Aim of the Experiment: Qualitatively analysis of the acid and basic radical present in the given salt.

(2024)

Sl Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1 Colour and odour White colour (Colourless) Pb2+, As3+ , Al3+,
Ca2+, Ba2+ , Sr2+,
Zn2+,Mg2+,NH4+ may
be present.
Bluish green colour Cu+2, Ni+2 salt may
be present.
Yellowish brown Fe2+ , Ni2+ salt
Smell of NH3. NH4+ salt.
Smell of rotten egg. S2- may be present.
2 Heating in a dry test tube.
Heated a pinch of salt in a dry test tube
and noted the following observation
Gas Evolved Ammonia gas evolves NH4+. may be present
CO2 gas CO3-2+ may be
present.
Colour of the salt on heating changes Blue to white Cu2+
from Green to yellow Ni2+
White when cold yellow when hot Zn2+.
Yellow when cold Brown when hot Pb2+.
White residue glows on heating Ca2+, Ba2+ , Sr2+,
Mg2+.,Al3+.
3. Flame test:
A paste of small amount of salt and HCl Deep blue green flame Cu2+ may be present
is made in a watch glass. Small amount Brick red flame Ca2+. may be present
of the paste is taken in the loop of Apple green Ba2+ may be present
Nichrome wire / platinum loop and Crimson (deep red) Sr2+. may be present
No characteristic flame Cu2+, Ca2+ , Ba2+,
burnt in burner’s flame and the
Sr2+ may be absent.
colour is observed.

4 Dil H2SO4 test: 1. Brisk effervescence of colourless 1. May be CO2 form

Small amount of salt is taken in a test and odourless gas. CO32-.
tube and few drops of dil. H2SO4 is 2. Colourless gas having pungent 2. May be SO2 from
added. smell which turns K2Cr2O7. paper SO32-
green.
3. Colourless gas with smell of 3. May beH2S from
rotten eggs which turns lead S2-.
acetate paper black.
4. Reddish brown gas with pungent 4. May be NO2 from
smell which turns ferrous NO2-.
Sulphate solution black.
5. No characteristics gas is evolved. 5. CO32-, SO32-, S2-,
NO2- are absent
5. Conc. H2SO4 test: 1. Colourless gas having pungent 1. May be HCl from
Small amount of salt is taken in a test smell which forms white fumes Cl-
tube and few drops of con.H2SO4 is with aqueous ammonia paper.
added and heated gently. 2. Raddish brown gas with pungent 2. May be Br2 from
smell which turns starch paper Br-
yellow.
3. Violet gas with pungent smell 3. May be I2 from I-
which turns starch paper blue.
4. Faint brown gas which turns 4. May be NO2 from
dense on addition of Cu turnings. NO3-.
5. Colourless gas having the smell 5. May be
of vinegar which turns blue litmus CH3COOH form
red. CH3COO-
6. A colourless gas which turns 6. May be CO2 + CO
lime water milky from C2O42-.
 7. No characteristics gas is evolved. 7. Above said
radicals are
absent.

6. Test for SO42-: White precipitate insoluble in

1) Salt solution + dilHNO3 + BaCl2 HNO3.
solution. SO42- is present.
2) Salt Solution + Lead Acetate solution White ppt. which is soluble in hot
ammonium acetate.
3-
7 Test for PO4 : Yellow precipitate. PO43- is present.
Salt solution + Conc. HNO3 + Boil +
Add excess of Ammonium Molybdate
solution.
8. Confirmatory test for acid radical:
Confirmatory test for CO32- ion –
The salt is dissolved in water and
divided into two parts
1. Dil. HCl is added to the first part Lime water turns milky
and the gas evolved is passed CO3 2- confirmed.
through lime water.
2. Few drops Mg SO4 is added to the Whit ppt is formed
second part.
Confirmatory test for CH3COO- -
1. Salt + oxalic acid + 2-3 drops Vinegar smell
of water, rub CH3COO- ion.
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Ethyl Fruity smell confirmed
alcohol, Heat
Confirmatory test for CI– ion – white ppt, insoluble in HNO3
1. salt solution + few drops of dil but soluble in NH3 solution
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution. Cl- confirmed
2. Salt + MnO2 + H2SO4, Heat Cl2 gas is evolved.
Confirmatory test for NO3- ion – a brown ring at the junction of NO3- confirmed
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a the liquids
test tube and add about 5 ml of
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution.
Add 3 drops of conc. H2SO4 slowly
from the side of the test tube.
Confirmatory test for C2O42– ion-
1. salt solution, add few drops of Pink colour of KMnO4
H2SO4 and a drop of KMnO4 disappears
solution and heat C2O42– confirmed
2. Salt solution + acetic acid + White ppt
CaCl2 solution
9. Test for NH4+:
1. A pinch of salt is heated with conc. Smell of NH3 NH4+ present.
NaOH
2. Salt solution + NaOH solution + Brown ppt. NH4+ present.
Nessler’e reagent
10. Group Analysis:
Preparation of original salt solution
(O.S): Take a spatula full of salt in a
test tube and water. Shake to
dissolve the salt. If not soluble, add
2-3 drops of dil. HCl. Warm if
necessary. …………..ppt Gr I (Pb2+, As3+)
may be present.
1. O.S + Dil HCl
…………..ppt Gr II (Pb2+, Cu2+,
2. Above solution + H2S As3+) may be
present.
Gr III (Fe3+, Al3+)
…………..ppt may be present.
3. Above solution, Boiled off H2S +
NH4Cl + NH4OH (in excess)
Gr IV (Ni2+, Zn2+,
4. Above solution + H2S. Mn2+) may be
…………..ppt present .
Gr V (Ca2+, Ba2+,
5. Above solution, Boiled off H2S + Sr2+) may be present
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3.
…………..ppt Gr VI (Mg2+) may
6. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess) + be present.
(NH4)2HPO4 solution, Rub the sides of
the test tube with a glass rod.

