INDEX

❖ Objective
❖ Materials required
❖ Introduction
❖ Procedure
❖ Analysing result
❖ Observation
❖ Conclusions
❖ Bibliography
Objective
The goal of this project is to measure the
solubilities of some common chemicals:

Table salt (NaCl)

Epsom salts (MgSO4)

Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11).

 Materials required

• Distilled water
• Metric liquid measuring cup (or
graduated cylinder)
• Three clean glass jars or beakers
• Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
• Epsom salts (MgSO4)
• Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
• Disposable plastic spoons
• Thermometer
• Three shallow plates or saucers
• Oven
• Electronic kitchen balance
INTRODUCTION
In most cases, only a certain maximum
amount of solute can be dissolved in a
given amount of solvent. This maximum
amount is specified as the solubility of the
solute. It is usually expressed in terms of
the amount of solute that can dissolve in
100 g of the solvent at a given
temperature.

When the maximum amount of solute has

been dissolved in a given amount of
solvent, we say that the solution is
saturated with solute. When less than the
maximum amount of solute is dissolved in
a given amount of solute, the solution is
unsaturated. These terms are also
qualitative terms because each solute has
its own solubility. A solution of 0.00019 g
of AgCl per 100 g of H2O may be
saturated, but with so little solute
dissolved, it is also rather dilute. A solution
of 36.1 g of NaCl in 100 g of H2O is also
saturated, but rather concentrated.

How can you tell if a solution is saturated

or unsaturated? If more solute is added
and it does not dissolve, then the original
solution was saturated. If the added solute
dissolves, then the original solution was
unsaturated. A solution that has been
allowed to reach equilibrium, but which
has extra undissolved solute at the bottom
of the container, must be saturated.
PROCEDURE
Determining Solubility: Method 1

1. Measure 100 mL of distilled water

and pour into a clean, empty beaker or
jar.

2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh

out the suggested amount of the
solute to be tested.

a. 50 g Non-iodized table salt

(NaCl)

b. 50 g Epsom salts (MgSO4)

 c.250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)

3. Add a small amount of the solute to

the water and stir with a clean
disposable spoon until dissolved.

4. Repeat this process, always adding

a small amount until the solute will no
longer dissolve.

5. Weigh the amount of solute

remaining to determine how much
was added to the solution. Save your
saturated solutions for the second
method.
Determining Solubility: Method 2

1. Label the underside of each saucer

with tape, one for each solution.

2. Weigh the empty saucer and record

the weight.

3. Pour in 10-15 mL of the

appropriate saturated solution
(corresponding to the label on the
saucer).

4. Weigh the saucer + solution and

record the weight.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 for each of the
three solutions.

6. Put the saucers in a warm place

(e.g., an oven on low heat) and allow
the water to evaporate.

7. Re-weigh the saucers + dry crystals.

a. Tip: make sure all the water has

evaporated by weighing each
saucer several times, with an
interval back in the oven in
between, to make sure the weight
is no longer changing.
Analysing Results
1. To make sure that your results are
reproducible, you should repeat your
solubility experiment at least three
separate times for each chemical.

2. For each solubility determined by

Method 1, you will have the original
volume of water, the total mass of the
solute, and the remaining mass of the
solute. You can calculate how much of
the solute was dissolved.

3. For each solubility determination

by Method 2, you will have the mass of
the dry solid after evaporation, and the
mass of the original solution. You can
 calculate the mass of the water that
evaporated.

4. Calculate the average solubility, in

grams of solute per 100 mL of water,
as determined by each method.

5. More advanced students should

also calculate the standard deviation
of the solubility, as determined by
each method.

6. Compare the results of the two

methods.
 7. Compare your results to published
solubilities for the three chemicals.

OBSERVATION

Subst Tempe InitFin Mas Vol Solu Rema

ance rature ial al s of um bility rks
ma ma solut e of (g/10
ss ss e wat 0ml)
of of disso er
sol the lved (ml)
ute sol
(g).ute
(g)
Salt -25 50 5 45 100 45 Clear
(Nacl soluti
) on
after
10
minut
es of
stirrin
g
Suga -25 10 20 80 100 80 Soluti
r 0 on
(sucr took
ose) 15
 minut
es to
clear
compl
etely
Bakin -25 30 10 20 100 20 Slight
g ly
soda clody
(NaH soluti
co3) on
after
stirrin
g
CONCLUSIONS
The solubility of NaCl is maximum as it is
an ionic salt and easily dissociates in
water. Also since the size of both cation
and anion are small the collisions are
more and hencde probability of
dissociation is high. The solubility of
MgSO4 is also high as it is also an ionic salt
but due to a larger anion collisions are not
very effective. The solubility of
C12H22O11 is the least as it is a very large
molecule due to which hydrogen bonding
with water molecules is not very effective.
Also due to the large number of carbon
and oxygen atoms, inter molecular H
bonding
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/South
_Puget_Sound_Community_College/Chem
_121_OER_Textbook/08%3A_Chapter_7_-
_Solutions/8.02%3A_Solubility_and_Satur
ation
www.quora.com
www.acadaemicedu.com