A

Report On

"INDUSTRIAL TRAINING"

(22409)

(Internship)

Submitted to
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

Government Polytechnic, Arvi

- Submitted by -
Divya sham missal

(190132032)
Fifth Semester Diploma In
Civil Engineering Programme

(I Scheme Curriculum)
Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
 Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education

Certificate of Completion
Of Industrial Training

(By respective Head of the Institute & Head of the Department)

This is to certify that DIVYA SHAM MISAL with Enrolment

No.1901320033 has successfully completed Industrial Training
(22049) in K.P. Builders Engineers, KARANJA from 03/0682021 to
06/09/2021 for partial fulfilment towards completion of Diploma in
Civil Engineering from Government Polytechnic, Arvi
Institute Code – 0132
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the

opportunity to prepare this training. I would like to thank the contractor
for hiskind suggestion, inspiration, and guidance during preparation of
this training.I express my deep sense of gratitude towards Prof. A.D.
Jakate, lecturer,Civil Engineering Department for providing me all
facilities.Last but not list, acknowledgement would be incomplete
without renderingany impartial gratitude to all those people who have
help me directly or indirectlyin the preparing of this report.
 ABSTRACT

The project report is based on the industrial training programme based on

construction of the Residential building and other sites which are came
under the Public Works Department. This training was very useful and all content
in this report is on the behalf of field visits and observation on the sites.
This report contains information about Judgeresidential quarter building, the work
done their, under my observation during training. This project report has pictures
of the site and plan of the building which is confidential, but I added that, and this
is not copied and supplied to anywhere and this content is only for report writing.
The necessary information is carried from the websites on google and some
information from the books. Other information provided in this report is my
observation. I made daily diary on the basis of my observation and I added the
diary in this report.
 Chapter
1Organizational structure of
industry
 Organizational structure of industry

1 Rajesh Laycha Owner

2 Dhyandeep Vijaykar Contractor
3 Rajaram Maheshwar Contractor
4 Nilesh Gandre Supervisor
5 Harshal Wagh Engineer
 Chapter
2Introduction
ofindustry
 Introduction of industry
 Nameof industry : R.J. LaychaCo.
 Location : Gandhi Square, Arvi.
 History of company:
Year 1996, when R.J.Laycha Co. was started by Mr. Rajesh Laycha. Primarily the
company was working only on residential buildings. The first project of company was a
residential building owned by Mr. Dilip Gandhi at Padmawati square, Arvi. After that company
has been working on different projects for large number of reputed clients in public and private
sector.

Various factory buildings had been constructed by him such as Shree Ganesh natural
fibers industry of ginning and pressing in which an office was constructed of 800 sq. feet,
ginning and pressing house was constructed of 6000sq feet and cotton platform (open shed) was
constructed of 21025sq feet. Another huge construction was Shri Nath Cotton industry at
Wardhmaneri. Large scale government projects are also conducted under R.J. Laycha Company.
One of them is Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR) capacity of 30 thousand liters.

 TurnoverofFirm : 25 lakhs.
 No.ofemployees :3.
 Production : Residential buildings andindustries.
 Additionalbusiness :No.
 Industry : The current project is going on under R.J. company isa
2BHK Residentialbuilding.
 Year of establishment :1996.
 Promoter : Mr. RajeshLaycha.
 Locationofsite : Radha Krishna nagar, Jajuwadi,Arvi.
 Ownerofsite : 1.Dr. Devendra Rathi.
2.Dr. Pankaj Jain.
3.Mr. HemantJain.
  Chapter3
Types of major equipment/machines used in industry
with their specifications, approximate cost and specific
use
 Types of major equipment/machines used in industry with their specifications,
approximate cost and specific use

1. Concretemixer:
A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines cement,aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.
A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume
works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the
construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

2. Road roller:
A road roller is a compactor type engineering vehicle, which is used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. Also, road rollers are used in
landfills and agriculture. The rolling process ensures that foundations are compacted thoroughly
so the materials are compact, and do not come loose. Rollers are equipped with basic features
such as diesel engine, canopy to protect the driver, drum(s), which can be a vibratory smooth
drum or a static smooth drum, tires, a compaction meter to measure the level of compaction and
a water system. Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled or
use mechanical advantage(vibrating).
3. Vibrator:
Immersion or Needle Vibrators are most commonly used vibrator
for concrete. It consists of a steel tube (with one end closed and
rounded) having an eccentric vibrating element inside it. This steel
tube called poker is connected to an electric motor or a diesel engine
through a flexible tube. They are available in size varying from 40 to
100 mm diameter. The diameter of the poker is decided from the
consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form-
work.

