CARABAO MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE BRICKS
______________________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Senior High School Department
Palompon National High School
Palompon, Leyte
______________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Subject Research/ Capstone Project
Submitted to:
ROSALINA L. GUZMAN
Subject Teacher
Submitted by:
Theajene Rose A. Andales
Paula Marie D. Strong
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
As the human population increases, usage of materials is highly needed.
Thus, people tend to take such measures to attain well developed and efficient
substantial equipments causing the demolishment of the earth’s natural sources.
It is well known that sustainable development, one of the most important
issues in the world at present days, involves to build our communities in
such a way that we can all live comfortably without consuming all of our
resources, we make an impact on the environment through how we
survive our lives.
A small hard block of baked clay that is called bricks is one of the most
used building materials since thousand years ago and even in the modern era.
During the period of Roman Empire, the art of brick making were spread
throughout Europe and it continued to dominate during the medieval and
Renaissance period. Bricks were made by hand until about 1885. Once the
Industrial Revolution broke out, the brick making machinery was introduced.
Consequently, the number of clays that could be made into bricks was greatly
increased which influenced the production capacity. As bricks structures could be
built much quicker and cheaper, they replaced other raw materials like stone or
rock.
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Thus, further development of bricks made of environmental friendly materials
such as ashes, solid waste, ground nut husk ash and lastly, manures.
Manure is a valuable source of nutrients for crops and can improve soil
productivity. Manure properties depend on several factors: animal species, (diet,
digestibility, protein and fibber content) and animal age, housing, environment,
and stage of production. Manure is characterized in several ways. Important
properties of manure collection, storage, handling and utilization include the
solids content (the percent of solids per unit of liquid) and the size and makeup
of manure solids (fixed and volatile solids, suspended solids, and dissolved
solids). Nutrient content, primarily nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is
important as it affects land application rates and treatment techniques. Manure
components can be characterized as organic and inorganic. To help control
disease and parasites, human wastes should not be mixed with animal manures.
On the other hand, this study needs the presence of the Carabao manure
as one of the materials. A Carabao is a prized symbol of a farmer's wealth and is
an integral component of the Philippine agriculture. Carabao manure is also of
economic importance. It's a good organic fertilizer, containing 18.5 % nitrogen,
43.7 % phosphoric acid, and 9.6 % potash. Millions of farmers rely on this
animal as the main source of labor force and energy for plowing their farm. The
carabao only eats grass and other organic herbs and seizes 10.8 kg of waste per
day. However, an accurate carabao waste has an unpleasant smell and is not
pleasant in sight. But despite its unpleasant smell it can also be beneficial. It can
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be fertilized, for it is organic and can also be collected and used to produce
biogas. There are also other areas that burn carabao waste to become an
alternative material for brick making.
Many areas in the Philippines experienced material shortages for
constructing houses particularly those people living in mountainous areas, most
of them are farmers. Majority of the population cannot afford conventional blocks
made with the sand-cement mixture. In addition to their high intrinsic cost, these
conventional blocks do not provide sufficient thermal comfort during the warmest
periods, and populations need to spend a quite important amount of money to
refresh their houses. The use of carabao waste as alternative bricks helps
prevent damage to the quarry mining environment and it also helps people live
in areas where it is difficult to find sand for home use.
Thus, the objective of this study is to determine if the Carabao manure
can be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks, it also aims to
compare this research to the bricks made of sand and cement. Researchers hope
that they may be able to contribute a little help for the farmers of the community
throughout this study.
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Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study is to determine if the Carabao manure can
be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks, it also aims to compare
this research to the bricks made of sand and cement.
This study aims to help people, especially farmers through making bricks
from Carabao manure in the field of construction. Specifically, it aims to answer
the following questions:
1. Can the Carabao manure be effective materials for making bricks?
2. Is the durability and efficiency of bricks made from Carabao manure
equivalent from the bricks made of sand and cement?
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Significance of the Study
This study emphasizes the problem of the lack of materials used in
building houses that can improved by taking advantage of the Carabao Manure
as Alternative Bricks. Thus, this study is advantageous to the following person.
Farmers- This study can help them in their community for the construction of
their houses without the need of a major amount of money. They can also learn
another use of Carabao manure other than fertilizers.
Students- They will know the importance of Carabao Manure and the advantages
that it will give. They can learn the benefits of the Carabao manure and lastly,
will have the interest to enhance their knowledge about the the other use of
Carabao Manure.