Analysis of group ppt.

GROUP-I
The precipitate is boiled with about 10 ml of water in a test tube to obtain a clear solution and divided into
three parts.
(i) 1st part is cooled under tap water, white precipitate reappears. - Pb+2 present.
(ii) 2nd part + acetic acid + K2CrO4 solution. Yellow precipitate is obtained – Pb2+ present
(iii) 3rd part + KI solution. Yellow precipitate appears. - Pb +2 confirmed.

GROUP --- II (Copper Group)

The precipitate is boiled with10 mL 1:3 HN03 (1 part HN03 + 3 part water) to dissolve. NH40H is added till
the solution becomes alkaline, filtered and analysed for the residue and filtrate as given blow.

Residue Filtrate
5 mL of NaOH is added shaked. The residue Blue colour indicates the presence Of Cu 2+ as
dissolve to form a Clear solution. The Solution complex ion .
is acidified and divided into two parts.
(i) 1 st part' + K2Cr04 solution: Yellow precipitate To one part of blue solution acetic acid and
Pb +2 confirmed Potassium ferrocyanide is added. Reddish -
(ii) 2nd part + KI solution. Yellow precipitate. , brown precipitate. - Cu +2 confirmed.
, Pb +2 confirmed.
(no ppt. Pb2+absent) (no ppt. Cu2+ absent)

ANALYSIS OF GROUP –III (IRON Group)

Taken about 5 mL of the O.S and added 4-5 drops of Cone. Nitric acid. Boil the solution for some time. About
2 gm of solid NH4CI is added to it and boiled again. The solution is cooled under tap water. Excess of
ammonium hydroxide is added to it and shaked. A ppt shows the presence of some cation of Group III.
Filtered the ppt. and washed with water. Noted the colour of the ppt.
Fe +3 (Reddish brown ppt) Al3+ (White Ppt.)
The reddish brow ppt is dissolved in dil. HCl and The white ppt is dissolved in dil. HCl and two drops
divided into two parts: of' blue Litmus solution is added. NH40H solution
(i) 1st part + potassium Ferrocyanide solution- drop wise till blue colour developed.-
Prussion blue colour.-Fe3+ confirmed. Blue ppt, floating in the colourless solution.
(ii) 2nd part + little potassium sulphocyanide 3+
AI confirmed.
solution.- Blood red colouration . –Fe3+ confirmed.

ANALYSIS OF GROUP –IV (ZINC Group)

The precipitate is filtered and washed with water.

Black ppt. (Co2+ or Ni2+) Buff (flesh) coloured ppt Dull white ppt. Zn2+.
Observe the colourof the salt. If it is greenish perform – Mn2+
the test for Ni+2 with O.S.
Confirmatory test for Confirmatory test for Confirmatory test for Confirmatory test for
2+
Co . Ni2+. Mn2+. Zn2+.
O.S. + NH4OH + Acetic To the O.S. NaOH solution O.S. + potassium
acid + Crystal of O.S. + Bromine water. added and shaked- a white Ferrocyanide solution-
potassium nitrate. Warm Boiled - black ppt. Ni+2 ppt is formed. Added Br2 white or bluish ppt. is
– A yellow ppt – Co2+ is confirmed. water to the white ppt. It formed. - Zn2+ confirmed.
present. turns black or brown. -
No ppt - Co2+ is absent. (No ppt. Ni2+ absent) Mn2 + confirmed. (No ppt. Zn2+ absent)
(No ppt. Mn2+ absent)

ANALYSIS OR GROUP - V (CALCIUM GROUP)

The ppt is filtered and washed with water. The ppt is dissolved in hot dilute acetic acid and divided into three parts:

Ba 2+ Sr2+ Ca 2+
151 part + potassium chromate 2nd part + ammonium Sulphate 3rd part + ammonium hydroxide
solution- Yellow- ppt. -Ba2+ solution. - White ppt. - Sr+2 and scratch the sides of the test tube. -
Confirmed confirmed . White ppt. - Ca2+ confirmed.
OR OR OR
(No ppt Ba2+ absent) Not done since Ba2+ is present Not done since Ba2+ / Sr2+ is present

THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS:

ACID RADICAL : ____________________

BASIC RADICAL: ________________