4. Tractor:

A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or
torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in
agriculture or constructionA tractor is a versatile earth moving equipment that finds many uses at
a construction site. While its primary purpose is to pull or push loads, it is also used as a mount
for many types of accessories, such as front-end shovels, bulldozers and others. You will never
see any sort of construction projects to go on without involving a tractor. With an augur, you can
drill holes in the fastest way compared to any other method that is known. Doesn’t matter for
what sort of purpose you will be using a tractor. It can be for a pole barn or some other purpose
that you need to accomplish. You will just need a backhoe for your construction work. And then
you are completely ready to dig out foundations, electric lines, water lines and another thing that
is related to this field such as moving sands and gravels.

5. JCBloader:

A backhoe loader, also called a loader backhoe, digger in layman's terms, or colloquially
shortened to backhoe within the industry, is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor-
like unit fitted with a loader-style shovel/bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. Backhoe
loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small
demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging
holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads backhoe loader is one of the
most useful multi-purpose machinery and is known for its versatility on any construction site.
The backhoe tractor is designed to move easily over the rough terrain. While the loader is
attached in the front and is designed to do several tasks like picking and carrying large amounts
of loose materials from one place to the other and pushing dirt, backhoe is attached at the back
and is used to dig up hard and compact material, usually earth or to lift heavyloads.
6. Watertanker:

Water trucks – specialized vehicles equipped with large tanks in the rear fortransporting
water and controlled spray nozzles for distributing it – are a familiar sight in a variety of sectors
such as civil construction, mining, farming and firecontrol.

The advantages they offer by transporting and disbursing both potable and recycled water
can be put to a variety of uses too, and we will discuss them below so you can see how the
addition of a water truck can actually improve operations in your own business
Water tankers can be seen driving up and down sandy construction sites. On the grounds
of an active mining complex, the same truck sprays water on loose soil because clay and dust
have been freed-up by the mine’s excavation activities. So, what’s the role of these vehicles?
Why are they driving freely around worksites? Think about it, wildly out of control due tothe
conditions, these granulated deposits are sitehazards.
7. Earth Compactor:

In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate, the rammer, and
the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base
layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs. The plate compactor, vibrating plate, or
tamper, has a large vibrating baseplate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the rammer
compactor has a smaller foot. The rammer, or trench rammer, is mainly used to compact the
backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have
vibrating rollers.

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of material such

as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by a home or
business to reduce the volume of trash it produces. A baler-wrapper compactor is often used for
making compact and wrapped bales in order to improve logistics
  Chapter4
Manufacturing processes along with production
planning and control methods.
 Manufacturing processes along with production planning and control
methods.
PLANNING:

1. The planning function starts with the finalization of documents about land, whether it is a
non-agriculture (NA) land must bechecked.
2. Requirements of the client are very much important for the further planning. The design of
the project will draw according to the requirements of theclient.
3. Once the requirements of the client are fulfilled, machineries, method of construction,
material and manpower is taken inconsideration.
4. Estimation of material cost, labor cost &contingencies.
5. Approval of drawings & estimates fromClient.
6. Approval of drawings from City Development Authority. It is most important because
residential building drawings should meet the authority definedrules.
7. Marking of plotboundaries.
8. Cleaning ofplot.
9. leveling
10. Preparation of site layout as perdrawing.

After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins.

EARTH WORK
Generally excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation
should be carried out as per the drawings defined lengths & widths. After excavation, layout the
foundation and backfill the remaining excavated area around foundation with soil.

Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than the natural ground level. Fill the area
with soil up to floor levels and compact the soil. Now earth work of residential building is
finished.
CONCRETE WORK IN FOUNDATION
It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are
patches where excavated depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Level the foundation base to
same level. Now pour the concrete as per drawing specs. Generally concrete of ratio 1:4:8 is used
for foundation. Sometimes it is even 1:5:10 or1:6:20.

Here 1:4:8 means:

1 part cement per cubic.
4 parts of sand per cubic.
8 parts of coarse aggregates.
Depth of foundation varies from 9” to 18” and normally for most of the cases it is
considered as 12’’ depth. Keep foundation width equals to its depth.

