∂y
= −2. Therefore:

Zx=4 y=−x+4
Z p Zx=4 y=−x+4
Z √ Zx=4 y=−x+4
Z
Surf ace = ( 2 2
1 + (−2) + (−2) dy) dx = ( 9 dy) dx = 3 ( 1 dy) dx
x=0 y=0 x=0 y=0 x=0 y=0
Zx=4 Zx=4
y=−x+4 x2 4
= 3 [y]y=0 dx = 3 (−x + 4) dx = 3[− + 4x]0 = 24.
2
x=0 x=0