DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF CALAPAN
School of Architecture
ASSIGNMENT:
Six (6) Specialization of Civil Engineering
Submitted on: November 2, 2021
Submitted by: Raiza Joy S. Panes
Submitted to: Engr. Kathia S. Maramot
Construction Engineering
Construction Engineering design and execute processes for building and maintaining the
infrastructure of our world. The industry tools of today’s successful construction engineers include: strong
mathematics, science, and computer skills; creativity; the ability to apply science and engineering methods
to solve problems; for bridges, airports, buildings, stadiums, dams, and highways Passion; interest in
indoor and outdoor work; initiative and strong professional ethics; ability to work with different people;
good communication skills; and the desire to learn in a constantly changing environment. Whatever setting
they work, have the option of either working in an office or in the field. Sometimes, it's a combination of
both. Some construction engineers focus on design aspects, while others focus on the actual construction
phase of each project. It may be helpful to begin with an overview of the role, how it differs from civil
engineering, and what construction engineers do on job sites.
According to OHIO University Construction Engineering A construction engineer can be defined
as a civil engineer who is tasked with the oversight and management of a large-scale, complex construction
project. Typically, these projects involve both buildings and the infrastructure that supports them.
Construction engineers may collaborate with other engineers, and also manage building crews, to ensure
the project is successful. Successful construction projects require a highly coordinated team effort.
Builders and skilled tradespeople are required to lay brick, construct frames, install plumbing and
electrical systems, and ensure completion of a long list of other elements. Complex projects also require
high-level strategic oversight, which is where construction engineering comes in.
Based on website named RaiseMe Construction Engineering manage construction projects,
ensuring that they are scheduled and built-in accordance with plans and specifications. These engineers
typically are responsible for the design and safety of temporary structures used during construction. They
may also oversee budgetary, time-management, and communications aspects of a project.
However, in website Indeed A construction engineer is a civil engineer who oversees the design
and implementation of large building projects. They also assist in maintaining infrastructure systems, such
as roads, dams, water supply systems and buildings. They work with a team of fellow engineers and
construction crews to organize and complete projects. Other responsibilities could include:
• Developing construction project budgets
• Gathering resources, including employees, tools, machines and physical materials
• Operating machinery and using tools
• Using computer software to plan and design projects
• Overseeing progress and safety on construction sites
In addition, JOBHERO’s website state that A construction engineer is a type of civil engineer who
plans, directs, and supervises large construction projects. Most construction engineers specialize in a
specific type of project such as commercial buildings, heavy highway (bridges, tunnels, and underground
wastewater plants), mechanical systems, or electrical. Construction engineers operate as part engineering
expert, part project manager, and part business manager. They creatively serve as a leader and middleman
on construction projects to make sure everything about the project is safe, smooth, and structurally sound.
Construction engineers usually work full time and may work longer 12-hour shifts seven days per week
if they need to travel to a remote location to monitor project progress. While a construction engineer’s day-
to-day duties and responsibilities are determined by where they work, there are many core tasks associated
with the role.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineers study water, soil and air pollution problems, and develop technical
solutions needed to solve, attenuate or control these problems in a manner that is compatible with
legislative, economic, social and political concerns. Civil engineers are particularly involved in such
activities as water supply and sewerage, management of surface water and groundwater quality,
remediation of contaminated sites and solid waste management.
According to Mcgill website the goal of environmental engineering is to ensure that societal
development and the use of water, land and air resources are sustainable. This goal is achieved by
managing these resources so that environmental pollution and degradation is minimized. The activities of
such engineers include, but are not limited to, the planning, design, construction and operation of water
and wastewater treatment facilities in municipalities and industries, modelling and analysis of surface
water and groundwater quality, design of soil and remediation systems, planning for the disposal and reuse
of wastewaters and sludges, and the collection, transport, processing, recovery and disposal of solid wastes
according to accepted engineering practices.
Environmental engineers are called upon to play an important role in environmental protection,
because engineering solutions are required to meet the environmental standards set by legislation.
Consulting firms, municipalities, government agencies, industries and non-governmental organizations
and specialized contractors are potential employers for civil engineers with a specialization in
environmental engineering.
