/ 5 • o" rn , '\f-_ c1; , -,--::; b,.

-J-, " Y\ J
L: 101 { ~ 0~ /Jl.,-..l_ v,,. 'LiAL- ~ ,'7 "' -'' J~ lr f)t'.lbc;J/l} ( f
_!-Lo,le._ · .' /YV 1 T

i 11 ~< -Y =? P¥ lds z_. Ji_n1-1) f

(n -t -1 )f
*- J/4 ,.. r! J fl - 1 (3 ~ d .~
~
J
/Y14ck_, ,>1.J
(ll -r-1) p ; r.··1-t'1..- °3
l0 ·t-J)P
lt f )7 flP °v '
~ ~ V-\ n ' t\,,7'1 Lv

~
X.. 1 ) f-- V ~'Y ( :A 2.)
(x I + x .z_J ? Ve)\ y (

U V ( )( _ Y)
 t-- ~o-.re..
A,,,. 0 G'f ~e. ..

f (A) ~ ~
Ml). -hiJl'

-:=':) f U LL
Jv
~ (l,t) I<.

%- de t/A ) -=f=- O
A ~ No o-t i"A~t°"-

i <;2on1< ,-~ q IQo e l)v-oJ.. -iP :;lnE.

'()..,,.., k..- {) J: n eoJ-}f ird~.pe,. cl e. n 't 9-,c,w ~

(o, C .f ct ,.-,n~)
 f (rnx~ ~ Yl.

J' [ N w .f l)o.trix) -=- O

l , . ~ () .) ,e _ .i__
l a l
:/1- J { A ) =- ~ ; •T> I Jen1ic .. f/ f Y D ~"t}(\

Y L l / ; , ~ ~d•o.,y,(14' f( )o .- l~ ~
-JI. tfff>t
ol•~<>oJ. c.\~Men b
= no. b l>0-1) - 2-e. H J
 g 6 J. i) _
U ,n ;'q,.tlA..L-
/A-- J 1- (!)
➔
no -> o I ..!l-

fi r } =-o {/ D() ti) 1!L

~

I
 AX= ♦
H

' r ' p

IAI *0 ~ (r(A}=n) IAI = 0 ~ [r(A) < n]

l !
Unique 5olution Infinite ( oo )&0lution

l !
Trivial solution Non-Trivial solution
(X = y = Z = 0)
!
The,e will be (n - r} independent
solution

no. of va
rank of A
 11 1 cJl'I t.-

\. ·b : :- 2 ·. 1I
L .

TH /l'V d.a.. ·,M •J I f""""-<-J (. u ..r~f f f hU'\/ r f:_ /v10 LJ-. I TE._ 10
~ ., 1 f:" I u ·t 'Yf-

G, ff,- (;{n-T "-{ ?L •;a l::'.x = t>1 :_

J< ,.__ = ~
()._ / ,
K"j-- -==-- 11 cr/i:,

I\ rr
k,

TE. MO ~
-u.t
2..
~
0--

·1 E () rl - ul
"IJ?
J
2-

r =; 13 I f - (~ ) 2-

p' : w~

~ == ~/ ✓ I l f_;_) ~
I)') i =- j v../b

I'
I<C -- Xn P
--
tL

T
__ E
__f'/1.d
__ ~_; T" M hv G.. . 1£,,

c.,, ,-..,..; (,-v,- -t "'t '(' :::. kc..

/
){ i1 - I. 84 I

I
k~ u
2. jT
 l . N,, 1,· .IL
cf u., J,L,,
. w ;»- Pro po d'"k.,
'-6 l+f F- / --f:c. / ·f G

2 ·r & fv(___
\

L.\ n,;,t7 pe5 ,s ; /.,L.e.

\
I )'L.. f._u._ -1 O v.. I ,u y -
v,l",r\l\..L, a(.L;~~
3 ., I
Up / l,L =p Vp / C ( .?vi .n.-- f-HL .._ ~

1- wt - 90 17\,,' ,'L -f--3 11 ~ d

C\....::::. 2 . 2--8-"b CfY\

b - I' 0 I (, CW\.

