Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits

Lecture 2

Two-Port Models, Frequency Response

Michael H. Perrott
January 25, 2011

Copyright © 2012 by Michael H. Perrott

All rights reserved.

M.H. Perrott
 Review: Basics of One-Port Modeling

Linear Network
Thevenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent
Zth

Vth Ith Zth

 Vth computed as open circuit voltage at port nodes

 Ith computed as short circuit current across port
nodes
 Zth computed as Vth/Ith
- All independent voltage and current sources are set to
zero value

M.H. Perrott 2
 Basics of Two-Port Modeling (Unilateral)

Linear Network  We now include a

Zs dependent current or
Vin
voltage source
ZL
 Zin
- Solve using 1-Port
No Independent analysis at input
Sources
 Zout
- Solve using 1-Port
analysis at output
Zs
with V1 = 0
Vin V1 Zin GmV1 Zout ZL  GM
- Short circuit output
current as a function
OR of V1
Zs Zout  Av
Vin V1 Zin AvV1 ZL
- Open circuit output
voltage as a function
of V1

M.H. Perrott 3
 Analysis of Cascaded Blocks
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Linear Network Linear Network Linear Network

Vin Va Vb Vc ZL

No Independent No Independent No Independent

Sources Sources Sources

Vin Zin GmVin Zout Va Zin GmVa Zout Vb Zin GmVb Zout Vc ZL

Zout,effective

Vth,effective Vb Zin,effective

Analysis carried out without solving simultaneous equations!

M.H. Perrott 4
 Problem: Most Circuits are Very Nonlinear!
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3

NonLinear NonLinear NonLinear

Vin Va Vb Vc ZL
Network Network Network

No Independent No Independent No Independent

Sources Sources Sources

 Thevenin/Norton modeling only applies to linear

networks
 Direct analysis of nonlinear networks is challenging

Can we still leverage two-port modeling?

M.H. Perrott 5
 Small Signal Modeling Allows Us to Linearize
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3

NonLinear NonLinear NonLinear

Vin Va Vb Vc ZL
Network Network Network

No Independent No Independent No Independent

Sources Sources Sources

Linearization
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Linear Network Linear Network Linear Network

Vin Va Vb Vc ZL

No Independent No Independent No Independent

Sources Sources Sources

Small signal model is only valid about a specific operating point

M.H. Perrott 6
 Small Versus Large Signal Modeling
NonLinear Gain Block

Vout

Vin Vout ZL

Vin

 Sketch Vout versus Vin as the amplitude of Vin is increased

M.H. Perrott 7
 Impact of Operating Point on Small Signal Modeling
NonLinear Gain Block

Vout

Vout_dc
Vin Vout ZL

Vin
Vin_dc

 Sketch Vout versus Vin as the DC operating point is changed

M.H. Perrott 8
 Achieving a Small Signal Model
NonLinear Gain Block

Vout

Vout_dc
Vin Vout ZL

Vin
Vin_dc

 Create a two port model of the above block

M.H. Perrott 9
 Including Impedances in Two-Port Models

Zs Zout

Vin V1 Zin A v V1 ZL Vout

 Compute Vout as a function of Vin

M.H. Perrott 10
 Example of Two-Port Derivation
Device Small Signal Model
RG g d

vin rin vgs gmvgs -gmbvs ro RD vout

vs RS

g d
RG

Vin V1 Zin GmV1 Zout RD vout

 Compute Zin, Zout, and Gm

- Assume r in = infinity, gmb = 0
M.H. Perrott 11
 Frequency Domain Modeling of Impedances

 Determine Laplace Transform of Impedances Below:

L R C

R
Zin C C R Zout

M.H. Perrott 12
 Example: Transfer Function of Two-Port Circuit
Rsrc g d

Vin V1 Cin GmV1 ro Cload vout

 Derive the transfer function Vout(s)/Vin(s)

 Label the poles and zeros of the transfer function

M.H. Perrott 13
 Frequency Response

 Frequency response is readily derived from a transfer

function:
- For w (rad/s), you substitute s = jw
- For f (Hz), you substitute s = j2f
- Note that j = sqrt(-1)
 Example, for the transfer function on the previous
page, the frequency response (in f (Hz)) is:

M.H. Perrott 14
 Bode Plot Basics

 The magnitude and phase of the frequency response

is often depicted in the form of a Bode plot
 Example:

- Log of magnitude (dB):

 Taking the log allows the poles and zeros to be plotted

separately and then added together
- Phase:

 Phase of poles and zeros can also be plotted separately

and then added together

M.H. Perrott 15
 Plotting the Magnitude of Poles

 Plot the magnitude response of pole wp1

- For w << w p1:

- For w >> w p1:

20log|H(ω)|

0 dB ω
ωp1
-20 dB/decade

M.H. Perrott 16
 Plotting the Magnitude of Zeros

 Plot the magnitude response of pole wz

- For w << w :
z

- For w >> w :
z

20log|H(ω)|

20 dB/decade

0 dB ω
ωz
M.H. Perrott 17
 Putting It All Together

 Example Frequency Response:

Vout (w) 1 + jw/wz
H(w) = =
Vin (w) (1 + jw/wp1 )(1 + jw/wp2 )
- Assume w z << wp1 << wp2

20log|H(ω)| 0 dB/dec

20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec

0 dB ω
ωz ωp1 ωp2

 What happens if wp1 << wz << wp2 ?

M.H. Perrott 18
 Changing the Order of Poles and Zeros

 Example Frequency Response:

Vout (w) 1 + jw/wz
H(w) = =
Vin (w) (1 + jw/wp1 )(1 + jw/wp2 )
- Assume w p1 << wz << wp2
20log|H(ω)|

0 dB
-20 dB/dec

0 dB/dec

-20 dB/dec

ω
ωp1 ωz ωp2
M.H. Perrott 19
 Changing the DC Gain from 1 to K

 Example Frequency Response:

Vout (w) 1 + jw/wz
H(w) = =K
Vin (w) (1 + jw/wp1 )(1 + jw/wp2 )
- Assume w p1 << wz << wp2
20log|H(ω)|

20log(K) dB
-20 dB/dec

0 dB/dec

-20 dB/dec

ω
ωp1 ωz ωp2
M.H. Perrott 20