Multiple Integrals

2.1 DOUBLE INTEGRATION

We know that
to)

Let us consider a function fx, y) of two variables x and

ydefined in the finite region A of xy plane. Divide theO
region A into elementary areas

Then = lim f, ) A, +f( ) EAg t .... +fan y) &A,

2.2 EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRAL
Double integral over region A may be cvaluated by two
successive integrations.
If Ais described as f, (3) sy sf () ( S y S n]
and asxsb,
then

(1) First Method

dx

f(z y) is first integrated with respect to y treating

x as constant between the limits yi and y2 and thcn the
x=a
result is integrated with respect to x between the limits
a and b.
In the egion we take an elementary area aroy. Py,=4()
Then integration w.r.t y (r keeping constant) converts
Small rectangle år×y into a strip PO (y &r ). While the BC covering
integration of the result w.r.t. x corresponds to the sliding the strip PO, from AD to
the whole region ABCD.
 Multiple Intagral

P2
Sccondmethod
A y d
=
sa.y) drdy constant
/ntcgrated w.r.t. x kccpingy
first thc rcsulting cxprCSS1on
y)is and , and then
Here f(4,
limits A; between the limits c and
d. yC
bctwcenthe respcct to y
intcgration w.r.t. x betwecn
integratcd with &.Ñy. The intcgration is
Is small arca
fixcd indicates that
Thke a kccping y result w.r.t. y corresponds to sliding the strip PO from
xj, A Then the integration of
thc imits ABCD
along PO. wholc region
donc, covering the limits, it does not matter whether we first integrate w.r.t. and then
BC to AD constant
Note. For versa.
vice
W.r.t. y' or
Example 1. Evaluate

Solution.

-f'ue-9de - (e- ) ,r£ -(e-n-e-) Ans.

Example 2. Evaluate
dy dx
1+*+y
dy dx dy
Solution. 1++y 1++y'
tan dr
Vi + V1+ 4 4

[log (r +V+1)],= 4 log (V2 +1) Ans.

Example 3. Evaluate J xy dx dy over the region in the positive quadrant for which
1. Y
X+ y
(0, 1)
Solution. x + y= represents a line AB in the
figure. OAB.
P y=1-x
x + y< l represents a plane
The region for integration is OAB as shaded in X+ y= 1
the figure.
By drawing PO parallel to y-axis, P lies on the
line AB (x + y = 1) and lies on x-axis. The linits
for yare l-x and ). Q (1, 0) X
Required integral
 Multiple Integrals

2r +) de -

Ans.

Example 4. Evaluate J xy d& y

where R is the quadrant of the circle +y = where xz 0 andy 2 0.
(Madras 1996, A.M.LETE, Summer 1999)
Solution. Let the region of integration be the first quadrant of the circle OAB.

B
First we integrate w.rt. y and then w.r.t. x.
The limits for y are 0 and va- and for x, 0 to a.

Ans. y= a

Example 5. Evaluate
x = 4 ay.
where A is the domain bounded by xaxis, ordinate x= 2a and the curve (A.M.I.E., Winter, 1996)

Solution. B(2a, a)
The area of integration is OAB. Here we integrate 2a
first wT.t. yand then w.r.t. x.
X
The limits of integration are 0 to 2a for x and 0 to

4a
for y.

Thus *y de dy y=0 A

d =
324
2a
Ans.
[(2a) - 0] = 3
=192d 192

Second Method.
then w.r.t. y.
Now we integrate first w.r.t. x and
for x and 0 to a for y.
The limits of integration are V4ay to 2a
x dt
Thus
 X 4ay
K2a

Examplc 6. Evalute J Ny- ty d, (2a, 0)

vertices(0, 0, (10, ) and (1. )
atriangle with
Solution. Let the vertices of a triangle OBA be (0, 0), (10, 1) and (1, ).
Equation of 04 is x y.
10 .
Equation of OB is .x =
limits
Theregion of AOBA, given by the A(1,1)
ySxs 10y and 0sysl. (10. 1)
10y X10y

7 10y

= 6 Ans.

Example 7. Evaluate JJ d : where Ais the region in the first quadrant bounded
by the hyperbola xy - 16 and the lines y = x, y = 0andx = &. (4. M.LE., Summer 200/)
Solution. The line OP. y = x and the curve PS, xy = 16 intersect at P (4, 4).
The line SN, x = 8 intersects the hyperbola at S (8, 2). y = 0 is x-axis.
The area A is shown shaded. Y4

Divide the area into two parts by PM per (4, 4) P

pendicular to OX.
xy = 16
For the area OMP y varies from 0 to x. S8X=
y=%
(8, 2)
and then x varies from 0to 4.
For the area PMNS, y varies from 0 to
16x and then x varies from 4 to 8. y= 0 M y= 0 X

