Class IX
CHAPTER - 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS
NATURAL NUMBERS : The collection of all the counting numbers is called set of
natural numbers. It is denoted by N = {1,2,3,4…...}
WHOLE NUMBERS: The collection of natural numbers along with zero is called a
set of whole numbers. It is denoted by W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …… }
INTEGERS : The collection of positive numbers, zero and negative numbers is
called set of integers. It is denoted by Z or I = { …... -3, -2, -1,
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …… }
RATIONAL NUMBER: A number which can be expressed as where q ≠ 0 and p,
q εZ and p and q are co-prime
prime is known as rational number denoted by ‘Q’.
• Method to find two or more rational numbers between two numbers p
and q:
If p < q, then one of the number be and other will be in
continuation as
• There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational
numbers.
• The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-
non
terminating recurring. Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is
terminating or non-terminating
terminating recurring is rational.
IRRATIONAL NUMBER: A number which can’t be expressed in the form of p/q and
its decimal representation is non-terminating
non and non-repeating
repeating is known as
irrational number.
1.030030003.....
• If a is a rational number and n is a positive integer , then the nth root of a is an
irrational number.
are irrational numbers.
• In ,‘n’ is known as order and ‘a’ is known as radicand.
• The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-
non-terminating non-
recurring e.g. 0.23233233323333……., 0.101001000…..... etc. Moreover, a
number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating
non terminating non-recurring
non is
irrational.
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REAL NUMBERS
• All the rational and irrational numbers make up the collection of real numbers.
• There is a unique real number corresponding to every point on the number
line. Also, corresponding to each real number, there is a unique point on the
number line.
OPERATIONS ON REAL NUMBERS
• The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is always
an irrational number.
• The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is always
an irrational number.
is an irrational number.
• The quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is always
an irrational number, e.g 4÷ is an irrational number.
• The sum of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.
• The product of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational number.
• If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrationals, the result may be rational
or irrational.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
Q.1 Give examples for
(a) One rational number and one irrational number whose sum is an
irrational number.
(b) Two irrational numbers whose sum is rational.
(c) Two irrational numbers whose sum is irrational.
(d) Irrational numbers.
(e) Two irrational numbers whose product is irrational.
LAWS OF EXPONENTS:
Let a > 0 be a real number and m and n be rational numbers. Then
• am × an= a m+n
• am ÷ an = a m-n
• am × bn= (ab) m
• (am)n = am×n
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PRACTICEQUESTIONS:
Q.1 Find the value of
(i) 93/2
(ii) 322/5
(iii) 163/4
(iv) 125-1/3
REPRESENTATION OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS ON NUMBER LINE
• TO REPRESENT ON THE NUMBER LINE
Let us take the horizontal line XOX’ as the x-axis. Mark O as its origin such that it
represents 0.
Cut off OA = 1 unit, AB = 1 unit.
⇒ OB = 2 units
Draw a perpendicular
Cut off BC = 1 unit.
Since OBC is a right triangle.
OB2 + BC2 = OC2 (Pythagorous Property)
4 + 1 = OC2
OC2 = 5
With O as centre and OC as radius, draw an arc intersecting OX .
The Point where this arc intersects the numberline represents on number
line.
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TO EXPRESS NON-TERMINATING RECURRING DECIMAL EXPANSION IN
FORM
• Express the following in the form where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
(i) _______(1)
Since, there is one repeating digit.
⇒ We multiply both sides by 10,
10x = (0.666...) × 10
or 10x = 6.6666... -------------(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2)
⇒ 10x – x = 6.6666... – 0.6666...
or 9x = 6
(ii)
10x = 0.477……x10
10x = 4.777…… -----(1)
and 100x = 47.777........ ------(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
100x – 10x = (47.777. . .) - (4.777. . .)
90x = 43
(iii) Let x= 0.001001...... -----(1)
Here, we have three repeating digits after the decimal point, therefore we
multiply by 1000.
⇒ 1000x =1.001001.......... ------(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
1000x – x = (1.001........) – (0.001.......)
or 999x = 1
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TO RATIONALIZE THE DENOMINATOR
• Rationalise the denominators of the following:
PRACTICEQUESTIONS:
1. Find two rational numbers between 0.1 and 0.3
2. Simplify :
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3. Express as a fraction in the simplest form.
4. If find the value of 1/x.
5. Represent √5, √10, √11, √13 on the number line .
6. Evaluate 5 + 2√6
7. Simplify:
8. Show that:
9. Rationalise the denominator of
10. Determine rational numbers p and q if
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