SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS

1 Colour of the salt is noted pink

green
blue
colourless

2 Solubility of the salt in water is noted 1. Soluble

2. Insoluble

3 A little salt is shaken well with NaOH solution 1. Smell of ammonia

2. No smell of ammonia

4 FLAME TEST: A little salt is made into a paste with 1.Brick red colour imparted to
a little conc. HCl and shown to a non luminous the flame
flame. 2.Crimson red colour……….
3.Apple green colour……..
4.No characteristic colour is
imparted to the flame

5 ASH TEST: A little salt is heated with few drops of 1.Blue colour ash is formed
conc.HNO3 and cobalt nitrate solution.A filter 2.Green …….
paper dipped in it is burnt to ashes. 3.Pink……
4.No characteristic colour to
the ash

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

1 A little salt is treated with dil. HCl 1.Brisk effervescence with the
liberation of a colourless,
odourless gas.
2.Rotten egg smelling gas is evolved
3.No characteristic change

2 A little salt is rubbed with dil. H2SO4 1.Smell of vinegar

2.No characteristic smell

3 A little salt is treated with a little conc. H2SO4 1.Pungent smelling vapours giving
dense white fumes with a glass
rod dipped in NH4OH
2.Reddish brown vapours are
evolved
3.Violet vapours are evolved
No characteristic change
 IF 3rd TEST IS POSITIVE DO 4th OR GO TO 5th

4 A little salt is mixed with a pinch of manganese 1.Greenish yellow gas is evolved
dioxide and a little conc. H2SO4 2.Reddish brown vapour…….
3.Violet vapour…….
4.No characteristic change

5 A little salt is warmed with a little conc.H2SO4 1.Reddish brown gas is evolved
and a paper ball is added 2.No characteristic change

6 A little salt is treated with a little conc. HNO3 and 1.Yellow precipitate is formed
ammonium molybdate solution 2.No characteristic precipitate

7 A little salt solution is treated with barium 1.A white precipitate is formed
chloride solution which is insoluble in dil. HCl
2.No characteristic precipitate

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

1 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CARBONATE

LIME WATER TEST: Pass the gas evolved on adding Lime water turns milky
dil.Hci through lime water

BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: To a little salt solution White precipitate is formed

Barium chloride solution is added which is soluble in dil.HCl

2 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SULPHIDE

LEAD ACETATE TEST: A filter paper dipped in lead The filter paper turns black
acetate solution is brought in contact with the
rotten egg smelling gas

3 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACETATE

FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST: To a little salt solution Red colouration
ferric chloride solution is added

ESTER TEST: To a little salt a little ehanol and conc. Pleasant fruity smellis evolved
H2SO4 is added and heated in a water bath,cooled
and poured in water

4 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CHLORIDE

SILVER NITRATE TEST: To a little salt solution A white precipitate is formed
silver nitrate solution is added which is soluble in NH4OH

CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: A little salt is mixed Yellow precipitate is formed

with a pinch of solid potassium dichromate and
 conc. H2SO4. The red vapours evolved are passed
through a test tube containing NaOH solution.
To the yellow solution acetic acid and lead acetate
solution is added.

5 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BROMIDE

SILVER NITRATE TEST: To a little salt solution Pale yellow precipitate is
silver nitrate solution is added formed which is partially soluble
in NH4OH

CHLORINE WATER TEST: To a little salt chlorine Carbon disulphide layer acquires
water and carbon disulphide is added and shaken a red colour
vigorously

6 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR IODIDE

SILVER NITRATE TEST: To a little salt solution Yellow precipitate is formed
silver nitrate solution is added which is insoluble in NH4OH

CHLORINE WATER TEST: To a little salt chlorine Carbon disulphide layer acquires
water and carbon disulphide is added and shaken a violet colour
vigorously

7 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NITRATE

COPPER TURNING TEST: A little salt is warmed Reddish brown gas is evolved
with a little conc.H2SO4 to it copper turning are and solution turns blue
added and heated again

BROWN RING TEST: To salt solution equal volume Brown ring is formed at the
of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is junction of the two layers
added followed by conc. H2SO4 along the walls
without shaking

8 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

MAGNESIA MIXTURE TEST: To a little salt solution White precipitate is formed
Magnesia mixture is added

9 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SULPHATE

LEAD ACETATE TEST: Ta a little salt solution acetic White precipitate is formed
acid and lead acetate solution is added which Is soluble in ammonium
acetate solution

REPORT: THE ACID RADICAL PRESENT IN THE GIVEN SALT IS ………..

