DPS – MIS, DOHA- QATAR
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE INORGANIC SALT
2+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ +
CATIONS: Pb ,Cu , Al ,Fe3+, Zn , Mn , Sr , Ba , Mg , NH4
2- 2- - - -
ANIONS: CO3 , SO4 , NO3 , Cl , CH3COO
Experiment Observation Inference
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2+ 3+ 2+
1. Note the colour of the salt. Colourless Presence of Pb , Al , Zn ,
2+ 2+ 2+ +
Sr , Ba , Mg , NH4
2+ 2+
Coloured salt Presence of Cu ,Mn
2. Note the smell of the salt a) Vinegar smell Presence of acetate ion
b) Ammoniacal smell Presence of ammonium ion
c) No characteristic Absence of acetate and
observation. ammonium ion.
3. Flame test:-
Presence of Ca2+
A little of the salt is mixed with a) Brick red
Presence of Sr2+
a few drops of Con.HCl and a b)Crimson red
part of it is shown into the c)Pale green Presnce of Ba2+
2+
flame. d) Bright bluish green Presence of Cu
e)No characteristic Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+, Ba2+ &
colour Cu2+
4. Ash test:-To a little of the a)Blue ash Presence of Al3+
salt add a fe drops of cobalt b)Green ash Presence of Zn2+
nitrate solution,mix well and dip c)Pink ash Presence of Mg2+
a piece of filter paper and burn d) No characteristic Absence of Al3+,Zn2+& Mg2+
it to ashes colour
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID
RADICALS (ANIONS)
2-
1. 1. Salt + dil. HCl a) Brisk effervescence Presence of carbonate (CO3 )
with the liberation
of Colourless,
odourless gas turns
lime water milky
b) No characteristic Absence of carbonate
reaction
2. 2. Salt + Concentrated H2SO4 a) Colourless gas with a
pungent smell and Presence of chloride (Cl-)
gives dense white
fumes when a glass
rod dipped in
ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH)
is shown at the
mouth of the test
tube. -
b) Colourless vapours Presence of acetate (CH3COO
with the smell of
vinegar
c) No characteristic Absence of Chloride and
reaction acetate
3.
4. 3. Salt + a) Brown fumes are Presence of nitrate
Concentrated H2SO4 and heat evolved
and then add paper ball b) No characteristic Absence of nitrate.
reaction
5. 4.Aqueous solution of salt + a) A white ppt.
insoluble in dilute Presence of sulphate
dilute HCl + BaCl2 solution.
HCl is obtained
b) No characteristic Absence of sulphate
reaction
Confirmation test for
ANIONS
Confirmation test for
CARBONATE White ppt Presence of carbonate is
1. To a little of the salt add confirmed.
MgSO4 solution
2. To a little of the salt add White ppt Presence of carbonate is
CaCl2 solution confirmed.
Confirmation test for
CHLORIDE
1. Salt solution + dilute White ppt soluble in Presence of chloride is
HNO3+ AgNO3solution NH4OH confirmed
2. Heat a pinch of the salt Evolution of greenish Presence of chloride is
with a small quantity of yellow gas having a confirmed
MnO2 and Conc.H2SO4. pungent smell.
Confirmation test for
ACETATE
1. Take a small quantity of Smell like that of Presence of acetate is
salt in a watch glass. Mix vinegar confirmed
it with oxalic acid and
add 3 drops of water. Rub
the paste and smell.
2. To a little of the salt Pleasant fruity smell Presence of acetate is
addCon.H2SO4 and heat confirmed
and add ethanol and
shake. Pour the contents
into a beaker of water.
Confirmation test for
NITRATE
1. Brown ring test: Strong A brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is
solution of the substance at the junction of two confirmed
+ freshly prepared FeSO4 liquids
solution. conc. H2SO4 is
added along the sides of
the test tube.
2. Add a few drops of A deep blue colouration Presence of Nitrate is
diphenyl amine to a little confirmed
of the aq. Solution of the
salt + conc.H2SO4
Confirmation test for
SULPHATE
2-
1. Aqueous solution of salt A white ppt. insoluble Presence of Sulphate (SO4 ) is
+ dilute HCl + BaCl2 in dilute HCl is obtained
confirmed.
solution.
