JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida

Department of Mathematics

Multiple Integration
Unit-4 C103.4 Remember the concept of Beta and Gamma function;
analyse area and volume and Dirichlet’s theorem in multiple
integral
 JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Department of Mathematics

Topics Covered

➢ Evaluation of Double and Triple Integral

➢ Change the order of the Integration

➢ Change of Variables in Double Integral

➢ Change of Variables in Triple Integral

➢ Drichilet’s Integral

➢ Liouville’s Extension of Dirichlet Theorem

➢ Gamma Function

➢ Beta Function

➢ Relation between Beta and Gamma function

➢ Transformation of Beta function

➢ Duplication Formula

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 JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Department of Mathematics

UNIT-4 Multiple Integration

A multiple integral is a generalization of the usual integral in one dimension to

functions of multiple variables in higher-dimensional spaces.

∫∫f(x, y)dxdy, which is an integral of a function over a two-dimensional region. The

most common multiple integrals are double and triple integrals, involving two or three
variables, respectively. Since the world has three spatial dimensions, many of the
fundamental equations of physics involve multiple integration (e. g. with respect to
each spatial variable).

The double integral of the graphed function corresponds to the volume contained
underneath the surface corresponding to the function.

Multiple integrals are powerful tools because they allow us to do all the things that
can be done in one dimension by integrating, like finding average values or work
done, in multiple dimensions.

Evaluation of Double and Triple Integral

Working Rule for evaluation of double integration
Step 1: If the region is bounded by more than one curve then find the points of
intersection of all the curves.
Step 2: Draw all the curves and mark their point of intersection.
Step 3: Identify the region bounded by all the curves.

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Department of Mathematics

Step 4: Draw a vertical or horizontal strip in the region whichever makes the
integration easier.
Step 5: The vertical strip starts from the lowest part of the region and terminates on
the highest part of the region.
Step 6: For vertical strip: (i) The lower limit of y is obtained from the curve where the
vertical strip starts and the upper limit of y is obtained from the curve where it
terminates. (ii) The lower limit of x is obtained from the leftmost point of the region
and the upper limit of x is obtained from the rightmost point of the region.
Step 7: The horizontal strip starts from the left part of the region and terminates on
the right part of the region.
Step 8: For horizontal strip: (i) The lower limit of x is obtained from the curve where
the horizontal strip starts and upper limit is obtained from the curve where it
terminates.
(ii) The lower limit of y is obtained from the lowest point of the region and the upper
limit of y is obtained from the highest point of the region.
Step 9: If variation along the strip changes within the region, then the region is
divided into two parts.
Working Rule for evaluation of Triple Integrals
Step1: Draw all the planes and surfaces and identify the region of integration.
Step 2: Draw an elementary volume parallel to z (y or x) axis.
Step 3: Find the variation of z (y or x) along the elementary volume.
Step 4: Lower and upper limits of z(y or x) are obtained from the equation of the
surface (or plane) where elementary volume starts and terminates respectively.
Step 5: Find and draw the projection of the region on xy or yz or zx plane.
Step 6: Follow the steps of double integration to find the limits of x and y (z and x or
y and z).
1. Evaluate ∬ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the triangle bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 =
1
1. [Ans. ]
𝑎𝑏

2. Evaluate ∬(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the right half of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
5𝜋 4
[ Ans. 𝑎4 [ 8 − 3]]
2
3. Evaluate ∬ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region bounded by the triangle with vertices (0,
0), (2, 1), (0, 1). (Solved) [Ans. e-1]

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Department of Mathematics

4. Evaluate ∬(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 4𝑥, 𝑥 +
463
𝑦 = 3, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2. [Ans. 48 ]

5. Evaluate ∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region enclosed by the parabola 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and the
36
line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2. (Solved) [Ans. ]
5

6. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the
rectangular hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 16, the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 8. [Ans. 448]

7. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region enclosed by the parabolas 𝑥 2 =
𝑦, 𝑦 2 = −𝑥. [Ans. 0]