DAMP PROOF COARSE (D.P.C)

To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid down at
floor level. Thickness of this concrete layer is 0f 1 inch. Material of damp proof coarse layer
consists of concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with a mixture of water proof material 1kg/bag.
MASONRY WORK
Masonry work is carried out with cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement
& sand. Ratio of cement mortar varies from 1:4 to 1:6. Here (1:6) mean, 1 part cement and 6
parts of sand. Dampen about 25 bricks with a hose pipe and clean away all loose dirt from the
top of footing and moisten about a meter of surface at one end of the foundation with the hose
pipe. Throw a mortar line just behind the threaded level line and lay bricks on the mortar bed.
Make sure bricks exactly follow the threaded horizontal levelline.

LINTEL
Masonry work of buildings is carried out in one go till roof. Openings for windows &
doors are left during masonry works. Reinforced cement concrete beams are laid down on the top
of openings. So, those loads of structure above openings not directly come on to the door frames.
ROOFING
Roof slab of building is poured after completion of masonry works. Now a day, roofing is
of reinforced cement concrete slab. Slab thickness & reinforcement details should be according
to approveddrawings.

PLASTERING & POINTING

Form work is removed after 14 days of slab pouring. Now plaster work begins. Mortar
for plaster work is generally of 1:3 or 1:4 is used. Thickness of plaster layer should not be more
than 0.75inch. Cure the surface about 7 days. So that, plaster gain properstrength.

Generally, internal walls of buildings are covered with plastered layer and external walls
with pointing. It is better plastered the external walls rather than pointing.

DOORS & WINDOWS

Traditionally, doors and windows of woods are used. But, steel & aluminum is also not a
bad choice. In case of wooden doors & windows, frames are fixed in walls during masonry work.
Panels are then fixed with hinges after plaster work. Steel and aluminum doors are fixed after
completion of paint work.
SERVICES
Services are very important for every single house. Different types of services are
provided during construction. These are Electricity supply, gas supply, water supply, sanitary
etc. Conduits for electric supply are fixed in walls before plastering. Similarly water supply and
sanitary lines are also laid before pouring of building floor. Note that gas lines are not fixed in
walls or slabs. Gas line remains open inair.

1. Mechanical & ElectricalPreparation

As we know that buildings are constructed with a clean finish in which electrical and
plumbing work is not visible. They are installed in the walls and slabs such that they are
concealed and not visible after the finishing work is done. The point and pipe end left out such
that later they can be finished with the electric fitting and plumbing fixtures. Subcontractors
will begin installing ducts for HVAC, outlet boxes for electricity and pipes for plumbing. The
subcontractors will come back to install other fixtures such as lights and toilets after installing
insulation, drywall andpainting.

2. Installing Insulation

Insulation is important to keep your home feeling comfortable, offer some sound
proofing qualities and save you money on electricity. There are many different types of
insulation that are used in the building construction process. Bats or rolls of fiberglass insulation
are installed between wood studs, blown-in insulation is installed in the attic and spray foam is
used to fill in any gaps between thestuds.

3. Mechanical & ElectricalInstallations

This is where the subcontractors come back to install grilles, registers, lights, fans, light
switches, outlets, showers, toilets and sinks. You will be very involved in this process as you can
choose the types of sink, fan, lights etc. to customize the interior part of the home just the way
you like it.
4. Plumbing and Sanitary.

The plumbing system consists of the entire system of piping, fixtures and appliances used for
water supply and drainage. The plumbing water supply system consists of water supply and
distribution pipes, taps, valves, storage tanks etc., while plumbing drainage system consists of
wash basins, water closets, urinals, traps, soil waste pipes, vent pipes, septic tanks etc. Sanitary
work is about carrying the wastewater to the disposal system through plumbing fixtures.

PRIME & PAINTING:

The residential painting process includes priming with 1 coat of primer and painting with
2 coats of paint. When choosing the color you will also get the opportunity to choose how shiny
the gloss or sheen will be. Choose from gloss (most shiny), semi-gloss, satin, eggshell and matte
(least shiny).

EXTERIOR PAINT:

Now your new building is nearly completed! The contractor will now paint the exteriorof
your new structure (unless it calls for a siding that is pre-finished). Typically 2 coats of primer
will be applied first followed by 2 coats of paint. Choose a high quality paint as it can cover
better than cheap paint, lowering material, time and laborcosts.
  Chapter5
Testing of raw materials, components and finished
products along with quality assurance procedure.
 Testing of raw materials, components and finished products along with
quality assurance procedure.
Tests carried out:
1. Tests for sand: 1. Siltcontent
2. Bulking ofsand
3. Fineness modulus ofsand
2. Test for aggregate: 1. Sieveanalysis
2. Shapetests
3. Test for concrete: 1. Compressive strength testing ofConcrete