X ,b WY'- d- 8- ' 2. ~-z.. ~-4- L

·+- ~rd - LO (,,_ t7'- L

"f- ·tc,

1 E l o < TE. '-' I < T £, 1 -- ·, M , , <r E-..z- o < TE o 2- .::.:: Tl:__ 3 o

-
IE Fl p J I iv\ 11.f P ·-
- I,, 2-1/ . 3; f fo

I
1< C (,{

2 rr
IJ<J . d_+ ?r\,,uj--J-i
P L. cJ. c, n
I' '1
rY) /) f
Col.J,t,'7,,,11
n, f' CYJ -1 )
1., 2,.-1'!1 1.:'.z
A11'j..n --, I\ 0'
r ~ ±----
~f- -j'-Vl n,.,_ f
" I
1 -h ·:v I -?.~

B, ~ o<. A

I e, L =- o( "' I A-J

U-,p p .L 'Y 'h-, ,._ ai.,/L... "( fN-- -h,-,' !X._ <} - f~ ~ t- d+- d.,' ~ ,,_,J., 0 ~ +
I~ j J ( Ir) I 7 LA l i) -
1

A- d j (A-) .: :- I ,4- i . ft - I

P ::::_ $ + ~ ~01'>'\Y'f\JIY'G
. + S'l{1AJ J;/
/}
(Yl flV_ {),-, ' (_

S::;::, f+- f 1
2.
~ - f - f'
2-

- IH3 t !H3 = (1-+-B)CA- 1 ~ )

A-13 rri-rf ::- (A-+ •3° ) (A ' I))

-r _
~A
fr J_

6-i>t
ru
~I y~A 14-
---vv--
~1 - ~

r,-.,Y--
7
7
~

'- t ~ .' {) t - A I - CJ

7· ) C y(~) ~ J- ;)

r l J) [ ) } - /1 J ~1

Z I t:z. (J UJ ><- ro)

2 s" P- B 'f u

[> ,. (1 -1 c· Y)2.. ~
-
11 I

LQ__ :;; r1 5,Y)-i- 00i..,

0
NA :::

-: ,. Jn,
6, /1

'l- -
(L,

fJ i 'I.,
~ t1 r A ) "'

fl I

})

2.-/),y

n, - fl;_,
~ ~
;::. -<l 2-f'J
i-

1,J!YffV-l -1-t f?\,J,,,(, • fV It -

tr-' b
i1 ✓ Ju.1t-" V ' !!f 01")
01 U1>1 Jry 0 f ,-~ t~i nv l_ -
 o,() . o<'.J
+ z: tln ((/ 5 ( )1Wrf-) +- / br, 5'l.~n-(11 Iv, t)
11 =J J'l :2 I

{A_ ., = :¢- J X ( {) d-{-

·1
t-\ 11 --=-
, J
2 :>r.. ( · - t-J t (! 5 C.,., w ,,_ t-) U ,-
·r

/ Cn :::-· I f ?l Cf-)
=::--

_____ _____ _
_j_
,- i-1
' __,_
 m---t 'l..-
(,,{J

ws
5

Pt " "l--
)

)
ll.lJ Y) f -U-1.., ,'v rL - c_

p.o-t.,""" d..,' c
, = L/v1( 1_
Tl T '2- , ~ ../
)
w .: : . 'f--t cf ( t,-1"/ l l,v () 2-.
/ - - )

w ·:z. +cn- )

'vv lS t --- 1 Cw) =I

+- YV J J f(tr j
~Vt~.__ f(rr)
w O .i- ::p ·-t- c11 )

w 6 J ·:> f-( rt-) C/Va I f:- feTT)

t.rY
V\.I &- L -4 f- Cr, ) ) ~h
vv o :z. -=- ·-f C r:r )
 h( c, S+l, )
12....
~ +f>.. 1 5+ A. o

. I

y ::: [ lo c, J ?L
Ji. I t- t1-L ~5
<f T c..- f-_, l:5---t-f' J ) 2-- ~ ,f' I . T $ -t-- f L

.
X ;;;- c-f, CJ -f I
0 ()
(J

(!)

-r?-,
] X
+u J~
y~ [ J< J 1<2.. l<.3 J )C

)( .::::
[
~ f

0
0
}
C,

-f 2--
0
0
0

-f3
J~ + [;':] t\.

l -- [ ). ').... m).... n~ J ..R. , ·(;_ ,

;m 1 ,n .z,
f-".-.~
:z_ l<z_

r\1 ll -1-- ;::;- J.l3

J..LJ L-
_¥-;J.wvr.

