MATH 20060 - Solutions Tutorial Worksheet Week 12

Students are required to attempt all questions before the tutorial.

Z
1. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate (3x 2 + y)d x + 4 y 2 d y, where C is the boundary of the triangle
C
with vertices at (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 2) oriented anticlockwise.

Solution. We have M (x, y) = 3x 2 + y and N (x, y) = 4 y 2 . By Green’s theorem we have

€∂ M ∂ N Š
Z ZZ
M (x, y)d x + N (x, y)d y = − dA
C D
∂x ∂y
ZZ ZZ
= (0 − 1)dA = − 1dA
D D
1
= area of D = − · 1 · 2 = −1.
2

2. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate

Z
¦ © ¦ 2
©
cos(x 2 ) + 2 y 2 d x + 3x − e− y d y,
C

where C is the boundary of the halfdisc {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 , y ≥ 0} oriented anticlockwise.

2
Solution. We have M (x, y) = cos(x 2 ) + 2 y 2 and N (x, y) = 3x − e− y .

By Green’s theorem we have

€∂ M ∂NŠ
Z ZZ ZZ
M (x, y)d x + N (x, y)d y = − dA = (3 − 4 y)dA.
C D
∂x ∂y D

Note that ZZ ZZ
3π
3dA = 3 1dA = 3 · area of D = .
D D
2
 Since D is y-simple, we have
p
ZZ Z 1 Z 1−x 2 Z 1  y=p1−x 2 Zq
8
4 y dA = 4 yd yd x = 2 y  2
dx = 2 (1 − x 2 )d x = .
D −1 0 −1
y=0
−1
3

Hence, Z ZZ ZZ
3π 8
M (x, y)d x + N (x, y)d y = 3dA − 4 y dA = − .
C D D
2 3

3. Let f (x, y) = x( y − 1)e x y .

(a) Find the directional derivative Dv f (1, 1), where v is the unit vector in the direction 12i − 5j.
(b) Write the equation of the tangent plane to the surface z = f (x, y) that passes through the point
(2, 0, −2).
(c) Find and classify the critical points of f into local maximum points, local minimum points or
sadle points.
(d) Find the quadratic approximation for f at (1, 1).

Solution. (a) We first compute

€ Š
∇ f (x, y) = ( y − 1)(1 + x y)e x y , x(1 + x y − x)e x y .
€ Š
12 5
and kvk = 13 , − 13 . Thus
5e
Dv f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) • v = − .
13
(b) We have f x (2, 0) = −1, f y (2, 0) = −2. The equation of the tangent plane is

z + 2 = f x (2, 0)(x − 2) + f y ( y − 0), that is, x + 2 y + z = 0.

(c) We have
f x (x, y) = ( y − 1)(1 + x y)e x y , f y (x, y) = x(1 + x y − x)e x y
and the second order derivatives are

f x x (x, y) = y( y − 1)(1 + x y)e x y ,

f x y (x, y) = f y x (x, y) = (1 − 2x + 3x y + x 2 y 2 − x 2 y)e x y ,
f y y (x, y) = x 2 (2 + x y − x)e x y .

To find the critical points we solve

f x (x, y) = 0 ( y − 1)(1 + x y) = 0 (1)

=⇒
f y (x, y) = 0 x(1 + x y − x) = 0 (2)

From (2) we have x = 0 or 1 + x y = x.

 If x = 0 then (1) yields y = 1. Thus (0, 1) is a critical point of f .
If a + x y = x then, using this fact in (1) we find ( y − 1)x = 0 which yields x = 0 and y = 1.
Hence, (x, y) = (0, 1) is the only critical point of f . The Hessian matrix at (0, 1) is
 ‹
0 1
H f (0, 1) = and det H f (0, 1) = −1 < 0,
1 0

which shows that (0, 1) is a saddle point for f .

(d) We have

f x (1, 1) = 0, f y (1, 1) = e, f x x (1, 1) = 0, f x y (1, 1) = f y x (1, 1) = 2e, f y y (1, 1) = 2e.

The Taylor quadratic approximation of f at (1, 1) is

Q f (x, y) = f (1, 1) + f x (1, 1)(x − 1) + f y (1, 1)( y − 1)

1” —
+ f x x (1, 1)(x − 1) + 2 f x y (1, 1)(x − 1)( y − 1) + f y y ( y − 1) .
2 2
2
In our case, this becomes
1” —
Q f (x, y) = e( y − 1) + 4e(x − 1)( y − 1) + 2e( y − 1)2 = e( y − 1)(2x + y − 2).
2

4. Use the method of Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x, y) subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0 when

(a) f (x, y) = x y 6 , g(x, y) = x 2 + y 4 − 4.

(b) f (x, y) = 4x 2 − 4x y + y 2 , g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 − 1.
(c) f (x, y) = x 3 y 5 , g(x, y) = x + y − 8 and x ≥ −1, y ≥ −1.

Solution.