4. Test for bricks: Brick moisturecontent

5. Test for soil: Field test ofSoil

1. Test for sand:

1. Silt content:
Sand or fine aggregate is one of the most important construction materials at any
construction site. Its selection should be done very carefully as it contributes to the strength of
various important mixtures like concrete, plasters and mortar. Sand should be tested for the
presence of clay, silt, moisture and other deleterious materials (salts, coal, and mica) that may
affect the strength of a structure and cause avoidable rework.
Good quality construction sand has a particle size measuring about 150 microns to
4.75mm. Particles smaller than this are classified as silt. The presence of excess quantity (> 8%)
of silt in sand reduces the bonding capacity of raw materials and affects the strength and
durability of work.
Apparatus:

1. A measuring cylinder(250ml)
2. Water
3. Sand

Procedure for the Test:

1. Firstly, a 50ml solution of 1% salt and water is prepared in the measuring cylinder. The
addition of salt increases the settlement time ofsilt.
2. The sample of sand to be tested is then added to the cylinder until the level reaches
100ml.
3. 50ml of the solution of salt and water is again added to the measuringcylinder.
4. Close the open end of the measuring cylinder and shake itwell.
 5. After a period of 3-4 hours, you will notice a layer of silt settled
over thesand.
6. Now note down the volume V1 of the silt layer settled over the
sand.
7. Note down the volume V2 of the settledsand.
8. Repeat the procedure a couple more times to get theaverage.

Percentage of Silt Content = (V1/V2) x 100

V1 – Volume ofsiltlayer Measurement jar
V2 – Volume of sand layer
For example, for a given sand sample, if V1 comes out to be 9 and V2 is 130, the % silt
content would be 6.9 %.

The permissible value of silt content in Sand is 8%, hence the sand sample is ok and can be used
for construction purposes

2. Fineness modulus of sand:

Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate) is an index number which represents the mean size of
the particles in sand. It is calculated by performing sieve analysis with standard sieves. The
cumulative percentage retained on each sieve is added and subtracted by 100 gives the value of
fineness modulus.
Fine aggregate means the aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve. To find the fineness
modulus of fine aggregate we need sieve sizes of 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm
and 0.15mm. Fineness modulus of finer aggregate is lower than fineness modulus of coarse
aggregate.

Determination of Fineness Modulus of Sand

To determine the fineness modulus, we need standard sieves, mechanical sieve shaker (optional),
dry oven and digital weight scale.

Sample preparation
Take a sample of fine aggregate in pan and placed it in dry oven at a temperature of 100 – 110oC.
After drying take the sample and note down its weight.

Test Procedure – Fineness Modulus of Sand

Take the sieves and arrange them in descending order withthe
largest sieve on top. If mechanical shaker is using then put the
ordered sieves in position and pour the sample in the topsieve
and then close it with sieve plate. Then switch on the machine and shaking of sieves shouldbe
done at least 5minutes.

If shaking is done by the hands then pour the sample in the top sieve and close it then hold the
top two sieves and shake it inwards and outwards, vertically and horizontally. After sometime
shake the 3rd and 4th sieves and finally lastsieves.

After sieving, record the sample weights retained on each sieve. Then find the cumulative weight
retained. Finally determine the cumulative percentage retained on each sieves. Add the all
cumulative percentage values and divide with 100 then we will get the value of fineness
modulus.

Calculation of Fineness Modulus of Sand

Let us say the dry weight of sample = 1000gm

After sieve analysis the values appeared are tabulated below.

Sieve Weight Cumulative weight Cumulative percentage weight

size retained (g) retained(g) Retained (%)

4.75mm 0 0 0

2.36mm 100 100 10

1.18mm 250 350 35

0.6mm 350 700 70

0.3mm 200 900 90

0.15mm 100 1000 100

Total 275
Therefore, fineness modulus of aggregate = (cumulative % retained) / 100 = (275/100) = 2.75
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.75. It means the average value of aggregate is in
between the 2nd sieve and 3rd sieve. It means the average aggregate size is in between 0.3mm to
0.6mm as shown in below figure.

Values of Fineness Modulus of Sand

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate varies from 2.0 to 3.5mm. Fine aggregate having fineness
modulus more than 3.2 should not considered as fine aggregate. Various values of fineness
modulus for different sands are detailed below.

