CBSE 10 TH MATHS FORMULAS
BASIC ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES:
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 7. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a-b)
2. (a – b ) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 8. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3a2b+ 3ab2
3. a2 – b2 = ( a-b) ( a+b) 9. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a+b)
4. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab 10. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
5. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a+b) 11. a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 + 3ab (a-b)
6. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b+ 3ab2 12. a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2 )
REAL NUMBERS:
1. Euclid’s Division Lemma: a = bq + r , 0≤ r < b.
2. HCF = Product of common factors with lowest power.
3. LCM = Product of prime factors with highest power.
4. LCM(a,b) × HCF (a,b) = Product of two numbers.
5. LCM(a,b,c) × HCF (a,b,c) ≠ Product of three numbers.
6. Terminating decimal : Denominator is of the form 2m × 5n.
POLYNOMIALS:
1. Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then
− 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 −𝑏
Sum of the zeroes = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐
Product of the zeroes = 𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2 𝑎
2. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(x). Then , the polynomial is given by
f(x) = x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽) x + 𝛼𝛽
(or) f(x) = x2 – (Sum of the zeroes) x + Product of the zeroes.
3. Let 𝛼 , 𝛽 and 𝛾 be the zeroes of the cubic polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
− 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 −𝑏
Sum of the zeroes = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑐
Sum of the product of zeroes = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥3 𝑎
−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 −𝑑
Product of the zeroes = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑎
1
4. If 𝛼 , 𝛽 and 𝛾be the zeroes of the cubic polynomial f(x). Then , the polynomial is given by
f(x) = x3 – (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 ) x2 + (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼) x - 𝛼𝛽𝛾
(or) f(x) = x3 – (Sum of the zeroes) x2 +( Sum of the product of zeroes) x - Product of the zeroes.
5. Division Algorithm: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder.
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES:
1. The pair of linear equations
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0; a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0.
𝑎1 𝑏1
i. is consistent with unique solution ,if ≠ , then the lines will be intersecting
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
ii. is consistent with infinitely many solutions ,if = = , then the lines will be coincide.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
iii. is inconsistent, if = ≠ , then the lines will be parallel
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
2. Cross Multiplication method:
X Y Constant
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
𝑥 −𝑦 1
= =
𝑏1 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 𝑐 1 𝑎 1 𝑐2 −𝑎 2 𝑐1 𝑎 1 𝑏2 −𝑎 2 𝑏1
3. If ten’s digit = x and one’s digit = y, then
Original number = 10x + y ; Reversing number = 10y + x
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
4. Distance = Speed × Time ; Time = ; Speed =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
5. Speed of a boat in still water = x km\hr
Speed of stream = y km\hr
i. Speed upstream = ( x- y ) km\hr
ii. Speed downstram = (x + y ) km\hr
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
1. sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 = ; tan 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2
STATISTICS:
1. Arithmetic mean or Mean :
Σ 𝑓𝑥
Direct method: 𝑋=
N
Σ 𝑓𝑑
Short cut method: 𝑋=A+ , where d = x - A
N
Σ 𝑓𝑢 𝑑
Step deviation method: 𝑋 =A + ×h , where u =
N ℎ
2. Median :
𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
Median = l + 2
×h
𝑓
3. Mode:
𝑓− 𝑓1
Mode = l + ×h
2𝑓− 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
4. Empirical Relation: Mode = 3Median – 2 Mean.
QUADRATIC EQUATION:
1. Discriminant = D = b2 – 4ac
i. the roots are real and unequal if D > 0
ii. the roots are real and equal if D = 0
iii. the roots are not a real if D < 0
−𝑏 ± 𝐷
2. Quadratic formula: x =
2𝑎
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION:
1. nth term from beginning = an = tn = a + ( n – 1 ) d
2. nth term from end = l – ( n – 1 ) d
𝑛 𝑛
3. Sum of first n terms = Sn = [ 2a + ( n – 1 ) d] or Sn = (a+l)
2 2
4. an = Sn – Sn-1
5. Three consecutive numbers : a – d , a , a + d
6. Four consecutive numbers : a – 3d , a – d , a + d , a + 3d
SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME:
CUBOID:
1. LSA of cuboid = 2( l + b ) h sq.units
2. TSA of cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl) sq.units
3. Volume of cuboid = lbh cubic.units
4. Diagonal of cuboid = 𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2 units.
CUBE:
1. LSA of cube = 4 a2 sq.units
2. TSA of cube = 6a2 sq.units
3. Volume of cube = a3 cubic.units
4. Diagonal of cube = 3 a units.
CYLINDER:
1. Area of each end = 𝜋r2 sq.units.
2. CSA of cylinder = 2𝜋rh sq.units
(or) Perimeter of base × Height
3. TSA of cylinder = 2𝜋r(h + r) sq.units
4. Volume of cylinder = 𝜋r2h cubic.units
(or) Area of base × Height
HOLLOW CYLINDER:
1. Area of each end = 𝜋( R2 – r2 ) sq.units.
2. CSA of hollow cylinder = 2𝜋h( R + r) sq.units
3. TSA of hollow cylinder = 2𝜋 (R + r)(R +h - r) sq.units
4. Volume of cylinder = 𝜋 ℎ ( R2 - r2 )cubic.units
CONE:
1. l2 = r2 + h2
2. CSA of cone = 𝜋rl sq.units
3. TSA of cone = 𝜋r(l+ r) sq.units
1
4. Volume of cone = 𝜋r2h cubic.units
3
SPHERE:
1. Surface area of sphere = 4 𝜋r2 sq.units.
4
2. Volume of sphere = 𝜋r3 cubic.units.
3
HEMISPHERE:
1. Surface area of hemisphere = 2 𝜋r2 sq.units.
2. Total Surface area of hemisphere = 3 𝜋r2 sq.units.
2
3. Volume of hemisphere = 𝜋r3 cubic.units.
3
SPHERICAL SHELL:
1. Outer Surface area = 4 𝜋 R2 sq.units.
4
2. Volume of material = 𝜋 ( R3 - r3) cubic.units.
3
NOTE:
1. 1 cm3= 1 ml
2. 1 L = 1000 cm3
3. 1 m3 = 1000L ( 1m3 = 100 × 100 × 100 cm3 = 1000 ×1000 cm3 = 1000 L)
4. 1 hectare = 10000m2
5. 1 feet = 12 inches
