WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WITH

QGIS- RAJGOLI (BK),KOLHAPUR- A

CASE STUDY
1 Rahul V. Powar, Environmental Engineer, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur.
2 Mudra A. Dhuri, Environmental Engineer, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur.
3 Faiyaz B. Mulla, Environmental Engineer, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur.
4 Samruddhi S, Shendure, Environmental Engineer, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur.
5 Jayanti B, Biranje, Environmental Engineer, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur.

Abstract -

INTRODUCTION

As the world faces an increasing critical need to address climate change, the impact that
water conservation has on a sustainable environment in undeniable. Groundwater is the
primary source of freshwater that caters to the demand of ever-growing domestic, agrarian
and industrial sectors of the country. Over the years, it has been observed that the necessity
for the exploitation of groundwater resources for various everyday needs, like toileting,
bathing, cleaning, agriculture ,and drinking water, industrial and ever-changing lifestyles with
modernization is leading towards tremendous water wastage. Though many technological
devices are being developed to minimize the water wastage, the impact will be greater if
every individual contributes to water conservation by minimizing or optimizing groundwater
usage for daily activities. Today, water conservation at individual level has become very
critical. Our water resources are depleting each year. Additionally, we cannot generate
artificial water and must depend on water sources available on our planet earth. Due to
population boom and excessive need of water to suit our ever-expanding modern lifestyle,
water scarcity is felt all over the world. This has given rise to major concerns over water
conservation. Adopting rainwater harvesting and recharging groundwater is one of the
simplest and best measures in conserving water globally. This practice can efficiently be
implemented in lieu of traditional water supplies that are currently on the verge of tapping
out. And these are the most efficient and low cost techniques.

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3.1 Introductions to kwality animals feeds

M/S Kwality Animal Feeds pvt. ltd. Pvt Ltd., was established in 1983 and began its
operations in 1985 with an objective of providing quality feed for poultry with a nutritionally
balanced diet and an assured performance. Kwality house is into the business of animal Feed,
live chicken and processed chicken and is presently, a well-known and well-accepted brand.
Today, the company is one of the leading companies in North Karnataka.

Figure No. 1- Total industry premises of kwality animal feeds

3.2 Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops.
It is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to
runoff. Rainwater can be collected from surface runoffs or roofs. Rainwater harvesting
technologies are simple to install and operate. Local people can be easily trained to
implement such technologies, and construction materials are also readily available.
Commonly used systems are constructed of three principal components; namely, the
catchment area, the collection device and the conveyance system. Rainwater harvesting is an
important environment friendly approach. Its uses include water for domestic use, irrigation
purpose, industrial uses etc. The harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-
term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge. 

2
 Figure No.2- Rainwater harvesting

3.3 Watershed

A watershed is an area of a land, such as mountain or valley which collects rainwater into
common outlet such as river, lake or reservoir. It is an area where the water from rainfall is
drained to a common point .A watershed is defined as any surface from a few hectares to
several thousands of square kilometers in which rainfall is collected and conveyed to a
common natural waterway. Watershed is geo-hydrological draining run-off water at a
common point and it could be demarcated based on ridge and gully lines. When rain falls on
the mountains, it flows down through small streams. Many such streams join to form bigger
streams, which turn join to form rivulets, which join to form rivers and so on. The entire area
which supplies water to a stream or rivulet or a river at a particular point in its flow is called
the watershed or catchment area or drainage basin of that particular point. The top of the
watershed is called hill or ridge portion. The ridge-line partitions one watershed from
another, or can be said to be the boundary of the watershed. All the droplets of rain within the
watershed will flow from ridge portion through different drainage lines to the valley portion
of the watershed and will be drained out of the watershed through a common exit point

3.4 Continuous contour trenches

A Continuous Contour Trench is dug at a right angle to the slope which helps in retaining soil
moisture and water conservation. A structure that reduces soil erosion and implements good
amount of recharge of ground water Continuous contour trenches are planned along contour
lines so that water flowing downhill is stopped in its tracks by the trenches. The excavated
soil after the digging is used to build contour bunds after trench. Plant some small plants on

3
bunds which soak small amount of water, it will help trap the sediments that will overflow
due to heavy rainfall. Contour bunds will stabilize the soil around trenches.