Type of sand Fineness modulus range

Fine sand 2.2 – 2.6

Medium sand 2.6 – 2.9

Coarse sand 2.9 – 3.2

Fineness modulus limits for various zones of sand according to IS 383-

 3. Test for bulking ofsand

Importance of Determining Percentage Bulking

Unrealistic volume is shown by fine aggregate due to bulking. When concrete proportioning is to
be performed, the sand bulking issues is a concern. If the effect of bulking is not studied
properly, the concrete designed will have an insufficient amount of sand resulting in a harsh mix.
Bulking of sand will affect the yield of concrete for a given cement content

Bulking of fine aggregate or sand is the phenomenon of increase in sand volume due to the
increase of moisture content. Bulking test on fine aggregates has to be performed before using it
in construction.

2. Field Test for Bulking ofSand

Field test determines the necessary adjustment required for buLking of fine aggregates

Apparatus

1. 250ml measuringcylinder
2. Fineaggregate
Procedure

1. Pour the sand into 250 ml measuring cylinder up to the 200 mlmark.
2. Fill the cylinder with water and stir well (sufficient water should be poured tosubmerge
the sand completely and it can be seen that the sand surface is now below its original
level)
3. Take the reading at the sand surface (Yml)
Calculations
Percentage Bulking of Sand = [(200/Y)- 1] x100

Result
Percentage bulking of field sample=
 2. Test on Aggregate:
1. Sievetest:
Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine
aggregates.This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we use
different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and thus
collect different sized particles left over different sieves.
The apparatus used are –
i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm,16mm,
12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and
75µm.
ii) Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the testsample.
The weight of sample available should not be less than the weight givenbelow:-

The sample for sieving should be prepared from the larger sample either by quartering or by
means of a sample divider.

Procedure to determine particle size distribution of Aggregates.

i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC andweighed.
ii) The sample is sieved by using a set of ISSieves.
iii) On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve isweighed.
iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of thetotal
sampleweight.
v) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained oneach
sieve and dividing the sum by100
2. Shape test on aggregate:
The apparatus for the shape tests consists of the following:

1. A standard thicknessgauge
2. A standard length gauge
3. IS sieves of sizes 63, 50 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5,10 and 6.3mm
4. A balance of capacity 5kg, readable and accurate up to 1 gm.

Theory of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index Tests

The Flakiness index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose leastdimension
(thickness) is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. This test is not
applicable to sizes smaller than6.3mm.
The Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length) is greater than nine-fifths (1.8times) their mean dimension. This test is not
applicable for sizes smaller than 6.3mm.

Procedure of Shape Tests on Coarse Aggregates

1. Sieve the sample through the IS sieves (as specified in thetable).

2. Take a minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested and weighthem.
3. To separate the flaky materials, gauge each fraction for thickness on a thicknessgauge.
The width of the slot used should be of the dimensions specified in column (4) of the
table for the appropriate size of thematerial.
4. Weigh the flaky material passing the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 per cent ofthe
testsample.
5. To separate the elongated materials, gauge each fraction for length on a lengthgauge.
The width of the slot used should be of the dimensions specified in column (6) of the
table for the appropriate size of thematerial.
6. Weigh the elongated material retained on the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent
of the testsample.
 Weight of
aggregates in each
Size of aggregates Weight of Weight of fraction retained on
fraction aggregates in length gauge,mm
Thickness Length
consisting each fraction
gauge gauge size,
of at least passing
size, mm mm
200 thickness
Retained
Passing through pieces,g gauge,mm
on IS
IS Sieve, mm
Sieve,Mm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

63 50 W1 23.90 X1 – –

50 40 W2 27.00 X2 81.00 Y1

40 31.5 W3 19.50 X3 58.00 Y2

31.5 25 W4 16.95 X4 – –

25 20 W5 13.50 X5 40.5 Y3

20 16 W6 10.80 X6 32.4 Y4

16 12.5 W7 8.55 X7 25.5 Y5

12.5 10 W8 6.75 X8 20.2 Y6

10 6.3 W9 4.89 X9 14.7 Y7

Total W= X= Y=
Record of Shape Test
Flakiness Index = (X1+ X2+…..) / (W1 + W2 + ….) X 100
Elongation Index = (Y1 + Y2 + …) / (W1 + W2 + ….) X 100

Results:

1. Flakiness Index=
2. Elongation Index=

3. Test for concrete:

Compressive strength test of concrete:

The test is carried out using 150mm concrete cubes on a Universal testing machine or
compressive testing machine.

Apparatus
As per IS: 516-1959 Compressive testing machine
(2000Kn),15cm×15cm×15cm steel cube molds or Cylinder
having Dia 15cm and length 30cm are used.

The test includes following steps:-

Preparing of material for Cube test:

All the material must be brought and stored to an
approximate temperature of 27 ±3 degree Celsius. Cement
must be uniformly mixed with a trowel in order there exist
nolumps.

