ASE451
AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
I
Inst: Dr Erdogan Kaygan
Lecture 3
Example: Estimate preliminary weight for a light, business transport
aircraft, which will carry 8 passengers and one pilot.
Design Requirements
• Specified performance:
• Maximum level speed at midcourse weight: 250 mi/h.
• Range: 1,550 nmi.
• Ceiling: 40,000 ft.
• Landing distance (to clear a 50-ft obstacle): 2,500 ft.
• Takeoff distance (to clear a 50-ft obstacle): 3000 ft.
• Powered by 2 turbofan engines.
Design Takeoff Gross Weight (Wo)
Wc +Wpl
W0 =
1 − Wf /W0 − We/W0
1. Define crew and payload weight
2. Estimate of We/W0
3. Estimate of Wf/W0
4. Calculate of W0 (iterative process)
CrewandPayloadWeight
Crew weight:
Wc = 240 lb
Payload weight: 8 passengers, each carrying one
personal item and one carry-on bag (16 lb).
Wp = 8 * (195 + 16) = 1688 lb
Empty Weight Estimation (We/Wo)
Method 1: Historical trends
Select:
We /W0 = 0.53
Fuel Weight Fraction Estimation (Wf/W0)
• Simple cruise mission profile with 6 segments:
• Takeoff (1)
• Climb (2)
• Cruise (3)
• Descend (4)
• Loiter (5)
• Land (6)
Fuel Weight Fraction Estimation, Wf/W0
Wi
• Mission segment weight fraction:
Wi−1
W6 W6 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1
• For the given mission profile: Mf = =
W0 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1 W0
• Assuming that the fuel tanks are completely empty at the end of the flight:
Wf Wn
=1− = 1 − Mf
W0 W0
• Allowing for 6% reserve of trapped fuel:
Wf
= 1.06(1 − M) f
W0
Mission Segment Weight Fractions
• Weight fractions for the mission segments for turbofan aircraft:
W6 W6 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1
Mf = =
W0 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1 W0
• Takeoff: W1/W0 = 0.995
• Climb: W2 /W1 =0.980
• Descend: W4 /W3 =0.990
• Landing: W6 /W5 = 0.992
Mission Segment Weight
Fractions
• Cruise segment mission fraction:
W3 −RCj
= exp
W2 V(L/D)
• R = 1,550 nmi
• V = 352 knots (from competitor aircraft, Cessna CJ1 or similar)
• Cj = 2 x 0.456 1/hr (from competitor aircraft)
• L/Dmax = 15 (estimated)
• For cruise, L/Dcruise = 0.866 L/Dmax = 12.99 W3
= 0.7341
W2
Mission Segment Weight Fractions
• Loiter segment mission fraction:
W5 −ECj
= exp
W4 L/D
• E = 0.5 h (30 min loiter time)
• Cj = 2 x 0.456 1/hr (from competitor aircraft)
• L/Dmax = 15 (estimated)
• For loiter: L/Dloiter = L/Dmax = 15 W5
= 0.9701
W4
Design Takeoff Gross Weight (Wo)
• Mission segments weight fractions:
W6 W6 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1
Mf = = = 0.6819
W0 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1 W0
• Fuel weight fraction:
Wf
= 1.06(1 − M )f = 0.3372
W0
• Design takeoff gross weight
Wc + Wpl
W0 = = 14,515 lb
1 − Wf /W0 − We/W0
Empty Weight Estimation (We/Wo)
• Method 2: Statistical curve-fit equations
We /W0 = AW0CKvs
ASE
NCCEngin W /W = KAW K e 0
C
0 vs
NOT 2 airplanes: W_e, W_0
DO METU 1. Empty-weight fraction
A.
onautical 2.
(direct calculation)
Empty-weight fraction by
. stat. Curve-fit eqn.
Dr 13. Find K.
Aer Designby 45
• 451 T
ASE
Empty-weight fraction of a composite aircraft
Material W /W = 0.9 ( 1.02 W
can be estimated by multiplying the statistical
e 0
−0.06
0 )
empty-weight fraction by 0.9.
Design Takeoff Gross Weight (Wo)
Wc + Wpl
We /W0 = 0.95 ( 1.02 W0−0.06 ) W0 =
1 − Wf /W0 − We/W0
Wc + Wpl
W0 = (*)
1 − W f/W 0 − 0.9 ( 1.02 W0−0.06 )
Solve (*) for Wo.
Design Takeoff Gross Weight (Wo)
Wc + Wpl
We /W0 = 0.9 ( 1.02 W0−0.06 ) W0 =
1 − Wf /W0 − We/W0
known!
Wc + Wpl
W0 =
1 − W f/W 0 − 0.9 ( 1.02 W0−0.06 )
estimated
• Iterative solution required!!!
Design Takeoff Gross Weight (Wo)
• Iterative solution:
1. Start with initial guess for Wo (for example, 10,000 lb)
2. Solve (*) for Wo
3. Compare results with initial guess
(for
4.Iterate solution until convergence is achieved
example, absolute error of 2%)
W0 = 13,415 lb
We /W0 =0.5191
Result verification with competitor aircraft : MTOW weight of Cessna CJ1 10,700 lb.
•
THANK YOU