8. Evaluate ∬(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over the triangle whose vertices are (0, 1), (1, 1),
2
(1, 2). [ Ans. − ]
3

2𝑥𝑦 5
9. Evaluate ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where R is the region of the triangle whose
√1+𝑥 2𝑦 2 −𝑦 4
1
vertices are (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1). [Ans. ]
6

10. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the region enclosed by the parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and
−1
𝑥 = −𝑦 2 . [ Ans. 12 ]

𝑎 𝑥 𝑒𝑦 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑥
11. Evaluate (i) ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. (ii) ∫1 ∫1 ∫1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
√(𝑎−𝑥)(𝑥−𝑦)
𝑒2 13
[ Ans. 𝜋(𝑒 𝑎 − 1), − 2𝑒 + ]
4 4

12. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over the region R given by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥, 𝑦 =

7
𝑥. [Ans. 12]

2 𝑧 𝑦𝑧 1 1−𝑥 1−𝑥−𝑦 1
13. Evaluate(i) ∫0 ∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧. (ii) ∫0 ∫1 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)3
7 −1 5
[Ans. 2 , (8) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
2

14. Evaluate ∭ 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 over the region bounded by the planes x=0, y=0, z=0
1
and x+y+z=1. (Solved) [ Ans. ]
2520

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Department of Mathematics

Change the order of the Integration

Step 1: Draw the region of integration with the help of the given limits.
Step 2: Then we draw a vertical or horizontal strip as per the required order of
integration, thus resulting changes in the limits of integration.
𝑥2
∞ 𝑥 (− )
15. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.
1
[Ans. 2 ]
2 2 𝑥2
16. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫√2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.
√𝑥 4−4𝑦 2

2𝜋
[Ans. ]
3
1 2−𝑥
17. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of integration.
3
(Solved)[ Ans. 8 ]

1 √1−𝑥 2 𝑒𝑦
18. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of
(𝑒 𝑦+1)√(1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2)
𝜋 𝑒+1
integration. (Solved)[Ans. log ( )]
2 2

1 1+√1−𝑥 2
19. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫√2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of
1 1+√1−𝑦 2
integration. [ Ans. ∫0 𝑑𝑦 ∫√2𝑦−𝑦 2 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ]

𝑎 𝑥+3𝑎
20. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of
integration.
𝑎 𝑎 3𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎 𝑎
[Ans. ∫0 ∫√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫3𝑎 ∫𝑦−3𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ]
1
1 𝑦
21. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of
(1+𝑥𝑦)2 (1+𝑦 2)
𝜋−1
integration. [ Ans. ]
4
1 1 ∞ 𝑥
22. Evaluate the integral (i) ∫0 ∫𝑥 sin (𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1
√1−4𝑦 2 1+𝑥 2
(iii) ∫02 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑏𝑦 changing the order of integration.
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2−𝑦 2
1 cos 1 1 𝜋2
[Ans. 2 − ; 2 √𝜋, (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑)]
2 8

Change of Variables in Double Integral

➢ The double integral can be changed from cartesian coordinates (x, y) to polar
coordinates (r, 𝜃) by putting 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =

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Department of Mathematics

∬ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 where J is the Jacobian. Here J=r in case of polar

coordinates.
➢ In some cases, evaluation of double integral becomes easier by changing the
variables. Let the variables x, y be replaced by new variables u, v by the
transformation 𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
∬ 𝑓(𝑓1, 𝑓2 )|𝐽|𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 where 𝐽 = 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
|, the double integral can be
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
transformed to new variables.
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑎(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 2
23. Evaluate (i) ∫0 ∫0
2 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 (ii) ∫0 ∫0 2 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 (iii)
2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 2 5 3𝜋
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 [Ans. 3 𝑎3 , 𝑎3 , ]
4 4

7𝜋
24. Solve ∬ 𝑟 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃, over the interior of the circle 𝑟 = 2𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. [Ans. 𝑎5 ]
4

25. Evaluate ∬ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃, over the area between the circles 𝑟 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 =
28
2𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. [Ans. 𝑎3 ]
9

26. Evaluate ∬ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃, over the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) above the initial
4
line. [Ans. 3 𝑎2 ]