Mixing of concrete:
Machine mixing: The ingredient must not be rotated for more than 2 minutes and the
following pattern must be followed

1>Calculated water, 2>50% coarse aggregates, 3>fine aggregates, 4>cement, 5>50% coarse
aggregates.

Hand mixing:
The process must be done on the rectangular pan until a homogenous mix is obtained.
Dry mixing of fine aggregates and cement>addition of coarse aggregate with the even
distribution>addition of calculated water in batch till consistency is achieved.
Casting of specimen
The casting molds are chosen to be made of cast iron and must be rubbed with grease on
inner side for easy removal of cubes. The specimen must be cast in 3 layers (5cm each) and
properly compacted in order that honeycombingformation does not take place.

Compaction
In compacting through tamping bar, 35 strokes must be done in all parts of a cube for
proper compacting. This tamping bar has the dimension of diameter 16mm and length of 0.6m.
Age of test
The cube test for Compressive strength can be done on 1,3, 7, 14 and 28 days. In some
cases, the strength of greater ages is required which is performed from 13 to 52 weeks.

Number of specimens
It is mandatory to have at least 3 specimens for testing from different batches. The mean
of compressive strength achieved by this specimen is used to determine actual strength of the
batch.
Procedure for Compressive strength of concrete or Cube test:-
1. Place the prepared concrete mix in the steel cube mould forcasting.
2. Once it sets, after 24 hours remove the concrete cube from themould.
3. Keep the test specimens submerged underwater for stipulatedtime.
4. As mentioned the specimen must be kept in water for 7 or 14 or 28 days and for every 7
days the water ischanged.
5. Ensure that concrete specimen must be well dried before placing it on theUTM.
6. Weight of samples is noted in order to proceed with testing and it must not be less than
8.1Kg.
7. Testing specimens are placed in the space between bearingsurfaces.
8. Caremustbetakentopreventtheexistenceofanyloosematerialor grit on the metal
plates of machine or specimenblock.
9. The concrete cubes are placed on bearing plate and aligned properly with the center of
thrust in the testing machineplates.
10. The loading must be applied axially on specimen without any shock and increased at the
rate of 140kg/sq. cm/min. till the specimencollapse.
11. Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at a point & final
breakdown of the specimen must benoted.
 4. Test for bricks:

Brick moisture content test:

Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks
such as degree of burning, quality and behavior of bricks in weathering
A brick with water absorption of less than 7% provides better resistance to damage by
freezing. The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water
is absorbed by pores in bricks.
Apparatus
A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1% of the mass of the specimen and
ventilated oven

Specimen
Three numbers of whole bricks from samples collected for testing should be taken.

Procedure of Water Absorption Test

1. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 °C to 115°C till itattains
substantially constantmass.
2. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (M1) specimen too warmto
touch shall not be used for thispurpose.
3. Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27+2°C for24
hours.
4. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and weighthe
specimen after it has been removed from water(M2).
 5. Test for soil:

Field test of Soil:

A trial pit (or test pit) is an excavation of ground in order to study or sample the
composition and structure of the subsurface, usually dug during a site investigation, a soilsurvey
or a geological survey. Trial pits are dug before the construction. They are dug to determine the
geology and the water table of thatsite.
Trial pits are usually between 1 and 4 meters deep, and are dug either by hand or using a
mechanical digger. Building and construction regulations clearly state that any trial pits that
concedes deeper than 1.2 meters should be secured against structural collapse, if they are to be
entered by people.
  Chapter6
Major material handling products and material
handling procedure.
 Major material handling products and material handling procedure.
Wire rope Lifts:

A lift or elevator is designed to move people or things between a multi-storey building’s floors.
It also provides us help to carry our heavy goods to our desired storey.
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around
which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and
may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most familiar form is an elevator, the
car of which is raised and lowered by a hoist mechanism. Most hoists couple to their loads using
a lifting hook. Hoists are used on construction sites to vertically transport materials and/or
passengers. They are most commonly powered by diesel engines or electric motors that rotate a
drum around which a wire rope is wound.
Also known as a Man-Lift, Buckhoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or
construction elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction projects,
such as high-rise buildings or major hospitals. There are many other uses for the construction
elevator. Many other industries use the buckhoist for full-time operations, the purpose being to
carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and higher floors, or
between floors in the middle of a structure. There are three types: Utility to move material,
personnel to move personnel, and dual-rated, which can do both.
Crane