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

SOLUTION OF THE SALT IS PREPARED IN WATER

1 To a little salt solution dil. HCl is added 1`.White precipitate is formed
2.No characteristic precipitate

2 To a little salt solution dil. HCl and H2S are added 1.Black precipitate is formed
2.No characteristic precipitate

3 To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl and NH4OH are 1.Gelatinous white /brown
added precipitate is formed
2.No characteristic precipitate

4 To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH & 1.White/dirty white/flesh/black

H2S are added precipitate is formed
2.No characteristic precipitate

5 To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH & 1.White precipitate is formed
(NH4)2CO3 solution is added 2.No characteristic precipitate

6 To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH & 1.White precipitate is formed
Na2HPO4 solution is added 2.No characteristic precipitate

7 A little salt is warmed with NaOH solution 1.Pungent smelling gas is evolved
2.No characteristic change

ANALYSIS OF GROUP I
1 To a little salt solution dil. HCl is added White precipitate is formed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR LEAD

The above white precipitate is boiled with water. Precipitate dissolves

To one part of the hot solution Potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is formed
solution is added

To second part of the above solution Potassium Yellow precipitate is formed which
iodide solution is added is soluble in hot water and reappears
as golden spangles on cooling

ANALYSIS OF GROUP II
2 To a little salt solution dil.HCl and H2S are added A black precipitate is formed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COPPER

To a little salt solution NH4OH solution is added A blue precipitate is formed which
dissolves in excess NH4OH to form a
dep blue solution

To a little salt solution Potassium ferrocyanide Chocolate brown precipitate is

 solution is added formed

3 ANALYSIS OF GROUP III

To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl and NH4OH are A gelatinous white precipitate is
added formed
A brown precipitate is formed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ALUMINIUM

The gelatinous white precipitate is dissolves in minimum dil.HCl
To one part of the above solution NaOH solution Gelatinous white precipitate is
is added formed which dissolves in excess

LAKE TEST: To second part of the above solution Floating blue precipitate over a
blue litmus solution is added followed by NH4OH clear solution
solution without shaking

ASH TEST: A little salt is heated with few drops of Blue colour ash is formed
conc.HNO3 and cobalt nitrate solution.A filter
paper dipped in it is burnt to ashes.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR FERRIC

To a little salt solution Potassium ferrocyanide Prussian blue colouration
solution is added

To a little salt solution Ammonium sulphocyanide Blood red colouration

so;ution is added

4 ANALYSIS OF GROUP IV
To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH and 1.A white/dirty white precipitate
H2S are added is formed
2.A flesh/buff colour precipitate
is formed
3.A black precipitate is formed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ZINC

To a little salt solution NaOH solution is added White precipitate is formed which
dissolves in excess

To a little salt solution Potassium ferrocyanide A greenish white precipitate is

solution is added formed

ASH TEST: A little salt is heated with few drops of Green colour ash is formed
conc.HNO3 and cobalt nitrate solution.A filter
paper dipped in it is burnt to ashes.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MANGANESE

 To a little salt solution NaOH solution is added White precipitate gradually turns
brown

PbO2 TEST: To few drops of the salt solution PbO2 Violet colouration
and conc.HNO3 are added ,warmed ,cooled and
diluted with water

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT/NICKEL

The black precipitate is dissolved in aqua regia and 1.Blue residue is formed
evaporated to dryness 2.Yellow residue is formed

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NICKEL

The yellow residue is dissolved in water to it NH4OH Rose red precipitate
and Dimethylglyoxime is added

5 ANALYSIS OF GROUP V
To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH and A white precipitate is formed
(NH4)2CO3 solution is added

The above white precipitate is disolved in minimum dilute acetic acid

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BARIUM

To one part of the above solution Potassium Yellow precipitate is formed
chromate solution is added

FLAME TEST: A little salt is made into a paste with Apple green colour is imparted to
a little conc. HCl and shown to a non luminous the flame
flame.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR STRONTIUM

To second part of the above solution Ammonium White precipitate is formed
sulphate solution is added

FLAME TEST: A little salt is made into a paste with Crimson red colour is imparted to
a little conc. HCl and shown to a non luminous the flame
flame.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CALCIUM

To third part of the above solution Ammonium A white precipitate is formed
oxalate solution is added

FLAME TEST: A little salt is made into a paste with Brick red colour is imparted to
a little conc. HCl and shown to a non luminous the flame
flame.