Figure No.3 - Continuous contour trenches

3.5 Contour bunds

From the Excavated soil of trench, construct a contour bund right below the trench. Bunds
provide additional help to obstruct water and silt. Construct stone pitching on the either
end of the bunds. Plant saplings, seeds, and grasses on the top face of the bund which
requires less water, so that this will additionally help in catching water and silt. Contour
bunds are bunds constructed along the contour lines. They are usually made of stones or
soil (sometimes in variation with crop remains). They are constructed along a contour in
order to best slow the water flowing down the slope, which increases the green water pool
of the soil and prevents erosion.

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 Figure No.4 – Contour bunding

3.6 CGWA (Central Ground Water Authority)

Central Ground Water Authority(CGWA) Has Been Constituted Under Section 3 (3) Of
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 To Regulate And Control Development And
Management Of Ground Water Resources In The Country. CGWA is mandated to
regulate, preserve, develop and use of water resources of Indian Territory. CGWA
provides NOC for individuals and companies to use groundwater for commercial
purposes such as industrial, mining and infrastructure projects. The assessment of state
wise ground water resources as on 31 March 2011 is available at the Central Ground
Water Board (CGWB). The latest CGWA notification is about S.O. 3289(E). -24th
September 2020 .
https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/water-quality/standards
protocols/Ground_Water_NewGuidelinesNotifiedeng24092021102020.pdf

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Maharashtra has a large drought prone area (52%) and has faced recurrent droughts and
famines (1907, 1911, 1918, 1920, 1972 etc.), which generated attention on the
improvement of agriculture in non-irrigated areas. The Bombay Land Improvement
Schemes Act (1 942) became the precursor for the Government of India’s Model Bill on
Soil Conservation for enactment by all states in the post-independence period. Following
the 1972 drought, the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) was initiated in the state
and subsequently Comprehensive Watershed Development Programmed (COWDEP), in
1982, which saw the first steps in the direction o f a systematic watershed development
approach within government programmers. Ralegan Siddhi and Adgaon in Maharashtra
were the initial NGO successes that popularized these model- villages. With watershed
development as the central theme and they shot to fame even internationally. Today there
are a large number of programmed being implemented in the state through central
financial assistance such as Drought Prone Areas Programmed (DPAP), National
Watershed Programmed for Rain fed Areas (N WDPRA), River Valley Projects (RVP),
Integrated Wasteland Development Programmed (IWDP), Western Ghats Development
Programmed ( WGDP), state supported programmers such as Integrated Watershed
Development Projects (IWDP) Adarsh Gaon Yojana (AGY) and bilateral programmers
such as Indo-German Watershed Development Programmed (IG WDP) besides a number
of projects being implemented by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) with
financial support from local and foreign sources. Almost all these programmers have
institutionalized the watershed approach to treating land s and water harvesting in
association with people’s participation to enhance the production potential of rain fed
farming. With Maharashtra’s estimated potential of surface irrigation not expected to
cross 30% of the cropped area (in conventional sense ), the imp portance of watershed
development as a bulwark for rain fed agriculture is obvious in these large tracts of
drought prone lands.

PROBLEM STATEMENT –
Our case study is based on area Rajgoli Budruk in taluka Chandgad, dist. Kolhapur where
they face the shortage of ground water and problems arising due to it from soil excavation
purpose in nearby area. Despite of Heavy Rains in monsoon season, the ground water
level is decreased, which is due to lack of water conservation and storage techniques. The
Industry near this area M/S Kwality Animal Feeds also face the problem of water
shortage as by reduction in ground water which ultimately caused them with 5 borewells
out of 7 are empty. This study aims to cater the water scarcity and improvement in ground
water level by implementing watershed management practices.