2. Aqueous solution of salt A white ppt soluble in
Presence of Sulphate (SO42-) is
+ lead acetate solution hot ammonium acetate
confirmed.
soltion
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICALS OR CATIONS
GROUP RADICALS GROUP REAGENTS
0 NH4+ Na2CO3
2+ +
I Pb ,Ag Dilute Hydrochloric
acid(HCl)
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
II Pb ,Hg ,Cu ,Cd Dilute HCl + H2S gas.
3+ 2+ 3+
III Al ,Fe , Fe NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
IV Zn ,Mn ,Co ,Ni NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH + H2S
gas
2+ 2+ 2+
V Ca ,Sr ,Ba NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH + (NH4)
2
CO3
2+
VI Mg NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH +
Ammonium phosphate or
disodium hygrogen phosphate
Preparation of Original solution(O.S): Make a solution of salt in water.
Experiment Observation Inference
Zero group
Original solution + Na2CO3 No ppt Presence of group zero (NH4+)
A ppt Absence of group zero (NH4+)
Group-1
Original solution + dil-HCl A ppt Presence of group I (Pb2+)
No ppt Absence of group zero (Pb2+)
Group-2
Original solution + dil-HCl + Black ppt Presence of group II (Cu2+)
pass H2S Yellow ppt Presence of group II (Cd2+)
No ppt Absence of group II
Group-3
Original solution + solid White ppt Presence of group III (Al3+)
NH4Cl + Excess NH4OH till it Reddish brown ppt Presence of group III (Fe3+)
smells ammonia
No ppt Absence of group III
Group-4
Original solution + solid Dirty white ppt Presence of group IV (Zn2+)
NH4Cl boil cool and add Flesh(buff)coloured Presence of group IV (Mn2+)
Excess NH4OH + pass H2S ppt
No ppt Absence of group IV
Group-5
Original solution + solid White ppt Presence of group V (Ba2+,Ca2+
NH4Cl boil cool and add and Sr2+)
Excess NH4OH and add No ppt Absence of group V
ammonium carbonate solution.
Group-6
Original solution + solid White ppt Presence of group VI (Mg2+)
NH4Cl boil cool and add No ppt Absence of group VI (Mg2+)
NH4OH and excess
ammonium phosphate or
disodium hydrogen phosphate
and scratch the sides.
Confirmation test for
AMMONIUM
1. Salt + NaOH solution Colourless gas with NH + is confirmed.
4
and heat it. a pungent smell is
Obtained,which
gives dense white
fumes with a glass
rod dipped in
2. To the O.S solution add Con.HCl +
nessler’s reagent. Brown ppt NH4 is confirmed
Confirmation test for LEAD
2+
1. Original solution + yellow ppt. Pb is confirmed.
Potassium Chromate.
2. Original solution + KI yellow ppt. 2+
Pb is confirmed.
Confirmation test for
COPPER 2+
1. Original solution + A bluish white ppt. Cu is confirmed
NH4OH soluble in excess of
NH4OH is observed
which gives rise to
a deep blue
solution.
2. Flame tests: salt is Bluish green flame 2+
mixed withCon.HCl on Cu is confirmed
a watch glass and flame
test is conducted.
Confirmation test for
ALUMINIUM 3+
1. To the O.S add NaOH White gelatinous Al is confirmed.
solution ppt
3+
2. Ash test:-To a little of Blue ash Al is confirmed
the salt add a fe drops of
cobalt nitrate
solution.mix well and
dip a piece of filter
paper and burn it to
ashes
Confirmation test for
FERRIC ION
1. To the O.S add NaOH Reddish brown ppt Presence of Fe3+ confirmed
solution.
2. To the O.S add A deep blue ppt Presence of Fe3+ confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide
solution.
Confirmation test for ZINC
1. Original solution + The white ppt. is 2+
Zn is confirmed
NaOH solution soluble in excess of
NaOH giving a
colourless solution.
2+
2. Ash test:-To a little of Green ash Zn is confirmed
the salt add a few drops
of cobalt nitrate
solution, mix well and
dip a piece of filter
paper and burn it to
ashes
Confirmation test for
MANGANESE 2+
Mn is confirmed
1. Original solution + Buff coloured ppt
NaOH solution. 2+
2. To the original solution Buff coloured ppt Mn is confirmed
Na2PO4 solution is
added.