Based on BLS Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology,
and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. Environmental engineers work in a variety
of settings because of the nature of the tasks they do. When they are working with other engineers and
urban and regional planners, environmental engineers are likely to be in offices. When they are carrying
out solutions through construction projects, they are likely to be at construction sites.
Indeed, Environmental Engineering related to Environmental science, is a broad field that apply
the principles of science and engineering to protect and improve environmental conditions. The field
focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality. The main areas of environmental
engineering include air pollution control, industrial hygiene, radiation protection, hazardous waste
management, toxic materials control, recycling, water supply, wastewater management, storm water
management, solid waste disposal, public health and land management. Within each of these major
categories, there are many sub categories. (myklassroom-)
Environmental engineers are technical experts concerned with local and worldwide environmental
issues. They combine the principles of biology and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental
problems and work in a wide variety of settings with various engineering mechanisms. The major task of
environmental engineers is to protect public health by preserving and enhancing the environment. They
are engaged in designing various pollution control equipment and devices, construction, installation,
implementation and operation of environmentally-related procedures.
They are also involved in the protection of wildlife, conduct research on proposed environmental
projects, analyze scientific data, perform quality control checks and design municipal water supply and
industrial wastewater treatment systems. Environmental engineers also attempt to prevent the production
and repercussion of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion as well as harmful automobile emissions.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Structural Engineering a specialty within the field of civil engineering — focuses on the
framework of structures, and on designing those structures to withstand the stresses and pressures of their
environment and remain safe, stable, and secure throughout their use. Structural engineers therefore ensure
that buildings do not collapse and bridges do not collapse. It is among the oldest types of engineering,
dating back to the first instance of tree branches being lashed together with vines to make a shelter.
Throughout recorded history, people have been designing and building increasingly larger and more
sophisticated structures, from primitive huts to the International Space Station.
Moreover, LiveScience state that the names of the earliest practitioners of structural engineering
are lost to antiquity. We will never know who designed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Parthenon
or the aqueducts of the Roman Empire. Some of the latter-day practitioners in this field are known,
although often not as well as the structures they designed. Prominent structural engineers include Gustave
Eiffel (Eiffel Tower, Statue of Liberty) and Eero Saarinen (Gateway Arch). However, most designs for
famous modern structures such as the Large Hadron Collider and the James Webb Space Telescope are
attributed to companies and government organizations.
Structural engineers often work alongside many different types of engineers to construct large-
scale projects. "In short," according to the Institute of Structural Engineers, "if a structure is a human body,
then the architect will care about the shape and appearance of the body, and the structural engineer will
care about the skeleton and tendons." Structures must be able to deal with the conditions that occur in
which they are built. A house in Canada must have a roof that can withstand heavy snow, and a stadium
in California must be able to withstand earthquakes. When designing bridges, designers must take into
account the conditions of terrain, wind, water, and traffic volume. The structural engineer considers all
these factors and provides technical advice on the project.
According to MyMajors.com, a structural engineers battle gravity, wind, snow and rain every day
to provide the world with outstanding structures," Kate Leighton, a structural engineer, said in "Careers
in Structural Engineering, a publication of the Institution of Structural Engineers. "They are experts at
solving problems, meeting challenges and providing creative solutions."
Structural engineers "design roof framing (beams, rafters, joists, trusses), floor framing (floor
decks, joists, beams, trusses, girders), arches, columns, braces, frames, foundations and walls," according
to the National Council of Structural Engineers Association. "In bridges, they design the deck — or riding
surface, girders or stringers, and piers. The materials they use include steel, concrete, wood, masonry, and
aluminum. Engineers design the structure to resist forces from gravity, earthquakes, high winds, water,
soil, collisions and blast explosions."