Crane is a machine capable of lifting, lowering and moving of heavy materials

with the use of pulleys and cables. Cranes are valuable assets for the construction industry
because they made things easy for any type of construction. These are helpful for construction of
high-rise buildings as well as in areas inaccessible.
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. The device uses one
or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the
normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the
loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials, and
in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavyequipment.
  Chapter7
Safety procedures followed and safety gear used
(includes Preventive maintance schedule and
breakdown maintance procedures)
 Safety procedures followed and safety gear used (includes Preventive
maintance schedule and breakdown maintance procedures)
Safety is one of the most important aspects of modern construction management today.
The maintenance department of every construction company play a large part in making sure its
plant / machines is in good working conditions as well as ensures the safety of its own personnel
by providing safety guidelines for maintaining and operating machines and equipments.
Safety and precautions should therefore be an integral part of the operations of each construction
site. The entire managerial staff of the company is to initiate and contribute to the support
necessary to keep the site operational at all times.

This will enhance the success of the program as well as ensure project activities are completed as
scheduled without delay. Each operation has its own peculiar hazards and a safety program
should be developed to suit the particular hazards.

Following are some fundamental safety measures for avoiding accidents at construction site:

 Wear sturdy work gloves, long sleeves, and full length trousers to protect your hands,
arms, and legs. Indirect contact through clothing can be as serious as direct contact,so
promptly rinse out wet concrete or mortar fromclothing.
 Wear rubber boots when placing and handling concrete for slabs and flatwork,because
you may sometimes have to stand in the wet mix to spread and screed theconcrete.
 Make sure the boots are high enough to prevent concrete from getting insidethem.
 To protect your eyes from cement dust and from splattered mortar or concrete,wear
safety glasses or goggles.
 Since masonry involves heavy lifting, be careful to avoid back strain andinjury—always
bend your knees, keep your back straight, and lift with yourlegs.
 On residential projects, it is more common to use wheelbarrows or buggies to movethe
concrete from the mixer to the forms. You can build ramps and runways over theforms
to keep them from bumping the boards or displacing the reinforcing steel out ofplace.
 The sides of excavation must besupported.
 Proper maintenance of the building area and the working equipment is the primarysafety
practice. This ensures that the building, equipment and the machinery are safe and
efficientlyworking.
 Regular cleaning during the workshifts
 Proper wastedisposal
 Unused materials can beremoved
 Proper inspection of the work area by a competentperson
 The access and exit for the construction site must be safe andclear
 General safety signs must be erected and placed inorder
 There must be safe and neat storage spaces for the materials and theplant
  Maintain a neat and orderly workplaceenvironment
 First aid should be available at all times on site for cuts burns or anymishaps
 Fire extinguishers to be placed on site on proper locations in case of anyfire
 That should be proper lighting arrangements on the site especially when the workis
carried out during the nightstand

Following are important precautions to reduce risks of injury and illness at work.

Understand the risks. Once you know the particular hazards of your job or workplace, you can take
steps to reduce your risk of work-related injury or illness.
1. Use mechanical aids whenever possible. Instead of trying to lift or carry a heavy object, usea
wheelbarrow, conveyor belt, crane orforklift.

2. Protect your back. If you do need to pick up and carry heavy loads, keep the load close toyour
body and lift with your thighmuscles.
3. Stay sober. Alcohol and drugs are a contributing factor in around three per cent ofworkplace
fatalities.

Material Storage
Material on the job site should be stored properly when not in use to prevent injury and wastage
of materials. Ensure proper storage and good housekeeping.
Proper storage can prevent the falls of the materials leading to material damage and accidents.
Weight of the material stored should be within safe loading limits of the building floor.
Keep the passageway always clear for walking of personal and prevent injuries. Always store the
material away from traffic.
Store material at least 6 feet away from the openings in the floor and 10 feet from the edge of the
floor if the wall is not built on edge of floor

First aid
For the construction industry, it's best practice to provide one first aid officer per
25workers.First aid kits and equipment must be placed in an easily accessible area on site.
Manual Material Handling
The personnel should be aware of his weight lifting capacity and if required take the help of
another person if required instead of taking all load himself and use proper lifting techniques.
Always need to wear the safety equipment’s while working on construction site

Mechanical Material Handling

Mechanical material handling also requires same amount of safety as in case of manualmaterial
handling. Equipment Operator needs to take care of the weight lifting capacity of the equipment
like forklifts, cranes and other similar to avoidaccidenT
  Chapter
8Particulars of
practicalExperiences
 Particulars of practical Experiences

I have visited the site for observing actual work at site but due to covid-19 the construction work
was stopped so I was unable to learn anything from the actual site. My project is on two storey
residensial building and at site ground floor construction has been taken place and construction
has been stopped during the construction of first floor. So at site I have observed some formwork
and scaffolding work .