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CHAPTER 11

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 Discussion on the project
 The project has three main components which are :-
1. Central Ground Water Authority(CGWA)
2. Rainwater harvesting
3. Watershed management

 Futher we will dicuss about these 3 points in detail:-

 Central Ground Water Authority:-

1. Central Ground Water Authority(CGWA) NOC :-

Central Ground Water Authority(CGWA) Has Been Constituted Under Section 3 (3) Of
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 To Regulate And Control Development And
Management Of Ground Water Resources In The Country. CGWA is mandated to
regulate, preserve, develop and use of water resources of Indian territory.CGWA provides
NOC for individuals and companies to use groundwater for commercial purposes such as
industrial, mining and infrastructure projects.The assessment of state wise ground
water resources as on 31 March 2011 is available at the Central Ground Water Board
(CGWB).
The CGWA notification 2015.The latest CGWA notification, About S.O. 3289(E). - 24th
sept. 2020
https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/water-quality/standards-protocols/
Ground_Water_NewGuidelinesNotifiedeng24092021102020.pdf

2. Exemptions for seeking NOC:-

i) Rural drinking water supply schemes.
ii) Armed Forces Establishments and Central Armed Police Forces establishments in
both rural and urban areas.
iii) Agricultural activities.
iv) Micro and small Enterprises drawing ground water less than 10 cum/day.

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3. Rules and regulations:-

Industrial rules and regulations

i) NOC shall be granted only in such areas where local govt. water supply agencies
not able to supply desired quantity of water.
ii) All industries shall adopt latest water efficient technologies.
iii) All industries abstracting groundwater in excess of 100 m 3 /d shall be required to
undertake annual water audit only through (CII)/ (FICCI)/ (NPC) .
iv) Water level monitoring can be done manually up to 50 m3 /day.
v) Monitoring of water level shall be done by the project proponent. The piezometer
shall be constructed at a minimum distance of 15 m from the bore well/production
well.
vi) Depth and aquifer zone tapped in the piezometer shall be the same as that of the
pumping well/ wells.
vii) Industries which are likely to cause groundwater pollution shall store the
harvested rain water in surface storage tanks for use in the industry.
viii) Injection of treated/ untreated waste water into aquifer system is strictly
prohibited.
ix) Validity of NOC : 3 years

4. Document collection :-

i) MPCB- Consent to Operate

ii) Site layout plan
iii) Ownership- sale deed
iv) Requirement of water for CGWA NOC
v) Authorization- a) Gram panchayat NOC
b) District industries centre
vi) Borewell water report – NABL lab report
vii) Compliance report
viii) Affidavit of compliance report
ix) Affidavit of partial water supply from govt.

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5. Compliance :-

i) M/s. Kwality Animal Feeds Private Limited had received CGWA NOC for 1140
m³/year which is equal to 95 m³/day.
ii) Presently we are actually using only 2 borewells from 7 borewells, to which we
have installed Digital Water Flow Meters with Telemetry systems.
iii) Other 5 borewells have been closed permanently.
iv) One borewell is being used as observation well to which we have installed
Piezometer for Ground Water Level Recording.

Figure No 5. WALL MOUNTED PIEZOMETER INSTALLED IN

CONTROL PANEL ROOM

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Figure No 612

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Figure No 7. Digital Water Flow Meter

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2) Rainwater harvesting :-
1.
i) Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater
from rooftops.
ii) Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse
on-site, rather than allowing it to runoff. Rainwater can be collected from surface
runoffs or roofs.
iii) Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate.
iv) Local people can be easily trained to implement such technologies, and
construction materials are also readily available.
v) Commonly used systems are constructed of three principal components; namely,
the catchment area, the collection device and the conveyance system.
vi) Rainwater harvesting is an important environment friendly approach.
vii) Its uses include water for domestic use, irrigation purpose, industrial uses etc.
viii) The harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage
and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge.

2. Need for Rainwater Harvesting System:-

i) The rapid rise in human population has made optimum use of fresh water
imperative.
ii) Urban water supply systems in particular are under tremendous pressure to meet
the needs of the population as well as industry and large-scale construction.
iii) The increased need for water results in lower groundwater tables and depleted
reservoirs. Many piped water supply systems fail.
iv) Consumption of polluted water is beset with health hazards.
v) The use of rainwater is a useful alternative.