The person needs an understanding of both physics and mathematics in order to practice structural
engineering. A structural engineer must also know the properties of various materials such as their density,
hardness, tensile strength, bulk modulus, and bending strength. They need to be able to calculate how
different materials will perform under stresses such as compression, tension, bending, and twisting, as
well as under various environmental conditions of temperature, pressure, corrosive gases and liquids, and
even radiation. They also need to be able to predict how these materials will perform over an extended
period of time.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Water resources engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle the distribution and
circulation of water. Surface runoff is the difference between precipitation and water that enters the
ground from rainfall, such as infiltrating the ground, storing the water on the surface, and evaporating the
water. Urban water supply management, urban storm-sewer system design, and flood forecasting are
applications of hydrology. Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water
flowing in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil engineers
are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the interdependent interaction
between the water and the channel.
Applications include the design of hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and
breakwaters, the management of waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and
environmental management, such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water.
Hydroelectric-power development, water supply, irrigation and navigation are some familiar applications
of water resources engineering involving the utilization of water for beneficial purposes. More recently,
concern for preserving our natural environment and meeting the needs of developing countries has
increased the importance of water resources engineering. Civil engineers play a vital role in the optimal
planning, design and operation of water resource systems. Job opportunities in hydrology and water
resources are quite varied. Positions are available in large and small consulting firms, and at all levels of
government (municipal, provincial and federal). Particularly in Quebec, due to its abundant water
resources, hydrology has played an important role in the social and economic development of the province.
Based on the website ZIPPIA A water resource engineer develops new systems and equipment for
a water resource management facility. You will be responsible for dealing with the provision for
wastewater and sewage disposal, and prevention of flood damage. Your job may involve building,
repairing, and maintaining structures for water resource control such as reservoirs and sea defense walls,
and designing flood defense programs and sewer improvement plans. In addition, you are also expected
to prepare tender documents and liaising with different individuals and agencies, including government
agencies, local authorities, and contractors.
In addition, Perhaps the hardest question to answer when deciding on a career as a water resources
engineer is "should I become a water resources engineer?" You might find this info to be helpful. When
compared to other jobs, water resources engineer careers are projected to have a growth rate described as
"as fast as average" at 5% from 2018 through 2028. This is in accordance with the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. What's more, is that the projected number of opportunities that are predicted to become available
for a water resource engineer by 2028 is 2,900.
Water resources engineers average about $37.86 an hour, which makes the water resources
engineer annual salary $78,745. Additionally, water resources engineers are known to earn anywhere from
$57,000 to $108,000 a year. This means that the top-earning water resources engineers make $51,000
more than the lowest earning ones.
As is the case with most jobs, it takes work to become a water resources engineer. Sometimes
people change their minds about their career after working in the profession. That's why we looked into
some other professions that might help you find your next opportunity. These professions include a
director water and waste services, surface water manager, engineer, and water systems designer.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering involved in the planning, design,
operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation systems. These systems include roads,
railways, canals, and intermodal operations. Typically, the demand is the amount of traffic that is expected
to use a particular transportation facility, while the supply is the quantity and type of infrastructure
components. Large and expensive systems are typically used by these companies. Civil engineering is
one of the major branches of engineering and is related to engineering for civilian applications.
There are some attributes of transportation engineering that determine the types of statistics used in the
profession. One aspect of transportation engineering is that the transportation engineer is not only interested in
the infrastructure (e.g., bridges, rails, etc.), but also in the surrounding factors that affect transportation. It is used
by users as well as individual units that use the infrastructure (cars, trucks, rail cars). In order to understand a
system as a whole, it's necessary to understand the way that three different things interact with each other. Often
it is necessary to understand the interaction of all three of these entities to understand the system as a whole.
Supply and demand are the two sides of the equation for economics.
According to Civil engineering bible Experimental studies, or designed experiments, are the mainstay of
many standard statistics books. They are used extensively in many engineering disciplines, including pavement
engineering, that are not necessarily applicable to transportation systems engineering. For example, consider an
engineer who is interested in the various factors that affect skid resistance and the relationship to crash rate.