27. Evaluate ∬ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over the area outside 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0 and inside 𝑥 2 +

15
𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0. (Solved)[Ans. 64 𝜋𝑎4 ]
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 2+𝑦 2) 1 𝑥
28. Evaluate(i) ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2 1
[ Ans. 4 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑎 ), ]
2
1 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 3𝜋
29. Evaluate(i) ∫0 ∫𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 (Solved)[Ans. − 1]
8

𝑥−𝑦
30. Using the transformation 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∬ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over
1
the region bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1. [Ans. 2 sin 1]

31. Using the transformation 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑢, 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑣, find ∬(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over the

region in the first quadrant bounded by 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2, 𝑥𝑦 = 4, 𝑥𝑦 =
2. [Ans. 1]

32. Using the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑢(1 + 𝑣), 𝑦 = 𝑣 (1 + 𝑢), 𝑢 ≥ 0, 𝑣 ≥ 0,

2 𝑦 1
1
𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫0 ∫0 [(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1]−2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. [Ans. 2 log 2 − 2]

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Department of Mathematics

33. Evaluate ∬(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, by changing the variables over the parallelogram
with vertices (1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (0, 1). (Solved)[Ans. 21]
𝑛
𝑥2 𝑦2 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
34. Evaluate ∬ 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, over the first quadrant of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 =
𝑎2 𝑏2
1. (Solved)[Ans. 2(𝑛+4)]
𝑥+𝑦
35. Using the transformation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑣, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∬ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 over the
1 1
region bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1. [Ans. 4 (𝑒 − 𝑒)]

Change of Variables in Triple Integration

➢ The relation between cartesian coordinates x, y, z and cylindrical coordinates
𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 are given as 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; 𝑧 = 𝑧
➢ Then, ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑓( 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧)|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 ; Here, J=r
➢ The relation between cartesian coordinates x, y, z and spherical coordinates
𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 are given as 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑; 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
➢ Then, ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑓( 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑, 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑, 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑 ;
Here, 𝐽 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.
➢ In cases of other variables, ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑓 (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 )|𝐽|𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑤, here
if 𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑧 = 𝑓3 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)

Note: If the region of integration is a sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 with centre at

(0, 0, 0) and radius a, then limits of 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑 are
(i) For positive octant of the sphere,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑟: 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎; 𝜃: 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = ; 𝜑: 𝜑 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜑 =
2 2
(ii) For hemisphere,
𝜋
𝑟: 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎; 𝜃: 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = ; 𝜑: 𝜑 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜑 = 2𝜋
2
(iii) For complete sphere,
𝑟: 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎; 𝜃: 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋; 𝜑: 𝜑 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜑 = 2𝜋

𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
36. Evaluate ∭ over the volume of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

8𝜋√2
(Solved)[Ans. ]
9

37. Evaluate ∭ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the first octant of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 22 .

4
[ Ans. 3]

38. Evaluate ∭ 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the region bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =

1
0, 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1. [Ans. 2520 ]

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Department of Mathematics

39. Evaluate ∭ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the region common to the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =

64𝜋
4 and the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥. [Ans. ]
15

40. Evaluate ∭(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 over the region bounded by the paraboloid 𝑥 2 +

81𝜋
𝑦 2 = 3𝑧 and the plane 𝑧 = 3. (Solved)[Ans. ]
2

Drichilet’s Integral
It is used in the evaluation of certain double and triple integrals by expressing them
in terms of gamma and beta functions.
⌈𝑙⌈𝑚
(i) ∬ 𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ⌈𝑙+𝑚+1 𝑎𝑙+𝑚 over D, where D is the triangular region in
the x-y plane bounded by 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎.
⌈𝑙⌈𝑚⌈𝑛
(ii) ∭ 𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ⌈𝑙+𝑚+𝑛+1 over V, where V is the tetrahedron in
the first octant bounded by 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0,z≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 1.