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 3. Water Balance Diagram of 350m³/Day

Other usage= 100 m³/day

4. Breakup of water requirement and usage:-

Existing Total No. of Annual

Activity requirement requirement operational requirement
(m3/day) (m3/day) days in a year (m3/year)

Industrial Purpose 149 149 300 44700

Domestic Purpose 15 15 300 4500

Green Area
60 60 300 18000
Development

Other use 126 126 300 378000

Grand total 350 350 300 105000

5. Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting

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 Total Rooftop Area 2
5924.22 m

Average Rainfall 1400 mm = 1.4 m (Year 2020)

Catchment factor for Roof top 0.85 (as per CGWB)

Total Runoff from rooftop 5924.22 x 1.4 x 0.85 = 7049.82

3
m /Annum

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Figure No 8. Rainwater harvesting

3) Watershed Management:-

1. Watershed management system:-

i) A watershed is an area of a land, such as mountaion or valley which collects
rainwater into common outlet such as river, lake or reservoir.
ii) It is an area where the water from rainfall is drained to a common point.
iii) A watershed is defined as any surface from a few hectares to several
thousands of square kilometers in which rainfall is collected and conveyed to a
common natural waterway.
iv) Watershed is a geo-hydrological draining run-off water at a common point and it
could be demarcated based on ridge and gully lines.

2. Importance of watershed management:-

i) Management of the environment has been primarily focused on specific issues
such as air, land, water
ii) Most efforts have resulted in decreasing pollutant emissions to air and water,
improved landfills, remediation of waste sites, contaminated ground water,
protection of rare and endangered species, design of best management practices to
control water and contaminant runoff.

 Following is the method used for watershed management :-

3. Continuous Contour Trenches:-

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 i) A Continuous Contour Trench is dug at a right angle to the slope which helps in
retaining soil moisture and water conservation.
ii) A structure that reduces soil erosion and implements good amount of recharge of
ground water
iii) Continuous contour trenches are planned along contour lines so that water flowing
downhill is stopped in its tracks by the trenches.
iv) The excavated soil after the digging is used to build contour bunds after trench.
v) Plant some small plants on bunds which soak small amount of water, it will help
trap the sediments that will overflow due to heavy rainfall.
vi) Contour bunds will stabilize the soil around trenches
vii) Advantage
(a) Applicable to all soil and rainfall conditions.
(b) Prevents soil erosion and degradation.
(c) Enhances surface water infiltration and soil moisture.
(d) Simple structure, requiring only basic construction material.
viii) Disadvantage
(a) Regular maintenance is required.
4. Contour Bund
i) From the Excavated soil of trench, construct a contour bund right below the
trench.
ii) Bunds provide additional help to obstruct water and silt.
iii) Construct stone pitching on the either end of the bunds.
iv) Plant saplings, seeds, grasses on the top face of the bund which requires less
water, so that this will additionally help in catching water and silt

Stone
pitching

15cm 30m

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 Figure No 9. Contour trenches with stone pitching

 Contour Bund Measurements:-

Distance between trench and bund(berm)- 15 cm
Length of Bund- 30 m (same as that of trench)

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 Scientific approach :-

These are the few methods we learned and implemented in our project
Methodology:-
 Rainwater harvesting :
1. Calculation of total runoff of the industry premises.
2. Construction of rainwater harvesting storage system.
 Watershed management :
1. Construction of watershed management practices by the technique Continous
Contour Trenches (CCT’s).
2. Components used
(a) Google Earth Pro
(b) QGIS
(c) Rainfall calculation(hilly area)
(d) Continuous Contour Trenches
 Construction of rainwater harvesting tank :
i) We have done the proposal of rainwater harvesting tank (underground)as an
environmental engineer.
ii) Total storage requirement :60m3
iii) We have provided 4 tanks of 15m3 and following are the calculations for tanks.
iv) EXCAVATION:
v) Total excavation = 4×3.1×2.3 = 28.52 cu.m
vi) Overall Excavation:

