SALT ANALYSIS
TEST FOR ANIONS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Test for CO32- →A little of Brisk effervescence with May be CO32-
the salt is treated with the evolution of colourless
dil.HCl. odourless gas CaCO3 + 2HCl →CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Confirmatory test :-
2.Pass the above gas through Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is confirmed
lime water. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Test for Halides a) Colourless pungent a)May be Cl-
3.A little of the salt is treated smelling gas
with 1 or 2 drops of conc. evolves,dense white NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
H2SO4 fumes when a glass rod is
dipped in NH4OH is shown
on the mouth of the test
tube
b) Reddish brown vapours b) Maybe Br-
with pungent smell NaBr + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HBr
H2SO4 + 2HBr →SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O
c)Deep violet vapours c)May be I-
with pungent smell KI + H2SO4 → KHSO4 + HI
H2SO4 + 2HI → SO2 + I2 + 2H2O
Confirmatory test of halides a)Curdy white ppt. soluble a)presence of Cl- is confirmed
4. A little of the salt solution in NH4OH. NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 +
is acidified with dil.HNO3, AgCl(white ppt.)
boil,cool and add AgNO3 sol.
b)Pale yellow ppt. b)presence of Br- is confirmed
sparingly soluble in KBr + AgNO3 → KNO3 + AgBr(pale
NH4OH yellow ppt.)
c)Yellow ppt. insoluble in c)presence of I- is confirmed
NH4OH KI + AgNO3 → KNO3 + AgI(yellow
ppt.)
Test for NO3- Reddish brown gas Presence of NO3-
5. A little of the salt is heated evolves 2KNO3 + H2SO4 →K2SO4 + 2HNO3
with conc.H2SO4 and Cu 4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +
turnings 2H2O
6.Add freshly prep. A dark brown ring is Presence of NO3- is confirmed
saturated FeSO4 sol. to a little formed at the junction of KNO3 + H2SO4 → KHSO4 + HNO3
of the salt sol. Then the layers of the acid and
con.H2SO4 is added slowly the sol. 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 →
through the sides of the test 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
tube
FeSO4 + NO +5H2O → [Fe(NO)
(H2O)5]SO4 (brown ring)
Test for SO42- Presence of SO42-
7. To a little of the salt A white ppt. is formed. Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 +
solution add lead acetate sol. 2CH3COONa
Confirmatory test for SO42- White ppt. is formed Presence of SO42- is formed.
8. To a little of the salt sol. which is insoluble in Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
add BaCl2 sol. dil.HCl
Test for CH3COO- Presence of CH3COO-
9.A little of the salt is treated Smell of vinegar
with con. H2SO4 and warm
gently. CH3COONa +H2SO4 → NaHSO4 +
CH3COOH
Confirmatory test for Blood red colouration Presence of CH3COO- is confirmed
CH3COO- 3CH3COONa + FeCl3 →
10. A little of the salt sol. is (CH3COO)3Fe + 3NaCl
treated with neutral FeCl3 sol.
TESTS FOR CATIONS
ANALYSIS OF ZERO GROUP(NH4+)
1.A little of the salt is treated Smell of NH3 NH4+is present
with NaOH solution NH4Cl + NaOH →NaCl + H2O +
NH3
2.To the above solution,add Brown ppt. Presence of NH4+ is confirmed
Nessler’s reagent 2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH →
H2N.HgO + 7KI + 2H2O
ANALYSIS OF GROUP I
1.A little of the salt sol. is White ppt. Presence of group I
treated with dil.HCl Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2
+2HNO3
2.To a little of the salt Yellow ppt. Presence of Pb2+
solution add K2CrO4 sol. Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+
3.KI sol. is added to a little of Yellow ppt. which dissolves Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed
the salt sol. on heating and reappears as Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 + 2K+
golden spangles on cooling.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP II
1.To a little of the salt sol., Black ppt. Presence of Cu2+
add dil.HCl and pass H2 gas CuCl2 + H2S → CuS + 2HCl
2. To a little of the salt sol., A blue sol. Presence of Cu2+
add excess of NH4OH sol. Cu(NO3)2 + 4NH4OH →
[Cu(NH3)4][NO3]2 + 4H2O
3.To a little salt sol.,add Chocolate brown ppt. Presence of Cu2+ is confirmed
K4[Fe(CN)6] sol. Cu2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] →
Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4K+
ANALYSIS OF GROUP III
1.To a little of the salt sol. White gelatinous ppt. Presence of Al3+
add NH4Cl & excess NH4OH Al3+ + 3OH- (aq) → Al(OH)3
2. To a little of the salt sol. A blue ppt. floats on the Presence of Al3+
add blue litmus sol. followed transparent medium Al(OH)3 adsorbs the blue
by NH4OH sol. colour of litmus to form a
complex.
Al3+ + 3OH- (aq) → Al(OH)3
3. To a little of the salt add A blue ash. Presence of Al3+ is confirmed.
Co(NO3)2 sol. Dip an ashless 2Co(NO3)2 → 2CoO + NO2 + O2
filter paper and ignite. CoO+Al2O3 → Co(AlO2)3
(cobalt meta aluminate
ANALYSIS OF GROUP IV
1.To a little of the salt sol. White ppt. Presence of Zn2+(IV group)
add NH4OH and pass H2S gas. Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS + 2H2O
2.To a little of the salt sol. White ppt. soluble in excess Presence of Zn2+
add NaOH sol. of NaOH ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 +
2NaCl
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH→ Na2ZnO2
+ 2H2O
3.To a little of the salt sol. White ppt. Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
add K4Fe(CN)6 sol 2ZnCl2+ K4[Fe(CN)6] →
Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl
4.To a little of the salt add A green coloured ash Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
Co(NO3)2 sol. Dip an ashless ZnO+ CoO → ZnO.CoO
filter paper and ignite.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP V
1.A little of the salt is treated White ppt. Presence of group V
with NH4Cl,NH4OH & (Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+)
(NH4)2CO3. BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 +
2NH4Cl
SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 →SrCO3 +
2NH4Cl
CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3→CaCO3 +
2NH4Cl
Test for Ba2+ Yellow ppt. Presence of Ba2+
1.To a little salt sol. add Ba2+ + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4(ppt.)
K2CrO4 sol. + 2K+
2.Flame test- Apple green colour flame Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed
A little salt is taken in a china
dish and is made into a paste
with conc.HCl and show it
onto a non-luminous flame.
Test for Sr2+ White ppt. Presence of Sr2+
1.To a little of the salt sol. Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 +
add (NH4)2SO4 sol. 2NH4+
2.Flame test is conducted. Crimson coloured flame. Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed
Test for Ca2+ White ppt. Presence of Ca2+
1.A little salt sol. is treated
with (NH4)2C2O4 sol. Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 +
2NH4+
2.Flame test is conducted Brick red coloured flame Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
ANALYSIS OF VI GROUP
Test for Mg2+ White ppt. Presence of Mg2+
1.To a little of the salt Mg2+ + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4
sol.,add NH4Cl,NH4OH and → Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4+ + H2O
(NH4)3PO4
2.Ash test is performed Light pink residue Presence of Mg2+ is confirmed
.
MgO + CoO→MgO.Co.O