41. Evaluate the integral ∭ 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 over the volume enclosed by the region
1
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≤ 1. [Ans. 2520 ]

42. Find the volume of the solid bounded by co-ordinate planes and the surface
1 1 1
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑏𝑐
(𝑎 ) + (𝑏 ) + (𝑐 ) = 1, where x, y, z is positive. [Ans. ]
90

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
43. Find the mass of an octant of the ellipsoid 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1, the density is given
𝑘𝑎 2𝑏 2 𝑐 2
by 𝜌 = 𝑘𝑥𝑦𝑧. [Ans. ]
48

𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 𝑧 𝑟
44. Find the mass of a solid (𝑎) + (𝑏 ) + (𝑐 ) = 1, the density at any point being
𝜌 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 , where x, y, z are all positive.
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑐 𝑛 ⌈𝑝⌈ 𝑞 ⌈ 𝑟
(Solved)[Ans. k 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 ]
𝑝𝑞𝑟 ⌈𝑝+ 𝑞 + 𝑟 +1

45. Evaluate 𝐼 = ∭ 𝑥 𝑎−1 𝑦 𝑏−1 𝑧 𝑐−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, where V is the region in the first octant
bounded by the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and the coordinate planes.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 ⌈ 2 ⌈ 2 ⌈2
[Ans. 8 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
]
√( )( )( )+1
2 2 2

Liouville’s Extension of Dirichlet Theorem

If the variables x, y, z are all positive such that ℎ1 < 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 < ℎ2 , then
2 ⌈𝑙⌈𝑚⌈𝑛 ℎ
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑥 𝑙−1 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ⌈𝑙+𝑚+𝑛 ∫ℎ1 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑢𝑙+𝑚+𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢

8
 JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Department of Mathematics

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 1 5
46. Show that ∭ (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)3 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 16, the integral being taken throughout the
volume bounded by the planes x=0, y=0, z=0, x+y+z=1.

47. Find the value of ∭ log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 the integral extending over all
positive and zero values of x, y, z subject to the condition 0<x+y+z<1.
−1
(Solved)[Ans. 18 ]
√1−𝑥 2−𝑦 2−𝑧 2
48. Evaluate ∭ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, integral being taken over all positive values of
1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2
x, y, z such that 0 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1.
2

𝜋 3 1 5 1
(Solved)[Ans. 8 [𝛽 (4 , ) − 𝛽 (4 , 2)]
2

Gamma and Beta Functions

Introduction
➢ As introduced by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in18 th century,
gamma function is the extension of factorial function to real numbers. Beta
function (also known as Euler’s integral of the first kind) is closelyconnected
to gamma function; which itself is a generalization of the factorial function.
➢ Both Beta and Gammafunctions are very important in calculus as complex
integrals can be moderated into simpler form using and Beta and Gamma
function.
Gamma Function
We define Gamma function as:
∞
⌈𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
Results:
1
(i) ⌈1 = 1; ⌈ = √𝜋
2
(ii) ⌈𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛⌈𝑛, 𝑛 > 0; ⌈𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛! , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟. (Reduction
formula)
⌈𝑛+1,
(iii) ⌈𝑛 = , n is a negative fraction
𝑛
𝜋
(iv) ⌈𝑛⌈1 − 𝑛 = ,0 < 𝑛 < 1
sin 𝑛𝜋
1
(v) ⌈2𝑛 ⌈(𝑛 + ) = 1.3.5 … (2𝑛 − 1)√𝜋, n is a positive integer
2

Transformation of Gamma Function

∞ ⌈𝑛
(i) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑛

9
 JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Department of Mathematics

1 1
(ii) ∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = ⌈𝑛

1
1 ∞
(iii) ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ⌈𝑛
𝑛 0

−5 ∞4 ∞
49. Evaluate (i) ⌈( 2 ) (ii) ∫0 √𝑥 𝑒 −√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫0 √𝑥 𝑒 −3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−8 3 315
[Ans. 15
√𝜋, 2 √𝜋, 16
√𝜋]
1 4!
50. Prove that ∫0 (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 )4 𝑑𝑥 = 55
1 1 4 ∞ 2 1 √𝜋
51. Evaluate (i) ∫0 𝑥 3 log (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫0 3−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Solved)[Ans. 4, 4√log 3]
3
∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 ∞ 6 𝜋
52. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥. ∫0 𝑥 4 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Solved)[Ans. ]
√𝑥 9

