Example one
Given:
– Load, P = 40 kN
– Pressure, q = 552 kPa
– E = 110Mpa
– Poisons ratio [v] = 0.5
Find:
– σz , σr , σt and w @z= 152 mm & r= 152 mm
– First, we need to calculate the radius:
P 40 40000
q a
A 2
a * 0.552
152 mm
23-May-12 2:40 PM 150
Example ….cont’d
z/a = 1 & r/a = 1
Hence, from the fig 5.2
z
x100 33
q
552
z
x33 182 kPa
100
23-May-12 2:40 PM 151
Example …….Cont’d
From the fig. 5.3 and 5.4,
From the fig.5.6, F= 0.8 and the deflection can be computed by the
following equation:-
Also determine the strains due to loading 152
23-May-12 2:40 PM
Example……Cont’d
Strains due to loading can be calculated directly by
substituting stress values in strain equations.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 153
Example two
E=25000
154
23-May-12 2:40 PM
Example two….Cont’d
Vertical deflection due to circular loading (Foster and Ahlvin, 1954)
23-May-12 2:40 PM 155
Example three
156
23-May-12 2:40 PM
Exercise
The following figure shows a homogeneous half-space
subjected to two circular loads, each 10 inches in diameter
and center to center spacing of 20 inches. The pressure on
the circular area is 50psi. The half-space has elastic modulus
of 10,000psi and poisons ratio of 0.5. Determine the
stresses, strains and deflection at point A
23-May-12 2:40 PM 8
Multi-Layer Systems
(Burmister 1958)
Assumptions:-
1. Each layer is homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic
material with an elastic modulus of E and a Poisson
ratio v
2. Material is weightless and infinite in lateral direction
3. Each layer has a finite thickness h, except that the
lowest layer is infinite in thickness
4. A uniform pressure q is applied on the surface over a
circular area of radius a
5. Satisfying continuity conditions (same vertical stress,
shear stress, vertical displacement, and radial
displacement at the layer interfaces)
23-May-12 2:40 PM 9
Cont’d
2. Two-Layer Systems
Exists when full-depth asphalt pavement
construction in which a thick layer of hot-mix
asphalt is placed directly on the sub-grade.
The stresses in a two-layer system depends on the
modulus ratio E1/E2, and the thickness-radius ratio
h1/a
23-May-12 2:40 PM 10
Cont’d
Distribution of vertical stresses under the centre of
a circular loaded area when the thickness h1 of
layer 1 is equal to the radius of contact area, or
h1 /a = 1 and a Poisson ratio of 0.5 for all layers.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 11
Cont’d
The figure shows the effect of pavement thickness
and modulus ratio on the vertical stress, σc, at the
pavement sub-grade interface.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 12
Cont’d
Surface and interface deflections have been used as
criteria of pavement design.
The surface deflection, w0, under a uniformly
circular loaded area is given in terms of the
deflection factor F2 as
qa
Deflection under a flexible Plate 1.5 F 2
E 2
qa
Deflection under a rigid Plate 1.18 F 2
E
2
23-May-12 2:40 PM 13
Cont’d
The F2 value can be obtained from the following
figure:-
23-May-12 2:40 PM 14
Cont’d
The interface deflection, W, between the two layers
is expressed in terms of the deflection factor F as:-
The deflection factor, F, is different from F2 and
provided in the following figure as a function of E1/E2,
h1/a and r/a
23-May-12 2:40 PM 15
Cont’d
For modulus ratio equals 10 and 25
23-May-12 2:40 PM 16
Cont’d
For modulus ratio equals 50 and 100
23-May-12 2:40 PM 17
Cont’d
Critical tensile strain:- The tensile strains at the
bottom of the asphalt layer have been used as a
design criterion to prevent fatigue cracking.
The critical tensile strain, e, at the bottom of the
first layer for a two-layer system can be determined
by :-
Where, Fe, is the strain factor that can be obtained from the
figure below as a function of E1/E2, h1/a .
23-May-12 2:40 PM 18
Cont’d
Strain factor for single wheel
The critical tensile strain under dual wheels or dual-tandem wheels
is obtained from the same equation, but the strain factor needs to be
168
corrected!! 23-May-12 2:40 PM
Reading assignment [dual wheel & tandem]
23-May-12 2:40 PM 169
Example on Vertical Stress
Determine the pavement thickness h1
23-May-12 2:40 PM 170
Example on surface deflections
171
23-May-12 2:40 PM
Example on Interface deflection
Determine the interface deflection, w
172
23-May-12 2:40 PM
Example on critical strain
23-May-12 2:40 PM 24
Three-layer System
Jones (1962) and Peattie (1962) subsequently
expanded these solutions to a much wider range of
solution parameters.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 25
Cont’d
σz1 = Vertical stress at interface 1
σz2 = Vertical stress at interface 2
σr1 = Horizontal stress at the bottom of layer 1
σ’r1 = Horizontal stress at the top of layer 2
σr2 = Horizontal stress at the bottom of layer 2
σ’r2 = Horizontal stress at the top of layer 3
23-May-12 2:40 PM 26
Parameters in Jones Tables
Stresses in a three layer system depend on the
following ratios:-
Jones (1962) presented a series of tables for
determining σz1, σz1 - σr1, σz2, σz2 - σr2.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 27
Cont’d
His tables also include values of σz1 - σr1 and
σz2 – σ’r2.
But these can be readily obtained from those at
bottom of layer 1 and 2.
For continuity;
23-May-12 2:40 PM 28
Computing Stresses from Jones Tables
Tables presented by Jones (1962) consist of
four values of K1 and K2 i.e. 0.2, 2, 20 and 200.
Therefore, interpolation of stress factors is
necessary for many problem solutions.
No extrapolation is allowed.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 29
Cont’d
Four sets of stress factors i.e., ZZ1, ZZ2, ZZ1-RR1
and ZZ2-RR2, are shown. The product of contact
pressure and the stress factor gives the stress
23-May-12 2:40 PM 30
Strains
Note that, on the axis of symmetry, tangential and
radial stresses are identical and the shear stress is
zero.
When Poisson ratio is 0.5 and σr = σt,
23-May-12 2:40 PM 31
Cont’d
Jones table
23-May-12 2:40 PM 32
Cont’d
23-May-12 2:40 PM 33
Examples on three layer system
1. Given the three layer system shown in the following
figure with a = 122mm, q = 828kpa, h1 = 152mm,
h2 = 152mm, E1 = 2.8Gpa, E2 = 138Mpa and E3 =
69Mpa, determine all the stresses and strains at the
two interfaces on the axis of symmetry.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 34
Cont’d
Solutions:-
23-May-12 2:40 PM 35
Cont’d
From the Jones table,
23-May-12 2:40 PM 36
Cont’d
23-May-12 2:40 PM 37
Cont’d
The radial stress can be obtained from the following
formula:-
Note that, the negative sign indicates tensile stress
The vertical and radial strains can be calculated by applying
the following formula :-
23-May-12 2:40 PM 38
Cont’d
Therefore, at the bottom of the first layer, the
vertical and the radial strain will be:-
Exercise: - similarly, compute the vertical and
the radial strains at the bottom of layer two and at
the top of layer three
23-May-12 2:40 PM 39