8
J ady =
dy. =
8
4
= 64 + 8 (82- 4²) = 64 + 384 = 448. Ans.
Jo
Multiple Integrals 95

Example 8. Evaluate (+y²) dx dy throughout the area enclosed bythe curves y= 4x,
I+ = 3, y = 0 and y = 2.
Solution. Let OC represent y = 4x; BD, y2
r + y= 3; OB. y = 0, and CD, y= 2. (5, 2) C D (1,2)
The given integral is to be evaluated over
the arca Aof the trapczium OCDB.
Area OCDB consists of area OCE, area y=3 - x
ECDF and area FDB.
The c0-ordinates of C, D and B are
X+ y«3
(1, 2) and (3, 0) respectively.
y=0 E y=0 F y= 0 B(3,0
JJ (2+y) dy de
-} J + )dy dr +J._+y')
OCE ECDF
dy dx + J(+) dy du FDB

I
4

Now,

19
48
2

-)}-#
3-x

q3 dx

-27--0-1}*9] 463 9 31
19, 23 Ans.
JJy) dy dz =I+hth = 48 48 48

that
Using the transformation x+y= 4, y= uv, show
Example 9.
 Multiple Integral

Ans.
102
- 14.

16.
ydrdy AD
(a-)ar-y

2001) Ang,
polar coordinates. (A.M.LE, Sumner
into
VP+ dr dy by changing
Area
THE DOUBLE INTEGRALS
APPLICATIONOF
24
curves AB
and CD be y =fi () and
Let the
BC be x= a and D
ordinates AD and x=b
Let the
X=a 0
the tWo curves
So the
arca cnclosed by
) and and x =b is
=fa) and y; = y ,(x)
,
ABCD. neigh
Let Ps, y) and r + x, y + öy) be twO
bouring points, then the area of the small rectangle
PO= &r &y.
&r &y = &x
Area of the vertical strip =bylim
-’0
throughout.
Since &r the width of the strip is constant
b, we get
If we add all the strips from x = a to x =

The arca ABCD lim

&r’0 a

2.5. AREA IN POLAR CO-ORDINATES

Area =

Let us consider the area enclosed by the curve r = f (0).

Let P (r 0), Q(r +ôr, + 80) be two neighbouring points.
Draw arcs PL and QM, radii r and r+&r.
PL = r 80, PM = &r
Area of rectangle PLOM PL x PM
= (r 0) (ôr) = r&0 Sr.
The whole area A is composed of such small rectangles.
Hence
A= lim E Er80.&r = r dr
&r ’0
80>0
 Mutipte Integrals 103

Example I6. Fnd the ana bewvven the porabolas y' - 4 ax and x' 4 ay
Solution. ..(1)
..(2)
y-4 ax_A (4a, 4a)
On solving the equations () and (2) we get the point of
intersection (4a, 4a). 4 ay

Divide the area into horizontal strips of width &y. x varies

fhom P.to
4a Q. Na q and then y varies fronm Ofy -0) to X
A( 4a).

..The required area =

a 12a
mi2
(4a) ta)]|
12a

Example I7. Find by double integration the area enclosed by the pair of curves
y=2-x and y = 2(2 -x).
V =2-r (1)
Solution.
y = 2(2 -x) ...(2)
On solving the equations (1) and (2) we get the points (0, 2) B y=V2(2-)
of intersection (2, 0} and (0, 2). y'= 2(2-)
The required area =
2-x
J22-)
dy
y=2-x (2, 0)
X

N22-x)
2
3x-2 Jo

Ans.
--2 3-X

Example 18. Find the volume of the torus gener

ated by revolving the circle +y' = 4 about the line +X

r = 3
A=3
Solution. P+y - 4
V= J(2r PQ) di dy - 2n -)dt y
 Multiple Integral
104

(3 -x) dy =

-x4-)
-= 2r/ d (3 V4--N4-F+3V4
2

+2 4
E4r| [3 V4-* va-*] dx =4n |34-+3xsin
-2

= 24 2 Ans.
=4n j6x+6x
Example 19. Calculate by double integration the volume generated by the revolution of
11. The density al a point on a circular lamina varies as the distaNCe
Show that the C.G. divides the diameter through O in the ratio 3:from a point () on he circum December 1996)
(North Maharashtra,
2.
12. Find the centroid of solid formed by revolving about the x-AK0s that part of the arca of he ellip
I which lies in the fist quadrant.

13. Find the centre of gravity of the area boundod by the parabola y -xand the line x+ym2 Ana2
(Nagpu, Summer 1986)
14. OA is the diameter of a circular disc, the density at any point varies as its distance from (0 Find the
position of thecentre of gravity given that 0A a
15. Find the centroid of the loop of the curve a'cos 2 9
Ana.)
(naV2 (North Maharashtra, May 19G)
Ans.
16. Find the centroid of the area cnclosed by the parabola y Aar, the axis of x and its latus rectum.
3a
(Nagpur 1997) Ans.

