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Event Horizon

An event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. It was first proposed by John Michell in 1784 that gravity from massive objects could be strong enough to prevent even light from escaping. In 1958, David Finkelstein introduced a stricter definition of a local black hole event horizon using general relativity. Stephen Hawking later suggested using an apparent horizon instead of an event horizon, concluding that gravitational collapse produces apparent horizons but not true event horizons from which light cannot escape.

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Event Horizon

An event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. It was first proposed by John Michell in 1784 that gravity from massive objects could be strong enough to prevent even light from escaping. In 1958, David Finkelstein introduced a stricter definition of a local black hole event horizon using general relativity. Stephen Hawking later suggested using an apparent horizon instead of an event horizon, concluding that gravitational collapse produces apparent horizons but not true event horizons from which light cannot escape.

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In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer.

The
term was coined by Wolfgang Rindler in the 1950s.[1]

In 1784, John Michell proposed that in the vicinity of compact massive objects, gravity can be strong
enough that even light cannot escape. At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the so-
called corpuscular theory of light were dominant. In these theories, if the escape velocity of the
gravitational influence of a massive object exceeds the speed of light, then light originating inside or
from it can escape temporarily but will return. In 1958, David Finkelstein used General Relativity to
introduce a stricter definition of a local black hole event horizon as a boundary beyond which events
of any kind cannot affect an outside observer. This led to information and firewall paradoxes, which
encouraged the re-examination of the concept of local event horizons and the notion of black holes.
Several theories were subsequently developed, some with, and some without, event horizons.
Stephen Hawking, who was one of the leading developers of theories to describe black holes,
suggested that an apparent horizon should be used instead of an event horizon, saying "gravitational
collapse produces apparent horizons but no event horizons". He eventually concluded that "the
absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes – in the sense of regimes from which
light can't escape to infinity."[2][3]

Any object that approaches the horizon from the observer's side appears to slow down and never
quite crosses the horizon.[4] Due to gravitational redshift, its image reddens over time as the object
moves away from the observer.[5]

In an expanding universe the speed of expansion reaches and even exceeds the speed of light, which
prevents signals from travelling to some regions. A cosmic event horizon is a real event horizon
because it affects all kinds of signals, including gravitational waves which travel at the speed of light.

More specific types of horizon include the related but distinct absolute and apparent horizons found
around a black hole. Other distinct types include the Cauchy and Killing horizons; the photon spheres
and ergospheres of the Kerr solution; particle and cosmological horizons relevant to cosmology; and
isolated and dynamical horizons important in current black hole research.

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