Contract No.

: 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010

RESULTS SUMMARY : EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3

1. BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

1.1 Available grounding area for substation grid (A) = 25 m x 55 m
1.2 Depth of grid burial (h) = 0.6 m
1.3 Surface layer thickness (hs) = 0 m (For Uniform Soil)
1.4 Surface layer Resistivity (ρs) = 24.4 Ω-m (Considered no protective surface layer (ρ =ρs))
1.5 Soil resistivity (ρ) = 24.4 Ω-m (Based on Attachment-2)
1.6 Symmetrical ground fault current (If) = 50 kA (Based on ETAP SC study Attachment-1)
1.7 Current division factor (Sf) = 1
1.8 Duration of Earth Fault Current (tc) = 1 Sec (Considering fault clearing time during earth fault)
1.9 Duration of shock (ts) = 0.5 Sec (As per IEEE 80, clause no. 16.2.2)
1.10 Design Ambient Temperature (°C) = 52 °C (As per DBM,Doc No. 4126-RLTY-0-029-0001)
1.11 Conductor Material = Copper, annealed soft-drawn

2 Calculations
2.1. Conductor Size
Minimum conductor size, Amm² = 180.41 mm2
Considering 1 Run of 185 mm2 is the selected conductor size. The conductor will have a diameter of 0.031 m

2.2. Safe Touch And Step Voltage Criteria for 70kg person
Estep70 = 254.54 V
Etouch70 = 230.16 V

3 Initial Design
3.1 Assuming a spacing (D) of 55 mtr. between the parallel conductors of the ground grid
3.2 Assuming 8 number ground rods with 6 meter long for each

The total length of the grid conductor is 160 mtr.

4 Grid Resistance
Rg = 0.40 W

5 Maximum Grid Current

IG = 50 kA

6 Ground Potential Rise

GPR = 20083 V
Etouch70 = 230.16 V
GPR = 20083
IG Vx > Rg Etouch70 = 230.2 V

Since GPR is higher than the allowable value, we proceed with the calculation of Step & Touch Voltages and check whether they are within
tolerable limits.

7 Determination of Attainable Mesh Voltage(Em) and Step voltage(Es)

7.1 Calculation Of The Mesh Voltage (Em)

Em = 7.01 V
Etouch tolerable limit = 230.16 V
Em = 7.01 < Etouch tolerable limit = 230.2 V Hence, SAFE

7.2. Calculation Of The Step Voltage (Es)

Es = 1.95 V
Estep tolerable limit = 254.54 V
Es = 1.95 < Estep tolerable limit = 254.5 V Hence, SAFE

8. Conclusion :

Since the Attained Values of the Step and Mesh Voltages are lesser than the Tolerable Values, the Proposed Earthing Design is safe.
Page 15 of 19
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3

1. BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

1.1 Available grounding area for substation grid (A) = 25 m x 55 m
1.2 Depth of grid burial (h) = 0.6 m
1.3 Surface layer thickness (hs) = 0 m (For Uniform Soil)
1.4 Surface layer Resistivity (ρs) = 24.4 Ω-m (Considered no protective surface layer (ρ =ρs))
1.5 Soil resistivity (ρ) = 24.4 Ω-m (Based on Attachment-2)
1.6 Symmetrical ground fault current (If) = 50 kA (Based on ETAP SC study Attachment-1)
1.7 Current division factor (Sf) = 1
1.8 Duration of Earth Fault Current (tc) = 1 sec (Considering fault clearing time during earth fault)
1.9 Duration of shock (ts) = 0.5 sec (As per IEEE 80, clause no. 16.2.2)
1.10 Design Ambient Temperature (°C) = 52 °C (As per DBM,Doc No. 4126-RLTY-0-029-0001)
1.11 Conductor Material = Copper, annealed soft-drawn

2. Calculations :

Step 1 : Area occupied by the proposed ground grid as shown in Dwg. 4126-RLLPGBP-2-65-0001

A = LxW m2
A = 1375.0 m2

Step 2 : Conductor Size

The grounding conductor shall be annealed soft drawn,copper. The required cross sectional area in mm2 will be as follows :

1
A mm 2 = I

√(
(Eqn.: 45 Page : 47 IEEE Std. 80 - 2013)
) ( )
−4
TCAP×10 K 0 +T m
ln
t c α r ρr K 0 +T a

