ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to our teacher _______________ as
well as our principal_________________, who
gave me the golden opportunity to make this
project. Topic- ‘MEASURING SOLUBILITY OF
SATURATED SOLUTIONS’ .Which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about many new things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped a lot in finalising the
project within a limited time frame.
THE VELAMMAL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Panchatti, Thiruvallur Dist.
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of project work done by Master/Miss.
___________________________________________ of Grade XII during the academic
year 2021-22. Submitted for AISSCE Chemistry Practical Examination held on
_____________ at The Velammal International School, Panchetti, Tiruvallur District.
Date : ____________ Teacher Incharge
PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
INDEX
1. AIM
2. THEORY
3. REQUIREMENTS
4. ANALYSIS
5. OBSERVATIONS
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
The aim of this project is to measure the
solubilities of some common chemicals:
Table salt (NaCl)
Epsom salts (MgSO4)
sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11).
THEORY
A saturated solution is a mixture in which no
more solute can be practically dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature. It is said
practical because theoretically infinite amount of
solute can be added to a solvent, but after a
certain limit the earlier dissolved solute particles
start rearranging and come out at a constant
rate. Hence overall it appears that no solute is
dissolved after a given amount of solute is
dissolved. This is known as a saturated solution.
Solubility depends on various factors like the
Ksp of the salt, bond strength between the
cation and anion, covalency of the bond, extent
of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding,
polarity, dipole moment etc. Out of these the
concepts of H-bonding, covalency, ionic bond
strength and polarity play a major role if water is
taken as a solvent.Also physical conditions like
temperature and pressure also play very
important roles as they affect the kinetic energy
of the molecules.
REQUIREMENTS
To do this experiment following materials and
equipment are required:
•Distilled water
•Metric liquid measuring cup (or graduated
cylinder)
•Three clean glass jars or beakers
•Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
•Epsom salts (MgSO4)
•Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
•Disposable plastic spoons
•Thermometer
•Three shallow plates or saucers
•Oven
•Electronic kitchen balance (accurate to 0.1 g)
ANALYSIS
1. Measure 100 mL of distilled water and pour
into a clean, empty beaker or jar.
2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the
suggested amount (see below) of the solute to
be tested.
a. 50 g Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
b. 50 g Epsom salts (MgSO4)
c. 250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
3. Add a small amount of the solute to the water
and stir with a clean disposable spoon until
dissolved.
4. Repeat this process, always adding a small
amount until the solute will no longer dissolve.
OBSERVATIONS
Amount of salt dissolved in 100mL water to
make saturated solution.
Moles dissolved - NaCl (Non-iodized 36.8
grams 0.7common salt)
MgSO432.7 grams 0.255
C12H22O11 (sucrose) 51.3 grams 0.15 .
Adding more solute at the same temperature to
the saturated solutions yielded no significant
changes in NaCl and Epsom salt. However at all
temperatures the saturation point of sucrose
could not be obtained exactly as due to the
large size of the molecule the solution became
thick and refraction was more prominent.
Neglecting this observation in the room for error,
the experiments agreed with the theory.
Adding more solute to heated solutions
increased the solubility in all the 3 cases. The
largest increase was shown by NaCl, followed
by Epsom salt and sucrose. These facts too
agreed with the theory as at high temperatures
the kinetic energy of molecules increases and
the collisions are more effective.
CONCLUSION
The solubility of NaCl is the highest as it an ionic
salt and easily dissociates in water. Also since
the size of both the cation and
anion are small, the collisions are more and
hence probability of dissociation is high. The
solubility of MgSO4 is also high as it is also an
ionic salt, but due to a larger anion, collisions
are not
very effective. The solubility of C12H22O11 is
the least as it a very large molecule due to
which hydrogen bonding with the water
molecules is not very effective. Also due to the
large number of carbon and oxygen atoms, inter
molecular H-bonding is more dominant than
intramolecular H-bonding.
Solution of NaCl (actual photo)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● icbse.com
● Wikipedia.com
● Google.com
