Chapter 3 Review

Vocabulary Section 3.2

Match each word to the sentence where it best
specific heat heat
fits.
joule hydrogen bonding
Section 3.1 calorie calorimetry
thermal equilibrium first law
kinetic energy thermometer
second law conductor
Brownian motion thermistor
system insulator
Fahrenheit absolute zero
random Kelvin 11. ______________ is a measure of the thermal
temperature Celsius energy of a substance.
12. A group of interacting objects and effects that are
1. The erratic movement of a small particle in water selected for investigation is called a/an
due to constant collisions of molecules is called ______________.
______________.
13. The ______________ of thermodynamics states
2. ______________ is a measure of the average that thermal energy moves from higher
thermal energy of atoms or molecules. temperature to lower temperature.
14. The law of conservation of energy is also called
3. The ______________ temperature scale, used in
the ______________ of thermodynamics.
the United States, has a boiling temperature of
water at 212. 15. The units of ______________ and
______________ are used to measure heat energy.
4. The energy of motion is referred to as _________. The unit of the ______________ is larger than the
unit of the ______________.
5. A device used to measure temperature is called
a/an ______________. 16. ______________ is an attractive force between
water molecules that is responsible for the
6. The theoretical temperature where all motion unusually high specific heat of water.
stops is called ______________.
17. When the temperature of two systems is the same
7. The SI derived unit of temperature is called the and heat no longer flows between them, they are in
______________. When using this unit, water ______________.
freezes at zero degrees. 18. A material that easily permits the flow of heat
across it is called a/an ______________.
8. Motion that is scattered equally in all directions is
called ______________ motion. 19. The amount of heat needed to raise one g of a
substance by one degree is called the
9. A/An ______________ is a temperature sensor _____________.
that detects changes in electrical properties as the
temperature changes. 20. A useful method for measuring the heat of a
solution is ______________.
10. The temperature scale that starts at absolute zero is 21. A material that does not permit the flow of heat
called the ______________ temperature scale. across it is called a/an ______________.

98 A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

 Section 3.3 Conceptual Questions

gas heat of fusion Section 3.1

solid melting point 34. Explain why Brownian motion provides evidence
liquid boiling point that molecules are in constant random motion.
triple point ideal gas law 35. Describe the differences between the Fahrenheit
vaporization phase change and the Celsius temperature scales.
evaporation dew point 36. What units do we use to measure temperature?

22. In the ______________ phase of matter, the atoms 37. How is the kinetic energy of a system related to its
or molecules are able to move and change temperature?
positions, but are still touching each other. 38. Describe how the random motion of atoms and
23. The process of ______________ requires a great molecules is related to temperature.
deal of energy, because it breaks the bonds that Section 3.2
hold molecules together in their liquid phase and
separates them. 39. To calculate the heat absorbed by an object, what
information is needed besides its specific heat?
24. In the____________ phase of matter, the atoms or
molecules are not able to move or change 40. Objects tend to exchange heat until “thermal
positions. equilibrium” is reached. What does this mean?
Explain your reasoning.
25. The amount of heat required to melt one mole of
ice is called the ______________. 41. Does the specific heat change when you have a
greater mass of a substance, for example, 10.0 g
26. Liquids kept in an uncovered container slowly
versus 100.0 g? Explain.
lose volume over time through the process of
______________. 42. Copper has a specific heat of 0.34 J/(g·°C). What
does this tell you about the structure of copper?
27. A substance undergoes a/an ______________
(Explain what the unit of specific heat means.)
when its molecules are rearranged without
changing the individual molecules. 43. Adding heat to a substance can cause its
temperature to increase. Explain why.
28. The temperature at which a substance changes
from a solid to a liquid is called the __________. 44. The specific heat of water is much higher than that
of other substances. What does this mean?
29. The _________ allows us to calculate any variable
that affects a gas under normal conditions. 45. You have 20.0 g samples of two metals, one with a
high specific heat and one with a low specific
30. The temperature at which a substance changes
heat. Upon heating them with the same amount of
from a liquid to a gas is called the ___________.
heat, which one will have the greatest change in
31. The ______________ phase of matter has no temperature? Explain.
definite volume.
46. Suppose you have a flat, hot bar of iron that
32. The ______________ is the temperature at which weighs 25.0 g at 90°C, and you place a 10.0 g bar
the partial pressure of water vapor in a sample of of copper at 25°C on top of it. What will happen at
air equals its saturation vapor pressure. the molecular level?
33. The ______________ is the unique value of 47. Tropical islands often have what is referred to as
pressure and temperature at which the solid, temperate climates, which means the daily
liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium. temperature is generally the same. It does not get

A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY 99

Chapter 3 Review

really hot or really cold. Since islands are Quantitative Problems

surrounded by water, explain why the temperature
remains relatively constant. Section 3.4
Section 3.3 58. The normal temperature for a human body is about
98.6oF. Calculate this temperature in Celsius.
48. Make a sketch of the heating curve for water.
Label your axes appropriately, and label the solid, 59. Ethylene glycol is a liquid organic compound,
liquid, and gas phases. known as antifreeze. It freezes at –12°C. Calculate
the freezing temperature on the Fahrenheit scale.
49. Why are there flat places on your sketch for the
heating curve of water? 60. Paper catches on fire at about 451oF. What is this
temperature on the Celsius scale?
50. Explain why the heat of fusion is always less than
the heat of vaporization for any substance. 61. Liquid nitrogen is used as a commercial
refrigerant to flash freeze foods. It boils at –
51. Explain why your skin feels cool when you sweat. 196°C. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit?
52. Some substances are liquids at room temperature. 62. Convert –20°C to Kelvin.
What does this tell you about the substances’
melting points? 63. Convert 273 K to degrees Fahrenheit.