6 ANALYSIS OF GROUP VI
 To a little salt solution solid NH4Cl, NH4OH and White precipitate is formed
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate solution is added

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

To a little salt solution Magneson reagent is added Blue precipitate is formed

ASH TEST: A little salt is heated with few drops of Pink colour ash is formed
conc.HNO3 and cobalt nitrate solution.A filter
paper dipped in it is burnt to ashes.

7 ANALYSIS OF GROUP 0
A little salt is treated with NaOH solution Smell of Ammonia

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR AMMONIUM

Alittle salt is warmed with NaOH solution A gas having smell of ammonia is
evolved which gives dense white
fumes with conc. HCl

NESSLER'S TEST: To a little salt solution Nessler's Brown precipitate is formed

reagent is added

REPORT: The basic radical in the given salt is………………...

RESULT: The given salt is …………………
LTS
INFERENCE

Cobalt/Manganese
Ferrous/Nickel
Copper
Absence of Cobalt,copper,nickel
manganese,ferrous

Ammonium may be present

Ammonium absent

Ammonium is present
Ammonium is absent

Presence of Calcium

Presence of Strontium
Presence of Barium
Absence of Calcium,Strontium &
Barium

Presence of Aluminium
Presence of Zinc
Presence of Magnesium
Absence of Aluminium,Zinc &
Magnesium

Presence of Carbonate

Presence of Sulphide
Absence of Carbonate& Sulphide

Presence of Acetate
Absence of Acetate

Presence of Chloride

Presence of Bromide

Presence of Iodide
Absence of Chloride,Bromide &
Iodide
O 5th

Presence of Chloride
Presence of Bromide
Presence of Iodide
Absence of Chloride,Bromide &
Iodide

Presence of Nitrate
Absence of Nitrate

Presence of Phosphate
Absence of Phosphate

Presence of Sulphate

Absence of Sulphate

CALS

TE
Presence of Carbonate confirmed

Presence of Carbonate confirmed

E
Presence of Chloride confirmed

E
Presence of Acetate confirmed

Presence of Acetate confirmed

E
Presence of Chloride confirmed

Presence of Chloride confirmed

E
Presence of Bromide confirmed

Presence of Bromide confirmed

Presence of Iodide confirmed

Presence of Iodide confirmed

E
Presence of Nitrate confirmed

Presence of Nitrate confirmed

TE
Presence of Phosphate confirmed

TE
Presence of Sulphate confirmed

N SALT IS ………..

WATER
Presence of group I
Absence of group I

Presence of group II
Absence of group II

Presence of group III

Absence of group III

Presence of group IV

Absence of group IV

Presence of group V
Absence of group V

Presence of group VI
Absence of group VI

Presence of group 0 (NH4+)

Absence of group 0 (NH4+)

Presence of lead

Presence of lead

Presence of lead confirmed

Presence of lead confirmed

Presence of Copper

Presence of Copper confirmed

Presence of Copper confirmed

 Presence of Aluminium

Presence of ferric

UM

Presence of Aluminium confirmed

Presence of Aluminium confirmed

Presence of Aluminium confirmed

Presence of Ferric confirmed

Presence of Ferric confirmed

Presence of Zinc

Presence of Manganese

Presence of Nickel/Cobalt

Presence of Zinc confirmed

Presence of Zinc confirmed

Presence of Zinc confirmed

ESE
 Presence of Manganese confirmed

Presence of Manganese confirmed

CKEL
Presence of Cobalt
Presence of Nickel

Presence of Nickel confirmed

Presence of Group Barium,

Strontium or Calcium

M
Presence of Barium confirmed

Presence of Barium confirmed

UM
Presence of Strontium confirmed

Presence of Strontium confirmed

M
Presence of Calcium confirmed

Presence of Calcium confirmed

 Presence of Magnesium

UM
Presence of Magnesium confirmed

Presence of Magnesium confirmed

Presence of Ammonium

UM
Presence of Ammonium confirmed

Presence of Ammonium confirmed

………………...
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