If u at a college and u find urself undermining your lecturers, transfer to another institution bcoz

u r bound to fail. Respect ur lecturers always. (J. Mavugara)

THE BASICS OF EET

So to begin the distribution of said lecture notes, there is an assumption that there is
knowledge of the basic structure of an Atom.

DEF OF TERMS

ELECTRICITY – is a form of energy that can be carried by wires and is used for heating
lighting, and to provide power for machines. (PIM Def)

ELECTRICITY – Is a fundamental form of energy observable in positive and negative forms

that occurs naturally (lightning) or can be produced (generators). This energy is expressed in
terms of the movement and interaction of electrons.

VOLTAGE – Is known as the force that drives electrical current in an electrical circuit.

CURRENT – Can be defined as the rate of flow of charged electrons. SI Unit Amperes (A)

CHARGE – is defined as the quantity of electric current which flows at a given point in a
circuit when a current of 1A is applied for 1 second. Charge is measured in Coulombs (C) but
is denoted by the letter (Q).

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARGE AND CURRENT

𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
Where I is the current in amps and t is the time in seconds.

EXAMPLE

Q: An electric circuit is switched on for 5 minutes and is said to have accumulated a charge
of 900C. what is the value of current flowing within the cct.

Solution:

Data given

 Charge Q = 900C

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 Time = 5 × 60 sec = 300sec

Q =It

Making I the subject gives 𝐼 = = = 3𝐴

The current I flowing in the cct = 3A

Example

Q: if a current flows for 2 mins find the quantity of electricity transferred.

NB* quantity of electricity is Charge.

Solution

Data given

 I = 5A
 t = 2 ×60sec = 120sec

Q = It = 5 × 120 = 600C

Q = 600C

ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE & POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Potential difference (P.d) – is a change in electrical potential in an electric circuit.

Electro Motive Force (EMF) – is the driving force of electrical current in an electrical circuit &
is provided by a source of energy such as a battery or generator.

NB* Pd & EMF are both measured in Volts (V) but are not the same.

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RESISTANCE & CONDUCTANCE

RESISTANCE – Is defined as the ratio of the potential of an electric current applied to a given
conductor to the current intensity’s value (𝑅 = ).

The unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω).

OHM’s LAW

This fundamental law states that the voltage across a resistance is directly proportional to
the current through it. The constant of this proportionality is the resistance itself.

𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 =
𝑅 𝐼

Example

Q: if a circuit is supplied by a 20V EMF source and draws a current of 4A, what is the
resistance offered by the circuit?

Solution

Data given

 V = 20v
 I = 4A

𝑉 20
𝑅= = = 5Ω
𝐼 4

CONDUCTANCE – Is defined as the ability of a material carry the flow of current.

Conductance denoted by the letter (G) is the inverse of Resistance and is measured in
Siemens (S).

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If u at a college and u find urself undermining your lecturers, transfer to another institution bcoz
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Example

Q: Find the conductance of a conductor of resistance (a) 10Ω, (b) 5kΩ, (c) 100mΩ

a) 𝐺 = = = 0,1𝑆

b) 𝐺 = = = 0,2𝑚𝑆

c) 𝐺 = = = 10𝑆
,

POWER & ELECTRICAL ENERGY

POWER - is a measurable quantity that is the time rate of increase or decrease in Energy.
Power is measured in Watts.

𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑅 =
𝑅
ENERGY – In electrical systems is generally a reference to electrical energy measured in Kilo-
Watt Hours (KWH).

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑡 where P is the power in Watts and t the time in hours.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡

Examples

Q: A source of EMF of 5V supplies a current of 3A for 10mins. How much energy is provided
in this time.

Solution

Data Given

 𝐼 = 3𝐴
 𝑉 = 5𝑣
 𝑡= ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 0,166666666ℎ𝑟𝑠

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𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 3 × 5 = 15𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑡 = 15 × 0.188888888 = 2,5𝑤ℎ

Q: Determine the power dissipated by the element of electric fire of resistance 20Ω when a
current of 10A flows through it. If the fire is on for 6hrs determine the energy used and the
cost if 1 unit of electricity costs 13cents.

1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑤ℎ

Solution

Data Given

 𝑅 = 20Ω
 𝐼 = 10𝐴
 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) = 6ℎ𝑟𝑠
 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 13𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = $0,13

𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 10 × 20 = 2000𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 2𝑘𝑤

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 6ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 𝑃𝑡 = 2𝑘𝑤 × 6ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 12𝑘𝑤ℎ

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 12 × 0,13 = $1,56

RESISTANCE VARIATION

Resistance of an electrical conductor depends on 4 factors these being

a) Length of the conductor

b) Cross-sectional area of the conductor
c) The type of material
d) The temperature of the material.