Formwork

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mouldinto which concreteis
poured and formed. Traditionalformwork is fabricatedusing timber, but it can also
be constructedfrom steel,glass fibre reinforced plasticsand other materials.

While formwork is a broad term that is used in relation to the forming process using a wide
variety of materials,shuttering is a term that is often used to refer to the process of
using plywoodto formthe mould.

Types of Formwork.
1. Timberformwork
2. Plywood formwork
3. SteelFormwork
4. AluminumFormwork

At site timber formwork is used.

Timber Formwork should comply with the following requirement:
1. It should be wellSeasoned
2. It should be light inweight
3. Timber should be easily workable with nails withoutsplitting
4. It should free from looseknots.
The timber used for formwork should have smooth and even surface on all the sides, which
comes in direct contact with concrete.

Timber formwork is used in a small quantity of concrete work.

Advantages of Timber Formwork
1. Timber can be cut in any desired sizeeasily.
2. Timber is light in weight so it can be handledeasily.
3. Timber is a good thermal resistance so, it prevents concrete damage in colderregions.
4. Construction method to this type of Formwork is easy to understand, so it doesn’trequire
skilledlabor.

Disadvantages of Timber Formwork

1. Dry timber absorbs water from concrete, which results in the reduction ofconcrete
strength.
2. Timber formwork can be reused only for 5 to 6times
3. Timber with more moisture content (<= 20%), wet concrete will shrink and
leakageCementslurry.
Scaffolding

Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as workmen used it
as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types of scaffolding varies with the type of
construction work. Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It should be stable and strong to
support workmen and other construction material placed on it.

Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:

Following are types of Scaffolding in construction:

1. Singlescaffolding
2. Doublescaffolding
3. Cantileverscaffolding
4. Suspendedscaffolding
5. Trestlescaffolding
6. Steelscaffolding
7. Patentedscaffolding
 At site single and double scaffolding is observed.

1.SingleScaffolding
Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and is also called as brick layer’s
scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of standards,
ledgers, putlogs etc., which is parallel to the wall at a
distance of about 1.2 m. Distance between the standards
is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at
vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are taken out
from the hole left in the wall to one end of the ledgers.
Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
1. DoubleScaffolding
Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also called as mason’s
scaffolding. In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to support putlogs. So, two rows
of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong. The first row is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall
and the other one is 1m away from the first row. Then putlogs are placed which are supported by
the both frames. To make it more strong rakers and cross braces are provided. This is also called
as independent scaffolding.
 Chapter10
Special / challenging experiences encountered during
training
 Special / challenging experiences encountered during
trainingDuring this phase of covid-19 I have faced many challenging experiences while
doing the industrial training Due to covid-19 for performing the training program I wasn't
able to po on
actual site because of safety concerned. And therefore I didn't get that much practical experience.
Due to covid-19 I was having work from home. And to do work from home is also a challenging
experience because the work from home is totally dependable on network, connectivity and
electronic accessories I have. And the network never remains in a same manner or same state
therefore it creates the problem of buffering while watching videos or during adopting any
information.
And the most challenging experience is that I didn't went to site and therefore I didn't
experienced that actual construction works on the site such as plastering, masonry, curing
reinforcement work, plumbing work, cic I didn't know how I will get to this experience because,
this was the main duration or time of the industrial training program to get experiences on site
and etc. So this will be also a very challenging in future that how I will get to rid of it
 Conclusion:
The entire period of industrial training has given me good and important practical
exposure of construction work. Through this training I was able to gain new insights and more
comprehensive understanding about real industrial working condition and practice. At the end of
the industrial training under R.J. laycha construction, I feel better equipped and ready to face the
field problems related to civil engineering works. In these 4 weeks , I have learnt how to deal
with authorities and workers under supervision and I have become familiar with the fact that the
field work is much difficult from therotical knowledge, the practical work is very difficult to
carry-out and understand

However, there are still some weaknesses that can be improved in the future. Therefore I
conclude that the industrial training program has provided many benefits to students even ifthere
are minor flaws that are somewhat disfiguring condition , so that this weakness can be rectified
in the future. I got to learn various topics from the long experience of engineer specially
discipline, ability to take work from their workers i.e leadership and each and every work should
be ontime

From what I have undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training program has
achieved its entire primary objectives. It also the best way to prepare students to face the real life
working life. As a result of the program now I am more confident to build my future career

REFERENCES
Observation on the site..
www.Wikipidea.com
IS 456: 2000
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)