Where,
Material Proposed = Copper, annealed soft-drawn
Amm2 = Conductor cross section in mm2
If = Symmetrical ground fault current = 50 kA
Tm = Fusing temperature in oC = 1083 Table1 of IEEE 80-2013
Ta = Ambient temperature in oC = 52 - Material Constants
Ko = 1/ar - Tr = 234 (Page 46,
rr = Resistiviy of the ground conductor at referrenced = 1.72 IEEE std. 80-2013)
= temperature Tr in microhms/cm
tc = Maximum possible clearing time = 1 sec
TCAP = Thermal capacity factor in J/cm3/Co = 3.4
ar = Thermal coefficient of resistivity of conductor material = 0.00393
at reference temperature Tr

Amm2 = 180.4

Considering 1 Run of 185 mm2 is the selected cable size. This conductor will have a diameter of 0.031 m

Step 3 : Determination of Tolerable Touch and Step voltages for 70kg person

Estep70 = (1000 + 6 x Cs x rs) x 0.157 (Eqn. 30, Page 28, IEEE 80 2013)
ts

Etouch70 = (1000 + 1.5 x Cs x rs) x 0.157 (Eqn. 33, Page 29, IEEE 80 2013)
ts
Where :
Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer resistivity

No crushed rock resistivity (0 m layer) is considered.

C s=1−
0 . 09 1−
( ρ
ρs ) (Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2013)

2 h s +0 . 09
Cs = 1

Therefore tolerable step and touch voltages are,

Estep70 = 254.54 V

Etouch70 = 230.16 V
Page 16 of 19
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3

Step 4 : Initial Design

1 Considering available grounding area for substation, Spacing between parallel conductor = 55 mtr.

2 Considering 8 number ground rods each 6 meter long

* Number of parallel conductors lengthwise = 25 + 1 = 2

55

* Number of parallel conductors widthwise = 55 + 1 = 2

55

The total length of the conductor is

Lc = 2 x 55 + 25 x 2

Lc = 160

According to the total length of the conductor and considering ground rods to be used in the corner as well as along the perimeter and
throughout the grid , Effective burried length of the conductor LM is calculated as

(Eqn. 96, Page 96, IEEE 80 2013)

Where,

LC : Total length of grid conductor in meter = 160

LM : Effective buried length = 240.2
LR : Total length of ground rods in meter = 48
Lx : Maximum length of the grid in x direction in meter = 25
Ly : Maximum length of the grid in y direction in meter = 55
Lr : Length of each ground rod in meter = 6

LM = 240.2

Step 5 : Determination of Grid Resistance

For determination grid resistance Rg , following equation applies.

(Eqn. 57, Page 67, IEEE 80 2013)

Where,

Rg : Substation ground resistance in ohm

LT : The total buried length of conductors in meter

LT = Lc + LR
= 208 meter

Substituting the values we get

Rg = 24.4 x 1 + 1 x 1+ 1
208 20 x 1375 1 + 0.6 20
1375

Rg = = 0.40 W
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3
Page 17 of 19
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3
Step 6: Determination of Maximum Grid Current

The design value of the maximum grid current is defined by the following formulas

IG = Df x Ig (Eqn. 3, Page 6, IEEE 80 2013)

While,
Ig = Sf x If (Eqn. 4, Page 7, IEEE 80 2013)

Where,
IG = Maximum grid current in Amps
Ig = RMS symmetrical grid current in Amps
Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault (tf) in seconds = 1.0
Sf = Current division factor relating the magnitude of fault current to that of = 1.0
its portion flowing between the grounding grid and surrounding earth
If = Symmetrical ground fault current = 50 kA

Ig = 1.00 x 50 = 50 kA
IG = 1.00 x 50 = 50 kA

Step 7: Ground Potential Rise

GPR = IG x Rg
= 50 kA x 0.40 W = 20083 V > Etouch70 = 230.16 V
GPR value exceeds the touch potential permissible value.Therefore, further design evaluations are necessary.