From an ethical standpoint, she cannot place various types of pavements surfacing on different sections of
highway, observe what types of accidents occur, and then choose the best type of pavement based on the
empirical accident results. Instead, most transportation studies are observational in nature, and as a result, the
statistics used by transportation engineers reflect this characteristic. In addition, it is sometimes very difficult to
obtain certain data from the transportation system, so statistical techniques that can handle missing data or use
a priori knowledge are needed. Lastly, much of the data are correlated and interdependent. For example, the
travel time on a given link is often correlated to the travel time on the immediate downstream link. Sometimes
this correlation is negative: Consider, for example, a driver stopped at a traffic signal that is red. If the signal system
is coordinated properly, the driver will have a lower probability of being stopped at the traffic signal on the next
link. At other times, however, the correlation is positive: If one link is experiencing high travel times because of
excessive demand, then other links also will experience high travel times because of the same demand.
Regardless, as this example demonstrates, the assumption that different transportation phenomena are
independent is not always valid.
Besides, in the United States transportation is estimated as representing 10% of the nation’s gross
domestic product (USDOT, 2009), and a well- maintained and comprehensive system is considered by many to be
a necessary condition for a successful economy. However, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in their
annual report card gave a grade of D– to the U.S. roadway system. As the report notes, “One-third of America’s
major roads are in poor or mediocre condition and 45 percent of major urban highways are congested. Current
spending of $70.3 billion per year for highway capital improvements is well below the estimated $186 billion
needed annually to substantially improve conditions.” Given the environment of inadequate funding and critical
maintenance needs, it is crucial that transportation engineers be able to understand the demands (e.g., goods and
people movement) on the system as well as the characteristics of the supply (pavement, roadway geometrics,
etc.). It is the premise of this book that a knowledge of statistics is critical to understanding the trade-offs so that
our limited resources can be used as effectively and as efficiently as possible.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Geotechnical Engineering is a soil mechanics is the study of the behavior of soils under the
influence of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This knowledge is applied to the design of
foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment. The
geotechnical profession has many different fields it can be involved in, like foundation design,
construction of roads, and the design of landfills. As such, geotechnical engineers are involved in field
and laboratory investigations to determine the engineering properties of site soils and other geomaterials
and use these properties in the analytical study of the problem at hand.
Recent computational and computer advances are extending our ability to predict the behavior of
soil and soil-water systems under a wide variety of conditions. In recent years, the activities of
geotechnical engineers have also involved environmental engineering. Environmental engineers design
strategies for the clean-up of contaminated soils and groundwater and develop management systems for
contaminated sites. Employment opportunities include geotechnical and engineering consultants, public
utilities, governmental agencies, environmental agencies, specialized contractors and resource industry
companies.
Geotechnics is an engineering discipline that deals with soil and rock behavior in an engineering
perspective. It also involves assessing slope stability and the risk of landslides, rock fall and avalanches.
See also the link to a film on geotechnical engineering on the International Society for Soil Mechanics
and Geotechnical Engineering's (ISSMGE) website, with an accompanying description of the discipline.
According to NCI from a scientific perspective, geotechnical engineering largely involves defining
the soil's strength and deformation properties. Clay, silt, sand, rock and snow are important materials in
geotechnics. Geotechnical engineering includes specialist fields such as soil and rock mechanics,
geophysics, hydrogeology and associated disciplines such as geology. Geotechnical engineering and
engineering geology are a branch of civil engineering. The specialism involves using scientific methods
and principles of engineering to collect and interpret the physical properties of the ground for use in
building and construction. Its practical application, e.g., foundation engineering, has come to require a
scientific approach. The term geotechnics is currently used to describe both the theoretical and practical
application of the discipline.
According to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), geotechnical engineers use rock
and soil mechanics to investigate the subsurface geologic conditions. These investigations are used to
design and build foundations for structures, earthen structures, and pavement subgrades.
Geotechnical engineers tackle the geotechnical hazards and risks that are inherent in any civil
engineering project. In other words, if it’s supported by soil or rock underneath, geotechnical engineers
are responsible for finding practical solutions to make the project safe and sustainable.
Geotechnical engineers investigate and evaluate soil, rock, groundwater, and man-made materials
and their interaction with earth retention systems, structure foundations, and other civil engineering works.
They perform detailed soil investigations, which are required before building any new structure to avoid
foundation failure. The results of these investigations are used to determine the nature and capacity of the
soil to support a stable foundation. A geotechnical engineer must learn and understand ground hazards
and risks and be able to find practical solutions to these issues.