Concrete No. of Length Width Height Quantity

Quantity
Walls

Long wall 2 3.6 0.3 2 4.33 cu.m

Short wall 2 2.5 0.3 2 3 cu.m

Slab 2 4 3.1 0.3 7.44 cu.m

Total Quantity 14.76 cu.m

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 STEEL Quantity:
It is 1% of overall Qty. of concrete = 1100 × 14.76 = 0.1476 cu.m.
= 0.1476×78.59 (Quintal per cu.m)
= 11.58 Quintal
= 1158 Kg
Total Estimation:
FOR 1 RAINWATER TANK TOTAL ESTIMATION = 144080
WE PROVIDE SUCH 4 RANK SO TOTAJ EATIMTION = 576320

Description Quantity Rate Cost

Excavation 28.52 cu.m 175 4991

Concrete 14.76 cu.m 5500 81180

Steel 1158 Kg 50 57900

Total Estimation: 144080

 Pipe Estimation:-
1. Following is the total pipe estimation required from building to tank.
2. Total Distance = 350 m
3. Pipe material: PVC
4. Diameter = 4 inch
5. Costing of 1 pipe (6 m)= 850
6. Total Pipe costing: Rs 46,700

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 Figure No 10. Pipeline System

 M/S Kwality Animal Feeds Pvt. ltd. is a industry, in Rajgoli, Taluka Chandgad, District
Kolhapur.
a) Latitude: 16.0103
b) Longitude: 74.4473
c) Average annual rainfall: 1400 mm (IN 2020)
d) Soil Type: Laterite soil
e) Color of Soil: Brownish to Reddish
f) Total Area: 3842013.82 m²
g) Greenbelt area: 3748843.86 m²
h) Open area(hilly area): 93169.96 m²

Figure No 11. Georeference image

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 Google Earth Pro

1. Tracking the Location (for ex. Kwality Animals Feeds , Rajgoli (Bk), Chandgad,
Kolhapur.)
2. Selection of required area.
3. Calculating the selected area.
4. Drawing Contour lines with tool New Path.


 Figure No 12.Tracking and selection of Industry area

 QGIS
1. Transferring .kml file from Google earth pro to TCX convertor.
2. Importing .csv file to QGis Software.
3. Converting to DEM(Digital Elevation Model) file.
4. Generating contour intervals of 2m,4m.

Figure No 13. Contour Points

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Figure No 14. 2D DEM file

Figure No 15.3D DEM file

23
Figure No 16 Contour Interval: 2m

Figure No 17.Contour Interval: 4m

24
Figure No 18. Geo reference image overlapped with contour points

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 Results/observations/work experiences:-

1. Runoff Calculation(Hilly area):-

i) Rainfall intensity(Rajgoli bk, Chandgad)- 1.4m=1400mm
ii) Runoff(Hill area) = Area(in m²) * Rainfall(m) *(1-Runoff coefficient)
= 93169.96 * 1.4 * (1-0.20)
=104350.35 m³/yr
= 869.58 m³/day
or
= 8,69,586.29 lit/day

Figure No 19.Catchment Area(hilly area)

 Method: Continuous Contour Trenches:-
CCT’s are provided across the slope so that maximum water is recharged

Slope
. 0-4%
4-8%
8-15%
15-33%

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 Figure No 20. Contour Points as per slope

 Area Marking

6 meter

6 meter

6 meter

Figure No 21. Area marking

27
 Figure No 22 .Contour Lines with 6 m distance

 Construction of the trenches

Slope
0-4%
4-8%
8-15%
15-33%

Figure No 23. Length of Trench

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  The Structure
a) Trenches: Length- 30 m (As the slope is between 8 to 15%)
Width- 60 cm
Depth- 45 cm
Distance between each trench- 3 m
b) NOTE: In the 2nd contour line and so on alternatively, the initial trench should
be of 15 m.

