——- Power Transformer Handbook Edited by Bernard Hochart Alsthom Transformer Division, Saint-Ouen, France First English edition - translated from the French by C. E. Davison BSc(Eng), FICE, FIWES, MASCE Butterworths London Boston Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington& rane oF ReeD INTERNATIONAL PLC. [All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means (including photocopying and recording) without the written permission of the copyright holder ‘except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended) or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 33-34 Alfred Place, London, England WCIE 7DP. “The written permission of the copyright holder must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to iduce, transmit or store in a retrieval system any part of this publication should be addressed to the Publishers. Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work ‘may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. “This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sate of Net Books and may not be re-sold in the UK below the net price given by the Publishers in their current price list. First published 1982 English edition 1987 Reprinted 1989 French Language Rights © Alsthom Etablissement du Havre, 1982 All Other Rights © Butterworths & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1987 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Power transformer handbook. 1. Electric transformers—Maintenance and repair 1. Hochart, Bernard 621.31'4'0288 = TK2551 ISBN 0-408-02590-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Power transformer handbook. Bibliography: p. Includes index. | —+-Eleetrie-transformers—Handbooks, manuals, etc. TKQ711.P68 1987 621.314 86-3263 | ISBN 0-408.02590-5 Set by Katerprint Typesetting Services, Oxford Printed and bound by Courier International Ltd, Tiptree, EssexPreface ‘This book on power transformers encapsulates the improvements in design and construction resulting from the efforts of successive generations of engineers and technicians, representing more than 60 years of design calculation, fundamental research and testing. It presents this information in an accessible form for those responsible for selecting, buying, installing, operating and repairing transformers and to help those responsible for instructing future generations of engineers. ‘Throughout its 20 chapters, the buyer will find information which is necessary for making the correct choice of transformer for his own require~ ments, The erector will tearn the rules for good operation of the equip- ment, and the user will see how to use transformers without prejudicing the good operation of a distribution system. In the field of power transformers progress is rarely spectacular. It results from continuing small improvements in reliability and performance to control costs. ‘The two final chapters, which are more specialized, deal with certain applications in detail, particularly the recovery of energy, and other topical concerns. ‘The study of the supply of power to an industrial installation or to a power transmission and distribution system is a major undertaking which is carried out over a long period of time. This book with its pragmatic approach to the problems that arise can help the reader to reduce the risks of error or assist him in communicating with the manufacturer.Contributors Jacques Bassot Sylvain Cagnioux Robert Dides Maurice Gallay Jean-Marc Gorria Jacques Lemaire André Malandain Ernest Meier Daniel Périé Claude Piccon Jean Poittevin *¢ — Paul Roth Tragsformers illustrated in this book were manufactured by Alsthom in its Le Havre and Saint-Ouen factories, and are installed world-wide.a a Contents Recent advances ‘Advances in specifications. Recent advances made by suppliers of materials. Advances in calculation. Advances in design. Advances in manufacture. Advances in quality control and testing. Advances in site erection. Advances in production management Voltage regulation Voltage variation in distribution systems. Voltage requirements of industrial equipment. Mathematical expression for voltage irregularity. Correction of voltage variations in a factory distribution system. Transformers. with off-circuit taps. Transformers regulated on load. On- load tap changers. Automatic control of voltage Capitalization of losses The optimum equipment. Operating costs. Total capitalized cost. Producer and user viewpoints. Capitalization factor. Energy tariffs. Capitalization of no-load losses. Capitalization of on-load losses. Optimum total cost. Conclusion Parallel operation Operating conditions. Transformer diagram. Regulations for parallel operation. Parallel operation with no load. Parallel operation on load. Methods of improving parallel operation. Parallel operation of transformers with on-load tap changers. Particular cases. Economic parallel operation. Information needed for parallel operation Cooling Source of losses in a transformer. Temperature standards. Classification of insulating materials. Fluid coolants and insulators. Cooling system in a transformer. Methods of construction and operating characteristics. Cooling control. Choice of the type of cooling Overloads Introduction. Laws of ageing of insulating materials. Overloads applied to a transformer. The IEC guide to loading. Conclusion Operating limits of transformers and auto-transformers Basic principles. Cquivalent size. Advantages of auto-trans- formers. Disadvantages of auto-transformers. Problems of the tertiary winding. Special auto-transformers. Conclusion 20 44 62 8910 u 12 13 “4 16 Protection The object of protection. Events outside the transformer. Internal faults in a transformer. Methods of protection. Specifications Installation conditions Design of a transformer substation. Civil engineering works. Electrical installations. Installation of the transformer. Commissioning Ventilation of enclosures Cooling conditions for transformers it buildings. Enclosure dimensions. Natural ventilation of enclosures. Forced ventilation of enclosures. Ventilation of high power transformers Noise limitation The problem of noise. Origin of transformer noise. Magnitudes of sound. Method of measurement. Variation of noise with different parameters. Constructional methods for limiting noise. External methods of sound proofing. Conclusion Tests The object of tests. Test facilities. Classification of tests. Check on characteristics. Dielectric tests. Operating tests. Conclusion The location of partial discharges Partial discharges and their measurement. Electrical locating method. Ultrasonic locating method. Conclusion Maintenance Necessity for maintenance. Changes in a transformer during service. Inspection of transformers. Checks. Measurements. Dielectric treatment. Fault tracing. Economic aspects of maintenance Liquid dielectrics The role of liquid dielectrics. Principal causes of changes in liquid dielectrics. Mineral insulating oils. Other dielectrics. Checking and maintenance of liquid dielectrics. Replacement, regeneration or treatment of liquid dielectrics. International standards Over-currents Introduction. Short-circuit impedance of a transformer. Calculation of short-circuit current. Calculation of the 100 110 122 135 145 159 174 185 203mechanical forces and stresses resulting from short circuits. Calculation of temperature rise due to over-currents. Voltage drop due vv over-currents. Transient currents due to switching in a transformer. Protection against over- currents 17 Over-voltages 25 Insulation coordination. Atmospheric over-voltages. Transient over-voltages due to switching. Ferro resonance. Transmission of over-voltages from primary to secondary. Withstanding impulse, lightning and switching waves. Protection of transformers against over-voltages. Effect of insulation on cost. Appendix 18 MV/LV transformers 239 MV/LV transformer technology. MV/LV substations. Connections. Protection of consumers’ substation transformers 19 Furnace transformers 254 Power requirements of furnaces. Supply arrangements. Design of transformers for supplying furnaces. Conclusion 20 The transformer and energy saving 266 Introduction. Energy losses at national level. The Eco-Elec enquiry. The recovery of losses. Technical aspects of recovery. The heat balance of the Transcalor System. Economic assessment of the two systems. Conclusion Bibliography 218 Index 283