Confirmation test for
BARIUM 2+
1. To the O.S add Yellow ppt Ba is confirmed
Potassium chromate
solution.
2. Flame tests: salt is Grassy green flame Ba2+ is confirmed
mixed withCon.HCl on
a watch glass and flame
test is conducted.
Confirmation test for
CALCIUM 2+
Ca is confirmed.
1. To the O.S add White ppt
ammonium oxalate
solution and NH4OH
solution. 2+
2. Flame tests: salt is Brick red flame Ca is confirmed
mixed withCon.HCl on
a watch glass and flame
test is conducted
Confirmation test for
STRONTIUM 2+
1. To the O.S add White ppt Sr is confirmed
ammonium sulphate
solution and warm.
2+
2. Flame tests: salt is Crimson red flame Sr is confirmed
mixed with Con.HCl on
a watch glass and flame
test is conducted
Confirmation test for
MAGNESIUM 2+
Mg is confirmed.
1. To the O.S solution add White ppt
NaOH solution. 2+
2. Ash test:-To a little of Pink ash Mg is confirmed
the salt add a fe drops of
cobalt nitrate
solution.mix well and
dip a piece of filter
paper and burn it to
ashes
Sample
SALT – 1
Experiment Observation Inference
PRELIMINARY TESTS
2+ 3+ 2+
1. Note the colour of the salt. Colourless Presence of Pb , Al , Zn ,
2+ 2+ 2+ +
Sr , Ba , Mg , NH4
2. Note the smell of the salt No characteristic observation. Absence of acetate and
ammonium ion.
3. Flame test:-
A little of the salt is mixed No characteristic colour Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+, Ba2+ &
with a few drops of Con.HCl Cu2+
and a part of it is shown into
the flame.
4.Ash test:-To a little of the Pink ash Presence of Mg2+
salt add a fe drops of cobalt
nitrate solution.mix well and
dip a piece of filter paper and
burn it to ashes
IDENTIFICATION OF
ACID RADICALS
(ANIONS)
2-
Absence of carbonate(CO3 )
6. 1. Salt + dil. HCl No characteristic reaction
7. 2. Salt + No characteristic reaction Absence of Chloride and
Concentrated H2SO4 acetate
8. 3. Salt +
Concentrated H2SO4 and heat No characteristic reaction Absence of nitrate.
and then add paper ball
9. 4.Aqueous solution of salt +
White ppt Presence of sulphate
dilute HCl + BaCl2 solution.
Confirmation test for
SULPHATE 2-
1. Aqueous solution of salt Presence of Sulphate (SO4 )
A white ppt. insoluble in
+ dilute HCl + BaCl2 dilute HCl is obtained is confirmed.
solution.
2. Aqueous solution of salt A white ppt soluble in hot Presence of Sulphate (SO42-)
+ lead acetate solution ammonium acetate soltion is confirmed.
THE GIVEN SALT
CONTAIN ANION AS
SULPHATE
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)
Experiment Observation Inference
Zero group
Original solution + Na2CO3 A ppt Absence of group zero (NH4+)
Group-1
Original solution + dil-HCl No ppt Absence of group I (Pb2+)
Group-2
Original solution + dil-HCl + No ppt Absence of group II
pass H2S
Group-3
Original solution + solid No ppt Absence of group III
NH4Cl + Excess NH4OH till it
smells ammonia
Group-4
Original solution + solid No ppt Absence of group IV
NH4Cl boil cool and add
Excess NH4OH + pass H2S
Group-5
Original solution + solid No ppt Absence of group V
NH4Cl boil cool and add
Excess NH4OH and excess
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Group-6
Original solution + solid White ppt Absence of group VI (Mg2+)
NH4Cl boil cool and add
NH4OH and excess
ammonium phosphate or
disodium hydrogen phosphate
and scratch the sides.
Confirmation test for
2+
MAGNESIUM Mg is confirmed.
1. To the O.S solution add White ppt
NaOH solution.
2+
2. Ash test:-To a little of the Pink ash Mg is confirmed
salt add a fe drops of cobalt
nitrate solution.mix well
and dip a piece of filter
paper and burn it to ashes
THE GIVEN SALT
CONTAIN CATION AS
MAGNESIUM
REPORT:-
THE GIVEN SALT IS
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