17. Find the area included between the curves y=-6x + 3 and y 2r+9. Ans. 88
3
V22
(A.M.I.E.T.E, Summer 2001)
2.7 TRIPLE INTEGRATION
Example 25. Evaluate | (rty+) dx dy dz, where R:0 sx SI, 1sy s2, 2 Ss3.
R

Solution.

dy ((x+y+ 3)2 - (* +y+ 2)2 ]=J. de J ( 2r +2y +5).1 dy

dx [(2x +4 + 5)2- (2r +2 + 5) 2]
9
-f(4x +16)-2 dr = 0
+4 - Ans.

Example 26. Evaluate

J R- 2y +z) dr dy dz, where R: 0Sxsl, 0 Sy St, 0szsx+y.
Solution. JJJ, (-2y +2) dx dy dz
0

Ans.

elog 2 px+ log y

Example 27. Evaluate the integral: etytz dz dy d.
 Mutiple Integral
110

ertyt d dy dx
Solntion.
plog 2 I+log y

log 2 log 2
=
0 0

, log 2 log 2

log 2

Jog 2

rlog2
e dr [(xe-1)e-e41+e]
log 2 log2

¬Jog 2 q log 2

log2_g elog2
3 9 3

-log2--*2+5+}-1-og2 Ans.

Example 28. Evaluate

where Rdenotes the region bounded by x= 0, y= 0,z=0 and x +y +z = 4, (a>0).

Solution. JJ+y+) ds dy de
R

x +y+Z=a or 2=a-I-y

Upper limit of z=a-x-y X+ y= a

On x-y plane, x + y +2=a
becomes x +y= a as shown in the figure.
Upper limit of y =a-x.
Upper limit of x = a.
y= 0

y =0
 Multiple Integrals 111

-)y-y la--2
3

12

r(a -)'- a-'+(a -) e-(a-3,

4
(a 12
(a-r)²+

- Ans.
30 30 20

Example 29. Compute dx dy d:

J! (r+y+¿+ if the region of integ ration is bounded by
/) (A.M.IE.T.E., Winter 2001)
the co-ordinate planes and the plane + y + 2= 1.
Soluion. Let the given region be R, then R is expressed as
0ssi -x-y, 0sysi-A, 0SxsI.
dx dy dz dz
R (+y+z+ |)3 (I+y+z+ 1)

(uty+l-x- y+ 1)? (x+y+ 1)?

1

= x+l+ |-x x+ - dx

8 -+-log (r log 2 +

=; log 2- 16
Ans.

Example 3. Evaluate JJ. xyz dx dy dz whcre

S = (x, y 2):r++ sl, x 2 0. y> 0,z 20}

Solution. Sis the sphere +y'+= 1.Since x. y, z are all positive, we have to consider
only the positive octant of the sphere.
Now r +t y'+? = I so that z= I - ' - y?
The projection of the sphere on xy plane is the circle x+ y' = I.
This circle is covered asy varies from 0 to VI- ,and x varies from 0 to 1.
xyz dr dy d:
 do

dÙd0dr si0n Solution.

dÙ. Evaluate Evaluate
32.
,2a
Ans.
4

dr dr ==
dydx
dr) de(r
get we1, = z 1, = +ycircle the of
uadrant integration
first as of
region thkeeping
e co-ordinates
and polar intoChanging

dz

dzdydr F+ Solution.
J
Z=1 1. = z 0, = zz, r+y'= faces
the bounded
by solid the whereS
is dz, dydx ty ))Evaluate) Example
31.
Ans.

x-I-+2') 2a'+2 x-(2-2 xdr

-ty-y)
dy (y

=dz z
irdoyon Mutiple
112
 Multiple Integrals 113

sin 0 d 0 =

dÙ-cos +cos dÙ

2rt =
3V2
(V2- 1) Ans.

2.8 CHANGE TO SPHERICAL CO.ORDINATES

The rclations between the cartesian and spherical polar co-ordinates of a point are given
by the relations
x=rsin 0 cos
y=r Sin 0 sin P (4 y. Z)
2 = r cos 0

dx dy dz = 1Jldr dÝ dÙ
X=rsine cos
y « r s i
s n
i n

J= (y, 2)
(r, 9, )

sin cos rcos cos -rsin sin

sin sin r cos 9 sin o r sin cos = sin
cos 9 -r sin 0 0
dr dy d = (² sin 0) dr d9 dÙ Ans.

Example 33. Evaluate the integral (++2) ds dy dz taken over the volume
nclosed by the sphere +y+2 = 1.
Solution. Let us convert thc given integral into spherical polar co-ordinates. By putting
I=r sin 8 cos ;
y=r sin sin o:
Z=rcos 0

y+) dr dy de P( sin de d ¢ dr)

2r

2x
Ans.