53. Two identical glasses full of water are left in two Section 3.5
different rooms. One room is maintained at a
64. How many joules (J) are needed to increase the
temperature of 10°C and the other at 50°C. What
temperature of 15.0 g of lead from 20°C to 40°C?
would you find when you come back a week later?
[Use CP of Pb = 0.128 J/(g·°C).]
54. What phase
65. An unknown metal substance absorbs 387 J of
transition does the
energy. If that substance weighs 50.0 g and
red arrow represent
changes temperature from 30°C to 50°C, what is
in the phase
the metal? (Refer to your table of specific heats.)
equilibrium diagram
shown here? 66. A 5.0 g piece of gold (Au) changes temperature
from 22 °C to 80 °C. How much heat does the
gold absorb? [Use CP of Au = 0.129 J/(g·°C).]
55. Describe the process of evaporation using simple 67. A 6.22 kg piece of copper metal is heated from
words. 21.5 oC to 310 oC. Calculate the heat absorbed in
kilojoules by the metal.
56. Water is the substance with the highest values of
[Use CP of Cu = 0.34 J(g·°C).]
heat of fusion (335 J/g) and heat of vaporization
(2,256 J/g). Describe the possible role that these 68. If 856 J of heat was absorbed by a block of iron
large values have for life on Earth. that weighs 55.0 g, calculate the change in
temperature of the block of iron. [Use CP of Fe =
57. Suppose the air is at a relative humidity of 100%,
0.44 J/(g·oC).]
and then the temperature goes down.
a. Does the partial pressure of water vapor 69. An 80.0 g mass of a metal was heated to 100°C
change? Why or why not? and then plunged into 100 g of water at 24°C. The
temperature of the resulting mixture was 30oC.
b. If the partial pressure changes, what happens [Use 4.18 J/(g·°C) for the specific heat of water]
to the lost water vapor?
a. How many joules of heat did the water absorb?
c. What is the relative humidity at the new
b. How many joules of heat did the metal lose?
temperature?
c. What is the specific heat of the metal?

100 A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY

 70. One beaker contains 145 g of water at 22°C and a liquid to vapor at that temperature? The boiling
second beaker contains 76.5 g of water at 96°C. point of ethanol is 78.3°C. [The specific heat
What is the final temperature of the water after the capacity of liquid ethanol is 2.44 J/(g·°C) and the
beakers are mixed? heat of vaporization for ethanol is 855 J/g.]
71. A 12.6 g piece of zinc was heated to 99.5°C in 78. The nitrogen gas in an automobile air bag has a
boiling water. It was then added to a beaker volume of 65 L and exerts a pressure of 820 mm
containing 50.0 g of water at 23 °C. When the Hg at 24°C. How many moles of N2 gas are in the
water and the metal come to thermal equilibrium, air bag? [R = 0.0821 (L·atm)/(mole·K).]
the temperature is 25.8°C. What is the specific 79. A balloon holds 35.0 g of helium. What is the
heat of zinc? volume of the balloon if the pressure is 1.20 atm
72. A student mixed 100.0 mL of 0.500 M HCl with and the temperature is 25°C?
100.0 mL of 0.500 M NaOH in a coffee cup
calorimeter. Both solutions were initially at 23°C.
After mixing the final temperature of the solution
was 25.76°C. Calculate the heat change for the
neutralization reaction in kilojoules per mole of
NaOH. Use the following reaction:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Assume that the densities and the specific heats of
the solutions are the same as for water [density =
1.0 g/mL and Cp = 4.18 J/(g·°C)].
73. Adding 6.43 g of NH4NO3(s) to 150.0 g of water
in a coffee cup calorimeter resulted in a decrease
in temperature from 22.0°C to 19.8°C. Calculate
the heat change for dissolving NH4NO3(s) in
water in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mole). Assume
Use the phase equilibrium diagram above to solve
the solution has the same specific heat as water. problems 80–83.
Section 3.6 80. What is the partial pressure of water vapor in
saturated air at 15°C?
74. What quantity of heat is released (evolved) when
1.5 L of water at 0°C solidifies to ice at 0°C? 81. The water vapor in a sample of air has a partial
pressure of 4,400 Pa. At what temperature is this
75. The heat energy required to melt 1.0 g of ice at
air saturated (what is its dew point)?
0°C is 335 J. If one ice cube has a mass of 58.0 g,
and you have 12 ice cubes, what quantity of 82. Some warm air has a temperature of 30°C and a
energy is required to melt all of the ice cubes to water vapor partial pressure of 2,000 Pa. This air
form liquid water at 0°C? is cooled to 10°C as night falls. Will some liquid
condense or not? Explain how you get your
76. What quantity of heat is required to vaporize 110 g
answer.
of benzene (C6H6) at its boiling point? Benzene’s
boiling point is 80.1°C and its heat of vaporization 83. Desert air at 35°C has a partial pressure of water
is 30.8 kJ/mole. vapor of 1,200 Pa. What is the relative humidity?
77. What quantity of heat energy, in joules, is required 84. Which has more water vapor?
to raise the temperature of 1.50 kg of ethanol from a. saturated air (100% relative humidity) at 15°C
22.0°C to its boiling point, and then to change the b. air at 28°C with a relative humidity of 50%.

A NATURAL APPROACH TO CHEMISTRY 101