 Trench Measurements

30m 60cm

45cm

Figure No 24. Trench measurements

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 Figure No 25 .Arrangement of CCT’s

Figure No.26 The structure of trenches

 Contour Bund
(a) Catchment Area:-
(b) Total catchment area- 93169.96 m²
(c) Sub catchment 1 area- 24480 m²
(d) Slope of Sub catchment 1 area- 11.7%
(e) Sub catchment 2 area- 14596 m²
(f) Slope of Sub catchment 2 area- 9.5%

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 Sub catchment 1:-

i) Area- 24480 m²
ii) Slope - 11.7%
iii) Size- L- 30m

W- 60 cm
D- 45cm
Calculations:
1 trench- 30 m with 3 m gap
Total horizontal length – 272 m
Total vertical length – 90 m
Total trenches in horizontal contour line = 272/33
= 8 (approximately)
∴ Total trenches required = 8*15 = 120

 Sub catchment 2:-

i) Area- 14596 m²
ii) Slope – 9.5 %
iii) Size- L- 30m
W- 60 cm
D- 45cm

Calculations:
1 trench- 30 m with 3 m gap
Total horizontal length – 178 m
Total vertical length – 82 m
Total trenches in horizontal contour line = 178/33
= 6 (approximately)

∴ Total trenches required = 6*13 = 78

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 Su
b ca
tc h
me

t-
nt -

en
2

m
ch
cat
b
Su
1

Figure No 27. Total Catchment Area

 Storage and Recharge capacity:-

i) The storage capacity of One Trench is approximately up to 8,100 lit in about 1

rain.
ii) Total water storage in 198 trenches(120+78)(sub catchment 1 + 2) Is
approximately up to 16 lakh and 3 thousand lit in about 1 rain.

 Costing:-

i) Total no. of Labours required- 20 persons

ii) Working- 8hrs a day
iii) 1 trench requires up to approximately 2 hrs
iv) 1 labour will construct 3 trenches a day
v) 20 labours will construct 60 trenches a day
vi) For 198 trenches: It requires 4 days with 20 labours in 8 hrs per day
vii) Cost of a labour per day- Rs-500

Total cost for 4 days of 198 trenches = Rs 40,000/-(approximately).

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Challenges faced:-
Factors affecting watershed management
 Watershed Characteristic
1. Size and shape
2. Topography
3. Soils
 Climatic Characteristic
1. Precipitation
2. Amount and intensity of rainfall
 Watershed operation
 Social status of inhability
 Water resource and their capabilities.
 Watershed management practices
1. Interns of purpose
2. To increase infiltration
3. To increase water holding capacity
4. To prevent soil erosion
 In brief various control measures are
1. Vegetative Measures (Agronomical measures)
(i) Grass land farming
(ii) Wood lands.
2. Engineering Measures (Structural practices)
(i) Contour bunding
(ii) Construction of diversion
(iii) Establishment of permanent grass and vegetation
(iv) Providing vegetative and stone barriers

Influence of soil conservation measures and vegetation cover on erosion, Runoff and Nutrient
loss.

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 Conclusions:-
From this project following points can be drawn:-
1. Due to construction of rainwater harvesting system,50% rebate on abstraction charges
from CGWA.
2. The management of watershed management provides a means to achieve sustainable
land and water management.
3. Rajgoli (Bk), Chandgad area consists annual rainfall of 1400mm, which is a good
amount of rainfall, still there is scarcity of water due to lack of water storage and
recharging.
4. As the water level is below due to soil excavation, it is necessary to develop a
watershed management.
5. Implementing of watershed management by the technique of Continous Contour
Trenches (CCT’s) will lead to huge amount of water storage and recharge.
6. The total storage capacity of 198 CCT’s is 16,03,000 lit in about 1 rain.
7. As per standards,The ground water recharge will show its impact within 1 year.
8. Regular maintenance of the CCT’s is necessary.
9. Permission was granted for the NOC of groundwater abstraction from Central Ground
Water Authority (CGWA).

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REFERENCES:

1. Patil, Shivraj G., and Wayal, Abhaykumar S. (2013). Watershed Management in

Rural Area – A Case Study. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Research(IJSER), Vol. 1 Issue 1.
2. Pandurang, D. Jankar, and Dr.Mrs. Sushma S. Kulkarni (2013). A Case Study of
Watershed Management for Madgyal Village. International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Research and Studies.
3. YouTube video on How To Construct CCT by Paani Foundation for drought
conditions in rural Maharashtra.(https://youtu.be/ir7HwZK_7Qg)
4. YouTube video on Contour Bunds by IIT Kharagpur.(https://youtu.be/d_Xe42J9BFk)

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