S::::- [1> !r-6 J.) fl-- 6 J 4:0 . un1roJ.. I'- ':, 1-c

~ O5Ji Y -" i l.e.,.

[ -f ()
V:::. l ft(

l/J- ')., J
 j$1 - A- \ =o r y j 4- - A r l ==-o

C(!lS) B +-[)

~
X
ZL". (f-) + X. z s-rz C:) - A' ltj
-e.1)-+- .,:.__ ( ~ = -: :{_ t' ·L)
+ L----12 y1(5Jf> U.l S)J .

yc t ) -z c xt-b) ·t- D ~
;t{ y.lA'l
'I c--c) = y ZI A._ t-y
Z-S ~

'.I) C. f

' [ - f I CJ 0
[1~]
J
'I- ::::
:x. -t- tc
O - Pz_
.. 0
@

0 - f3
}o
y ·.:z.
[to f O f<!J
J

J~ J tt

'I - ~J
 (f,) ~vp
1-rA / 13

l-r !:£.
V,- _!!.:! - ,e_ I
- 1,ptt-1
=== iJ__
p f , -t f-f-

t'.. .
I <! L- = R._; OL ( / r /l v' /=')

i?..o tL-- =- K" c. L.

1 -+-flvp

f5 CL :::- B <> L ( 1 -t- A v/3 )

y'(.}

~2- - - i' y-~ f,...L ;_ -'"""-)t.....

v.s
. .J,, f?.L
f...p
f!_p
fZ+ -=
::r.
:;;;,
ff ~ ',e2-

I :te -= + ~
~2- j

D+ P.+
.<1
J L.!2_
,t fl-5
Jv If.,,_

Vo A- J V 4 t-- ~L \I' l...

Uv1ff2 . =
Vv--- J
L{;r. WI\.,, J.c..,.J_

ti d ;:::: VL - V.z_

V e.. =- - +-
V,
2-
~ 2..

~(_ =- fJ- , +- A-2....

A-- d,.. - lt-1- A- z.
2.
 I
V ., 1 = (1 + -~ fL-,f _-
~, 1
) \/' J

'-' 0 2 - ( I
..,_ f!...L I
J v2-
R. 1 t
f!--;
,v a

•v b t?-..f- - v.,2. - )
=-
~, ( Vd J

V u- 2--

:7
 f. -V- 1,A..A,( 2. '>')
/4 0 81 )A" f!u,
=y JfJ > 6
- . L
r/
&-1 0 B 1) -
~ ./t-f 81
~ ~ o/~
T
2 2, 7J

1~ cr ==- l.;-5 r =- , YI.2.... {} 113 1 -t- ,A ., B6

•
1
(A-I 0 I?, 1) ( fh. 0 (3 .,)

-~ ' ~
7"9- <V L),
-~
'VA,v 1),,N 110 ){ o (2. i '7<. f'I d /2 - 2... ,,. 2 >'- I (_f- - '> ) - G
Z:,-l'l rrr-D
t;- ,.... 0 ft_ "'N/rN D F -j
1-L A . A- ~ © (_ .
{) : IJ-(i}
2. ff\ ( ,, '2., 4 ., -.:;- )
.s : ~ Et) e,G)c. D : A-Eh 6
~ P" ( 11 :i./ 4, rJ
8 -: .4 ~
C-J &+ © g ) (_ ·f-lr-i,J
::: fr'f3 +-fs C -t-41"
z" r>i ( 3,, ~/ l 1 :r-J

P~r,..,/Lt-J..... A-H- <'Y ( (<,' fPIL &.,y...,..J /1-d.~--,)

'1 1, ,' t -
p A ~ ,t,(,u_ /;-cJ d./4 "f ·T = (n - J ) Tc + M 6-L()(. 1T 1,, 'Tc J
+ I t+ft
I . l"- -:-1 ) p.A-

L ll F- .4

cz 11- ) ) 0-fo- +-- (_n -J ) ~,rz..

J.

I_ I) c.-,4

.P~ lv{ (.-. ,-r-, . h l0<.-1<_ ~ 2- LrJ..

