UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

CE 311 -Structural Theory

Ma Dely P Esberto, D.Eng.
Associate Professor
Course Description

A professional course common to all civil engineering

students designed to provide fundamental concepts,
principles, and theories in the theory of structures
and structural analysis for internal actions in a
structure and its deformations under load

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 Course Outcomes
• Sketch the shear, moment and diagram and influence lines of
determinate structures.
• Determine the slope and deflection of determinate structures.
• Sketch the shear, moment and influence line of an
indeterminate structures.
• Determine the slope and defection of indeterminate
structures.

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 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Calculate support reactions of determinate structures like
beams, trusses, and frames.

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 Grading System
Midterm/Final Exams -------------------------- 35%
Quizzes ------------------------------------------- 35%
Exercises --------------------------------------- 30%
Total --------------------- 100%

Note: 40% Midterm Grade + 60% Final Term Grade = Final

Grade

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 Analysis for external reactions
and internal stress resultants of
statically determinate structures

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 Equilibrium and Support Reactions
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COPLANAR - same plane
CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS – the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a
single point.
2D PLANE STRUCTURES – plane in x and y axis
3D PLANE STRUCTRES – x, y and z axis
STATICALLY DETERMINATE – can be solved by 3 equations of equilibrium

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Equilibrium of Structures (3D)
Space (3D) structure subjected to 3D
systems of forces and couples (Fig.1), the
conditions of zero resultant force and zero
resultant couple can be expressed in a
Cartesian (x,y,z) system as:

Equations of equilibrium of space

Fig. 1. structure

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Equilibrium of Structures (2D)
For a plane structure lying in the xy plane and subjected to a coplanar system of forces
and couples, the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium can be expressed
as:

The 1st two of the three equilibrium equations express

respectively, that the algebraic sum of the x
components and y components of all the forces are
zero, or the resultant force acting on the structure is
zero.

3rd equation – algebraic sum of the moments of any

couples acting on the structure is zero.

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 Concurrent force systems
For a space structure subjected to concurrent 3D force
system, the equations of equilibrium are:

When a structure is in equilibrium under the

action of a concurrent force system, the
moment equilibrium equations are
automatically satisfied, and only the force
equilibrium equations need to be
For a space structure subjected to concurrent 2D or
considered
coplanar force system, the equations of equilibrium
are:

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 Static determinacy, indeterminacy and
instability
Internal Stability

1. Internally stable or rigid – maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when
detached
2. Internally unstable or non-rigid – can not maintain its shape and undergo
large displacements under small disturbances when not supported
externally.

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Fig. 2. Internally rigid or stable structures

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Fig. 3. Internally non-rigid or unstable structures

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Static determinacy of internally stable structures

All its support reactions Must be supported by

can be determined by exactly 3 reactions that
solving the equations of satisfy the 3 equations
equilibrium. of equilibrium

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Example structures

Fig. 4. Externally Statically Determinate Plane Structures

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Statically indeterminate structures
• If a structure is supported by more than three reactions (r > 3),
then all the reactions cannot be determined from the 3
equations of equilibrium.
• The reactions in excess of those necessary for equilibrium are
called external redundants, referred to as the degree of
external indeterminacy.

𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3

Where:

r is the number of reactions

𝑖𝑒 is the degree of external indeterminacy

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Example structures

Fig. 5. Externally Statically Indeterminate Plane Structures

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 Statically unstable externally structures
1. Supported by fewer than 3 support reactions, where these are not sufficient to maintain equilibrium

Fig. 6. Externally Statically Unstable Plane Structure

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Conditions of static instability, determinacy and
indeterminacy of plane internally stable structures

𝑟 = 3 the structure is statically determinate externally

𝑟 < 3 the structure is statically unstable externally

𝑟 > 3 the structure is indeterminate externally

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Fig. 7. Reaction arrangements causing external geometric instability in plane structures

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 Static Determinacy of Internally Unstable Structures

Equations of condition:

Fig. 8. Internally unstable structure

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 Static Determinacy of Internally Unstable Structures