Resistance R is proportional to the length l of a conductor: 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙

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Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area (a) of a conductor i.e 𝑅 ∝

Inserting Resistivity into the relationship taking into account the type of material used gives
the equation

𝑅= ohms

Ρ being the Resistivity of the material, l is the length in meters a is the cross-sectional area in
𝑚

Def: RESISTIVITY – Is defined as the ability of a material to offer resistance of electrical

current and it varies by the type of material used. It is denoted by the Greek letter rho (ρ).
Resistivity is measured by in Ohmic-Meters

Examples

Q: A cable consists of two conductors which for the purposes of a test are connected
together at one end of the cable. The combined loop resistance measured from the other
end is found to be 100Ω when the cable is 700m long. Calculate the resistance of the 8km
length of similar cable.

Solution

Data Given

 𝑙 = 700𝑚
 𝑙 = 8𝑘𝑚 = 8000𝑚
 𝑅 = 100Ω
 𝑅 =?

Since 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙

Then =

Making 𝑅 the subject gives the following equation

𝑙 𝑅 100 × 8000
𝑅 = = = 1143 Ω
𝑙 700

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If u at a college and u find urself undermining your lecturers, transfer to another institution bcoz
u r bound to fail. Respect ur lecturers always. (J. Mavugara)

Q: A coil is wound from a 10m length of copper wire having a cross-sectional area of
10𝑚𝑚 calculate the resistance of the coil. Copper resistivity = 1,59 × 10 ohmic-meters

Solution

Data Given

 𝑙 = 10𝑚
 𝑎 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 1 × 10 𝑚
 𝜌 = 1,59 × 10

𝜌𝑙 1,59 × 10 × 10
𝑅= = = 0,159 Ω
𝑎 1 × 10
𝑅 = 0,159 Ω

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

it can be defined as the change in electrical resistance of a material per unit change in
temperature. The coefficient differs by the type of material used it is denoted by the Greek
letter alpha (α).

So if say a copper wire of resistance 1 Ω is heated through 1ᵒC and its resistance is then
measured as 1,0043Ω, then 𝛼 = 0,0043Ω/ᵒ𝐶. If a Temp coefficient of resistance of the
material is negative it indicates that its resistance falls with increase in Temp.

The resistance of a material in an environment of varying Temp can be determined by the

Formulae

𝑅 = 𝑅 ( 1 + 𝛼 𝛳)

𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 0ᵒ𝐶

𝑅 resistance at temp ϴᵒC

𝛼 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 0ᵒ𝐶

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If u at a college and u find urself undermining your lecturers, transfer to another institution bcoz
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𝛳 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ᵒ𝐶

EXAMPLES

Q: A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 200Ω when its mean Temp is 0 ᵒC calculate the
resistance of the coil when its mean temp is 80 ᵒC. Temp coefficient of copper is 0,00428Ω/
Ωᵒ𝐶

Solution:

Data Given

 𝑅 = 200 Ω
 𝛼 = 0,00428Ω/ᵒ𝐶
 𝛳 = 80 ᵒ𝐶
 𝑅 =?

𝑅 = 𝑅 ( 1 + 𝛼 𝛳)

𝑅 = 200[1 + (0,00428 × 80)] = 200 × 1,344 = 268,8Ω

𝑅 = 268,8Ω

Q: When a potential difference of 10v is applied to a coil of copper wire of mean Temp 20 ᵒC
a current of 1A flows in the coil, after some time the current falls to 0,95A yet the supply
voltage remains unaltered. Determine the mean Temp of the coil given that the Temp
coefficient of R of copper is 0,00428 Ω/ᵒC at 0 ᵒC

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If u at a college and u find urself undermining your lecturers, transfer to another institution bcoz
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Solution:

Data Given

 𝑉 = 10𝑣
 𝐼 = 1𝐴
 𝐼 = 0,95𝐴
 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝1 = 𝛳 = 20ᵒ𝐶
 𝛼 = 0,00428Ω/ᵒ𝐶

𝑉 10
𝑅 = = = 10Ω
𝐼 1

𝑉 10
𝑅 = = = 10,53Ω
𝐼 0,95

𝑅 = 𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 )

𝑅 = 𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 )

𝑅 𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 ) (1+𝛼 𝛳 )
= =
𝑅 𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 ) (1+𝛼 𝛳 )

𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 )
=
𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 )

Making 𝛳 the subject of formulae gives the equation

𝑅 (1+𝛼 𝛳 )
𝛳 = [( − 1) ÷ 𝛼 ]
𝑅

𝛳 = 33,4ᵒ𝐶

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