Beta Function
𝟏
𝜷 (𝒍, 𝒎) = ∫ 𝒙𝒍−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒎−𝟏 𝒅𝒙, 𝒍 > 𝟎, 𝒎 > 𝟎
𝟎

Relation between Beta and Gamma function

⌈𝑙⌈𝑚
𝛽 (𝑙, 𝑚) =
𝑙, 𝑚 > 0
⌈𝑙 + 𝑚
Note: Beta function is symmetric 𝛽 (𝑙, 𝑚) = 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑙)
Transformation of Beta function
1
𝑥 𝑙−1
𝛽 (𝑙, 𝑚) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (1 + 𝑥 )𝑙+𝑚
𝜋
2
𝛽 (𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑝−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑞−1 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0

Few important results of a Beta function

𝜋 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
⌈ ⌈
(i) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =
2 2 2
𝑝+𝑞+2
⌈ 2
∞ 𝑥 𝑝−1 𝜋 𝜋
(ii) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) , 0 < 𝑝 < 1, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 ⌈𝑛⌈1 − 𝑛 = ,0 < 𝑛 < 1
1+𝑥 sin 𝑝𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋
𝑏
(iii) ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑚+𝑛+1 𝛽(𝑚 + 1, 𝑛 + 1)
∞ ⌈𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
(iv) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
(𝑎2 +𝑏2 ) 2

Duplication Formula

10
 JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
Department of Mathematics

1 √𝜋 ⌈2𝑚
⌈𝑚 ⌈(𝑚 + ) = 2𝑚−1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
2 2
1
1 1 𝑥 𝑚−1+𝑥 𝑛−1
1 3 )2 1 𝑥3 2
53. Evaluate (i) ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; (ii) ∫0 (1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛 𝑑𝑥; (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) ∫0 (1−𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝜋
2 2𝜋
(iv) ∫0 𝑦 4 (8 − 𝑦 3 ) 3 𝑑𝑦 (v) ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 4𝜃𝑑𝜃 (vi) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)4 𝑑𝜃
1 1 5 12
1 ⌈3⌈2 2 ⌈6√𝜋 ⌈2 128 21𝜋
[Ans. (i) 3 5 (ii) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) (iii) 3 4 (iv)8 1 (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 )(v) (vi) Solved)]
⌈6 ⌈3 ⌈3 1155 8

54. Prove that

𝜋
1 1 3
(i) ∫02 √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ⌈4 ⌈4
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
(ii) ∫0 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑛) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 > 1(Solved)
√(𝑎 𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛 )
1
(iii) 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑚) = 21−2𝑚 𝛽 (𝑚, 2)
(iv) 𝛽 (𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 𝛽 (𝑝 + 1, 𝑞 ) + 𝛽(𝑝, 𝑞 + 1)
1 1 𝜋
(v) 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑚) ∗ 𝛽 (𝑚 + , 𝑚 + ) = 21−4𝑚 (Solved)
2 2 𝑚
∞ 1 √𝜋
(vi) ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =2
√2
2
∞ 4 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋
(vii) ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗ ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 4√2
√𝑥
𝑛
1−𝑛 √𝜋⌈2
(viii) ⌈𝑛 ⌈ = 𝑛𝜋
2 21−𝑝 cos 2
∞ 𝑥2 5𝜋√2
(ix) ∫0 (1+𝑥 4 )3
𝑑𝑥 = (Solved)
128
∞ 𝑥 8 (1−𝑥 6 )
(x) ∫0 (1+𝑥)24 𝑑𝑥 =0
(xi) 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑚 + 1, 𝑛) + 𝛽( 𝑚, 𝑛 + 1)

1
55. If 𝛽 (𝑛, 3) = 60 and n is a positive integer, find the value of n. (Solved)

11
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cCa
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f (uv-plasue

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oludue

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2
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8

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a Ain o a siuie

do h a t d 2 su"e tole de

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m m
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= t
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to
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28
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