Equations of condition:

Fig. 8. Internally unstable structure

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Static Determinacy of Internally Unstable Structures
𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒𝑐 the structure is statically determinate externally

𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒𝑐 the structure is statically unstable externally

𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒𝑐 the structure is statically indeterminate externally

Where:

𝑒𝑐 is the equation of condition

r is the number of reactions

For an externally indeterminate structure, the degree of

external indeterminacy is expressed as:

𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3 + 𝑒𝑐

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Alternative Approach

𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 < 𝟑𝒏𝒓 the structure is statically unstable externally

𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟑𝒏𝒓 the structure is statically determinate externally
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 > 𝟑𝒏𝒓 the structure is statically indeterminate externally

Where:
r is the total number of reactions
𝒇𝒊 is the total number of internal forces
𝒏𝒓 is the number of rigid members

For indeterminate structures, the degree of external indeterminacy is:

𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 − 𝟑𝒏𝒓

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TOPIC SUMMARY

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Description Externally Statically Externally Statically Externally Statically degree of external
Determinate Plane Indeterminate Plane Unstable Plane indeterminacy
Structures Structures Structure

Rigid structures 𝑟=3 𝑟>3 𝑟<3 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3

the structure is statically the structure is indeterminate the structure is statically
determinate externally externally unstable externally

hinged or pinned, 𝑟 = 3 + 𝑒𝑐 𝑟 > 3 + 𝑒𝑐 𝑟 < 3 + 𝑒𝑐

roller internal the structure is statically the structure is statically the structure is statically 𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3 + 𝑒𝑐
connections determinate externally indeterminate externally unstable externally

Alternative method 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟑𝒏𝒓 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 > 𝟑𝒏𝒓 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 < 𝟑𝒏𝒓 𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 − 𝟑𝒏𝒓

the structure is statically the structure is statically the structure is statically
determinate externally indeterminate externally unstable externally

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 Type of internal Roller Hinge or pin
connection

No. of equation condition,

𝑒𝑐 of a given structure
(2 rigid members AB and ෍ 𝐹𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 0 ෍ 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0
SUMMARY

BC, connected internally

at point B)

෍ 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0

No. of internal force/s, 𝒇𝒊 1 2

𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥

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Example:
Classify each of the structures as externally unstable,
statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If
the structure is statically indeterminate, then
determine the degree of external indeterminacy.

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Solution:

𝑟>3 the sructure is internally stable

5>3 the structure is statically indeterminate externally

𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 − 3
𝑖𝑒 = 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 − 3𝑛𝑟
𝑖𝑒 = 5 −3 = 2 𝑖𝑒 = 5 + 0 − 3(1) = 2

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 Computation of Reactions
Prob. #1

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Solution:

FBD

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Illustration:

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Illustration:

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
5 𝑐 2 = 32 + 42
4
𝑐 2 = 25
𝑐 = 25 = 5
3

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 Solution:

The beam is internally stable and is

supported by three reactions,
STATIC 𝑅𝐴 , 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑦
DETERMINACY all of which are neither parallel nor
concurrent. Therefore, the beam is
statically determinate.

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 Solution:

𝑅𝐴
UNKNOWNS 𝐵𝑥
𝐵𝑦

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Solution:

4
෍ 𝑀𝐶 = − 𝑅𝐴 25 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 15 − 𝐵𝑌 5 = 0
5

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Solution:

3
෍ 𝐹𝑋 = 𝑅𝐴 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠60° + 𝐵𝑥 = 0
5

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Solution:

4
෍ 𝐹𝑌 = 𝑅𝐴 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° + 𝐵𝑌 − 6 = 0
5

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Solution:

4
෍ 𝑀𝐵 = − 𝑅𝐴 20 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 10 − 6 5 = 0
5

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Summary:
4
෍ 𝑀𝐶 = − 𝑅𝐴 25 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 15 − 𝐵𝑌 5 = 0
5