(.g.,,,, f' Lu\L o/ p ; L:j,l.f J..

"'

Yl b ,· -l lC-...0\..,

( l\,f-,)
~ II N f) pk I I\
.2-

l~
ABCD MATRIX
• Of particular interest in RF and microwave systems is ABCD
parameters. ABCD parameters are the most useful for
representing Tline and other linear microwave com onents i
general. Take note of the
o-f pos itive current!
T· ] [ -I B l[r. ]
[ I:
= ~' DJ J~ (4.1a)
⇒ ri = .-I T·2 + BI '2 2 -Ports
/ 1= C' r·2 + DI 2
t

(4.1b)
 -
v·
I ~. L·_ "i"
V· L ~ ~

1 -z n,-.:n
1L M . n,
 l ·I
I - J ~1. J.
I - 1 i I
.J . l - J

x._ Ln ] ~ )(_ L },L--)

/ _. ~ e - / 2-~"'
~ /'- [ 1~"']
JL.,, " .,.,;
~ C.1- 1 _,,,,
. _" ]

[ x[ ~ ~ ~ - ; C!) K A f,~J.I
t, , · '- "i <. 'J x[ tl J ~ X -[ ;c -~
N
...:.. N

~n
K

£, T F T r b :.~~Zn] ~ ~ [K
2 f [.}(.~)I.- J
f,, ( - od) = 0

F,._ Cix1 ) --== I

f ( {1~ ,( _;x:_ ~ b ) ~ F)(. ( b ) - F,,.. ( c-,J
f ( °' ~ .x <- b) - f:,-- ( b-) - f >'- ( 11..)

- F ( b ) - f-J-... ( V'- ) - f ( :><'- ~ h)

F (b) ·- F ( "') t p ( )( = "')

~ f ( b) - 'F- [~) -,- f ()'-. .ct;>,.. ) - p ( 'I-- z b)

I- F ( ""-)

f- (6t- ) - F Lt;.~)

1• f-Fj- (_ ?(_ ) l =- ~ : ~ u- )
= l
. .?(_
f (1- < 7t... ) = F:t-
~
t:x.) = --J~ fen? J/)0.
o4
P (X7 ,?{_) =- I- F:,c ( ><-) =- j ·Pc A)

,c. ,
~ +<t Y (J,.... Co~ d\,,< ~ ~ da ff> y ,,, '>-1' ,d, l e~

i -,,. s ~ c..~ l/2 t-"\J{;tv ~ 2v--z,o

-f [_?<. J

z,

-;:;d;-
- ;;>< ,,__ ~ 2.IT _

e. ~
N •r v~ -~ -

1 +>1 d/JC ?-- ~

-J)
 @- Cx) +- ,g;. C?<- ) ~ Ij
t2> Cx) + cg C- x) =-- t
FCx) / cg c- x-)

f ( ?(__ 7/ ?() 2 ~ ( ?t - u )( ) -- , - p ( ~
\ \7{..-

~ fo) ::= O· '.;)

CS C- ()()) = I

cg (._c><) ) := 0

= 0 < ()

f= [.:1<-J =:- }( = u_ , _ {¥\ / _ ~7' fri182_

J .: :
E [?l ... <f';t ,,_,

f-<~) t oc o,._~ h ,

--L
Jl <.
?t.?.
I
0
6

0\...

- bl;>( I
(j\_ --c

f(,x_) = ..l ix._ ?t. <D

2-
- bx_
1- ..J_
}...
e. J '7t /; D

tl__
;;;::
-6 1/-] z:- 6
fC?t-) rrl"' . . .I"-?{,)--)
1:- -( Dl. ~i:---
(';,( ~ : d-1.LJ 11,f
 vrfY'- s
vf
rm- vJ<l ✓ __!__!_!!].

v)l)t-J ~
-rt
VYIJ
-vQ_

Vp
1'2..
--- r n Q_ VJ)

V
l

)0"')
'

;;
}!!!)

~
Tl

i)f 4,)l.- )"1-v

A :; ~ C ~
\ ~ , . , ' ,.., ),r )
-\ J f -✓ wJ-•1' '(
r -r-cun_;
Y i{' ~ f
=~ V If'
'Vd--L---