Step 8: i. Calculation Of The Mesh Voltage

(Eqn. 85, Page 94, IEEE 80 2013)

In order to evaluate the mesh voltage , n, Km and Ki values are calculated as followes:

n =na × nb ×n c × nd (Eqn. 89, Page 94, IEEE 80 2013)

2 × Lc (Eqn. 90, Page 95, IEEE 80 2013)

na =
Lp

√ Lp (Eqn. 91, Page 95, IEEE 80 2013)

nb =
4×√ A
Where :
Lp = Pheripheral length of the grid in meter = 160

na = 2.00

160
nb =
4x 1375

nb = 1.04

nc = nd =1 For Rectangular–Shaped Ground Grid

Hence,
n = na x nb x nc x nd

= 2.00 x 1.04 x 1 x 1

= 2.08

(Eqn. 86, Page 94, IEEE 80 2013)

Where,
Ki = Corrective factor for grid geometry
Kii = Corrective weighting factor that adjust the effect of inner conductors on = 1 (As per clause no 16.5.1 of IEEE 80 2013)
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3
the corner mesh
Page 18 of 19
 Contract No. : 4126 / GC171086B0
Contract Title : FEED For New LPG Bottling Plant at Ras Laffan
Document No. : 4126-RLLPGBP-2-12-0008
Document Title : Earthing Calculation - LPG Bottling Plant Contractor Doc. No.
Rev. : 2 MQAE018-1000-47EB-0010
EARTHING CALCULATION - ATTACHMENT-3

LP = Peripheral length of the grid in meter = 160 m

Kh = Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth
ho = Reference depth of grid = 1 m
D = Spacing between parallel conductors in meters = 55 m
h = Depth of ground grid conductors in meters = 0.6 m
n = Effective number of parallel conductors in given grid = 2.08
d = Diameter of the grid conductor in meter = 0.0307 m

Other parameters are calculated as follows:

Kii = 1

Kh =
√( 1+
h
ho ) (Eqn. 88, Page 94, IEEE 80 2013)

= 1.26

Substituting above values we get :

Km = 1.45

The irregularity factor Ki is found to be:

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 n (Eqn. 94, Page 95, IEEE 80 2013)

= 0.644 + 0.148 x 2.08

Ki = 0.95

Em = 24.4 x 1.450 x 0.95 x 50

240.22
Em = = 7.01 < Etouch (tolerable limit 230.2 V )

Conclusion : Calculated Mesh Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Touch Voltage.Hence safe.

ii. Calculation Of The Step Voltage (Es)

Es = r x Ks x Ki x IG (Eqn. 97, Page 96, IEEE 80 2013)

LS
Where,
Ks = Spacing factor for step voltage
Ls = Effective buried conductor length in meter

Ks=
1
Π [ 1
+
1
2 h D +h
+
1 −0 .5 n−2
D ( )] (Eqn. 99, Page 96, IEEE 80 2013)

Ks = 0.27

LS = 0.75 LC + 0.85 LR (Eqn. 98, Page 96, IEEE 80 2013)

= 0.75 x 160 + 0.85 x 8 x 6

LS == 0.75 L160.80
C + 0.85 LR

Es = 24.4 x 0.27 x 0.95143 x 50

160.80

Es = 1.95 < Estep (tolerable limit 254.5 V )

Conclusion : Calculated Step Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Step Voltage.Hence safe.
Page 19 of 19
 TABLE 1 Of IEEE 80-2013 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS

αᵣ factor Fusing TCAP thermal

Material Ko at 0°C ρᵣ 20°C (μΩ-
Description at 20°C temperatur capacity [J/(cm3-
conductivity (%) (0°C) cm)
(1/°C) e Tm (°C) °C)]

Copper, annealed soft-drawn 100 0.00393 234 1083 1.72 3.4

Copper, commercial hard-
drawn 97 0.00381 242 1084 1.78 3.4
Copper-clad steel wire 40 0.00378 245 1084 4.4 3.8
Copper-clad steel wire 30 0.00378 245 1084 5.86 3.8
Copper-clad steel rod 17 0.00378 245 1084 10.1 3.8
Aluminum-clad steel wire 20.3 0.0036 258 657 8.48 3.561
Steel, 1020 10.8 0.00377 245 1510 15.9 3.8
Stainless-clad steel rod 9.8 0.00377 245 1400 17.5 4.44
Zinc-coated steel rod 8.6 0.0032 293 419 20.1 3.9
Stainless steel, 304 2.4 0.0013 749 1400 72 4