3
෍ 𝐹𝑋 = 𝑅𝐴 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠60° + 𝐵𝑥 = 0
5

4
෍ 𝐹𝑌 = 𝑅 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° + 𝐵𝑌 − 6 = 0
5 𝐴

4
෍ 𝑀𝐵 = − 𝑅𝐴 20 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 10 − 6 5 = 0
5

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Solution:

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Prob. #2

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 Non-uniformly distributed load

Uniformly distributed load

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Non-uniformly distributed load Axial load
P1
1
𝐿
3

P2
Centroid
1
𝐿
2

CONVERT NON-UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD TO AXIAL LOAD P

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 1
𝑃1 = 3 9 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃2 = 2 9 = 18 𝑘𝑁
P1
P2 𝑃3 = 2 15 = 30 𝑘𝑁

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃3 = 0
B

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 0
P3

15 9 2
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑃3 − 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 9 =0
2 2 3

15 9 1
Ax ෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑋 15 − 𝐴𝑌 9 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃1 9 =0
2 2 3
MA
Ay
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 1
𝑃1 = 3 9 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃2 = 2 9 = 18 𝑘𝑁
P1
P2 𝑃3 = 2 15 = 30 𝑘𝑁

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑃3 = 0

B
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 30 = 0, 𝐴𝑥 = −30 𝑘𝑁

P3
𝐴𝑥 = 30 𝑘𝑁

Ax
MA
Ay
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 1
𝑃1 = 3 9 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃2 = 2 9 = 18 𝑘𝑁
P1
P2 𝑃3 = 2 15 = 30 𝑘𝑁

B
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 − 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 0

P3
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 − 18 − 13.5 = 0

𝐴𝑌 = 31.5 𝑘𝑁

Ax
MA
Ay
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 1
𝑃1 = 3 9 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃2 = 2 9 = 18 𝑘𝑁
P1
P2 𝑃3 = 2 15 = 30 𝑘𝑁

B 15 9 2
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑃3 − 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 9 =0
2 2 3

P3
15 9 2
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 − 30 − 18 − 13.5 9 =0
2 2 3

𝑀𝐴 = 387 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Ax
MA
Ay
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 Checking 𝑃1 =
1
3 9 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑃2 = 2 9 = 18 𝑘𝑁
P1
P2 𝑃3 = 2 15 = 30 𝑘𝑁

෍ 𝑀𝐵
B 15 9
= 𝑀𝐴 − 𝐴𝑋 15 − 𝐴𝑌 9 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃2
2 2
P3 1
+ 𝑃1 9 =0
3

෍ 𝑀𝐵
Ax
15 9
MA = 387 − 30 15 − 31.5 9 + 30 + 18
2 2
Ay
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+ 13.5 9 =0 57
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 Exercise No.1:
1. Solve the following problems indicated in the next slide
2. Write your solutions in long size bond paper
3. Encoded, scanned, photocopied solution is not accepted
4. Write your name, course and section in all pages
5. Observe honesty
6. Dishonest academic practices will not be tolerated, such as but not limited to:
a) collusion (conspiracy in order to cheat)
b) fabrication of data, and
c) ghost writing (answering for someone)

7. Submit your paper not later than May 7, 2021 at CTI-USM. Only 1 student is allowed to bring all
your submissions.
8. Late submissions will be penalized by 50% of the total score
9. Prepare for a graded recitation on May 8, 2021. This will cover only the problems given in this
Exercise No. 1. Anybody can be called to explain his/her solution.

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 Exercise No. 1:
1. Classify each of the structures shown as externally unstable, statically determinate, or statically
indeterminate. Fig.3.1 to 3.4, page 82 of the text book
2. Determine the reactions at the supports for the structures shown in Fig. 3.6, 3.8, 3.10, 3.13, 3.16,
3.22,3.24, 3.28,3.31

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 References
[1] Hibbler, R.C., Structural Analysis, 9th Ed., Prentice Hall
[2] Ibrahim, O. (2016). Review of Basics in Structural Analysis.
ResearchGate.
[3] Kasimali, A., Structural Analysis 4th Ed., Cengage Learning,
2010

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