(a) We take
f (x, y) = x y 6 , g(x, y) = x 2 + y 4 − 4.
Note that ∇g(x, y) = (2x, 4 y 3 ) 6= (0, 0) on the constraint g(x, y) = 0. By Lagrange’s theorem,
there exists λ ∈ R such that

f x (x, y) = λg x (x, y) y 6 = 2λx (1)

∇ f (x, y) = λ∇g(x, y)
=⇒ f y (x, y) = λg y (x, y) =⇒ 6x y 5 = 4λ y 3 (2)
g(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0 x2 + y4 = 4 (3)

Equation (2) gives 3x y 5 − 2λ y 3 = 0 ⇐⇒ y 3 (3x y 2 − 2λ) = 0. Thus, y 3 = 0 or 3x y 2 − 2λ = 0,

i.e. y = 0 or 3x y 2 − 2λ = 0. We consider these cases.
If y = 0, the constraint (3) gives x 2 = 4, which has solutions x = 2 and x = −2. This gives the
points (2, 0) and (−2, 0).
 If 3x y 2 −2λ = 0, then 2λ = 3x y 2 and substituting this in the equation (1) gives y 6 −3x 2 y 2 = 0.
Thus, y 2 ( y 4 − 3x 2 ) = 0. I.e., y = 0 or y 4 − 3x 2 = 0.
We already considered the case y = 0. Thus, let us consider the final case y 4 − 3x 2 = 0. Then
y 4 = 3x 2 and the equation (3) gives 4x 2 = 4, which has solutions x = −1 and x = 1.
When x = 1, we get y 4 = 3 which has two real solutions y = −31/4 and y = 31/4 (and two
complex conjugate solutions y = 31/4 i, y = −31/4 i in which we are not interested). This gives
the points (1, −31/4 ) and (1, 31/4 ).
When x = −1, we again get y 4 = 3, and so we obtain the points (−1, −31/4 ) and (−1, 31/4 ).
Thus, the critical points of f subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0 are

(2, 0), (−2, 0), (1, −31/4 ), (1, 31/4 ), (−1, 31/4 ), (−1, −31/4 ).

The value of f at these points is:

f (2, 0) = f (−2, 0) = 0
p
f (1, 31/4 ) = f (1, −31/4 ) = 36/4 = 33/2 = 31+1/2 = 3 3
p
f (−1, 31/4 ) = f (−1, −31/4 ) = −3 3.
p p
Thus the maximum value of f (x, y) = x y 6 is 3 3, the minimum value is −3 3.
(b) Let g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 −1. Then ∇g = (2x, 2 y) 6= (0, 0), since otherwise we would have x = y = 0
and then the constraint equation g(x, y) = 0 would not be satisfied. Thus we are justified in
using Lagrange multipliers. Note that the constraint describes a circle of radius 1 with centre
(0, 0) in the (x, y)-plane.
By Lagrange’s theorem, there exists λ ∈ R such that

f x (x, y) = λg x (x, y) 8x − 4 y = 2λx (1)

∇ f (x, y) = λ∇g(x, y)
=⇒ f y (x, y) = λg y (x, y) =⇒ −4x + 2 y = 2λ y (2)
g(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0 x2 + y2 = 1 (3)

In (1) we can divide by 2 and obtain 4x − 2 y = λx. Adding this equation side by side to (2)
gives −λx − 2λ y = 0, i.e. λ(x + 2 y) = 0. Thus λ = 0 or x = −2 y. We will consider these two
cases.
If λ = 0, it follows from 4x − 2 y − λx = 0 that y = 2x. Substituting this in the equation (3)
then gives x 2 + 4x 2 = 1 which has solutions x = p15 and x = − p15 . Hence, we get the points

1 2 1 2
 ‹  ‹
p ,p , −p , −p .
5 5 5 5
1
If x = −2 y, the equation (3) gives 4 y 2 + y 2 = 1 which has solutions y = p
5
and y = − p15
Hence, we get the points
2 1 2 1
 ‹  ‹
−p , p , p , −p .
5 5 5 5
 We will now evaluate f at each of the four points we have found.

1 2 1 2 4 8 4
 ‹  ‹
f p ,p = f −p , −p = − + =0
5 5‹ 5 5 5 5 5
2 1 2 1 16 8 1 25
  ‹
and f p , − p = f −p , p = + + = = 5.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
€ Š € Š
Hence, subject to the constraint, f attains its minimum of 0 at the points p15 , p25 and − p15 , − p25
€ Š € Š
and its maximum of 5 at the points p25 , − p15 and − p25 , p15 .
(c) Let g(x, y) = x + y − 8. Then ∇g = 〈1, 1〉 = 6 (0, 0), so we are justified in using Lagrange
multipliers. Thus, there exists λ ∈ R such that

f x (x, y) = λg x (x, y) 3x 2 y 5 = λ (1)

∇ f (x, y) = λ∇g(x, y)
=⇒ f y (x, y) = λg y (x, y) =⇒ 5x y = λ
3 4
(2)
g(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0 x+ y =8 (3)

We subtract equations (1) and (2) to get

3x 2 y 5 − 5x 3 y 4 = 0 ⇐⇒ x 2 y 4 (3 y − 5x) = 0.

It follows that x 2 = 0 or y 4 = 0 or 3 y − 5x = 0, i.e., x = 0 or y = 0 or 3 y − 5x = 0. We will

consider these three cases.
If x = 0, the constraint (3) gives y = 8, resulting in the point (0, 8).
If y = 0, the constraint (3) gives x = 8, resulting in the point (8, 0).
If 3 y − 5x = 0, we get x = 53 y and the constraint (3) gives y = 5, resulting in the point (3, 5).
Therefore, the critical points of f subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0 are (3, 5), (0, 8) and (8, 0).
The constraint x + y − 8 = 0 and the conditions x ≥ −1 and y ≥ −1 describe a line segment
in the (x, y)-plane with end points (−1, 9) and (9, −1). To find the constrained minimum and
maximum points of f , we evaluate f at the points above and at the endpoints of the line segment:

f (3, 5) = 84375, f (0, 8) = f (8, 0) = 0, f (−1, 9) = −59049, f (9, −1) = −729.

Hence, subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0, f attains its maximum of 84375 at (3, 5) and its
minimum of −59049 at (−1, 9).