Future Researchers – This study will be the keystone of their research and for
them to have a guideline related to their topic, and for the future researcher to
know the possible improvement of this research study.
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Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses only on making bricks with the use of Carabao
manure. The main purpose of this study is to determine if the carabao manure
can be used as a component in the manufacture of bricks and it also aims to
compare the efficiency and durability of bricks made from carabao waste and a
brick made from sand and cement until it is fully finished.
The benefactors of this study are the students, farmers, and future
researchers. This study is experimental, thus the experimental procedure that
will be used are the materials, which is the Carabao Manure, water, and cement
to determine if the product is effective and is durable and efficient.
The researchers conducted the study at the Andales and Strong’s
residence located at Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Scientific Literature
A concrete block is mainly used as a building material for walls.
Sometimes it is called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of
the few concrete products used in construction. The term precast refers to the
fact that blocks were formed and hardened before it was taken to the workplace.
Most concrete blocks have one or more hallow cavities and both sides can be
fixed or designated. In use, concrete blocks are stacked one at a time and
contributes fresh concrete to form the desired height of the wall.
In addition to the above facts given, concrete is commonly used to make
concrete blocks and a mixture of powdered cement, water, sand and gravel
produces a light gray block with a good texture on the surface and a high
comprehensive strength, a typical concrete bloc weighs 38-43 lb (17.2-19.5 kg).
In general, the concrete mixture used for blocks has a higher percentage
of sand and a lower percentage of gravel and water than the concrete mixture
used for general purposes of construction.
However, a new kind of hollow blocks can be made out of wood waste,
agricultural wastes, land mixed with the smallest amount of cement including
cow and carabao’s dung. The result of some research has shown that these
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types of blocks are comparable to some commercial or traditional concrete
hallow blocks.
Carabao dung is basically the rejects of herbivorous matter which is acted
upon by symbiotic bacteria residing within the animal's rumen. Carabao dung is
composed of organic matter including fibrous material that passed through the
cow digestive system, among other liquid digestive that has been left after the
fermentation, absorption and filtration, then acidified, then absorbed again.
Exact chemical composition is of mostly carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, etc. with salts, cells sloughed off as the digester went through the
digestive tract, some urea, mucus, as well as cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses.
Carabao dung was habitually used in concrete and so one may suppose that
there were particular benefits in its inclusion.
Recent publications suggest that dung may improve workability and
durability or may act as an additional binder. Knowledge has also been lost as to
whether fresh, old or weathered dung was used. Since there is no historic
reference to the dung being old or weathered, it is conceivable that this is a
recent invention resulting from modern attitudes toward odour and hygiene. In
any case, dried and fresh dung differ mainly in the water content and so are
likely to affect only the amount of water, if any, added during the mixing
content.
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According to the study of Tomas et. Al (2017) entitled “Recycling of
Wastes Coconut shells as Substitute for Aggregates in Mix Proportioning
Concrete Hollow Blocks”, states that coconut shells and coconut husks can be a
great substitute for coarse aggregate producing hollow blocks and the study
claims that hollow blocks of coconut husks are better and have stronger cluster
than commercial hollow blocks.
Some studies have been conducted to test the effectiveness animal
manure in particular carabao and cow to create an affordable construction
material such as hollow blocks and bricks.
A research study conducted by Cabarado et. Al. (2014) entitled “The
Feasibility of Horse Manure as an Alternative Source of Paper” focuses on the
effectiveness of horse stools as an alternative source of paper in addition to
wood. The study proves that horse manure is suitable as a source of paper aside
from trees.
A study titled “Compressive Strengths of Hollow Blocks with an Additive
of Dog’s Manure and Polystyrene” by Beron et. Al. (2020) reveals that cement
with a mixture of dog’s manure and polystyrene are much more efficient in
production since it takes a much higher PSI in a short curing period of time.
A research study conducted by Kocaman et. Al (2006) showed that ash
of the sun dried cattle manure can be successfully used as pozzolana in concrete.
However, the samples of the study showed low compressive strength. Therefore,
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families that live in a rural area can utilize cattle manure ash as a binder to
produce a low-cost and quality material.
Another research study conducted by Adeji et. Al. (2014) entitled “Use
of Clay Soil Mixed with Cow Dung to Produce Sustainable Bricks” suggests that
the strength of bricks falls on the rise of cow dung. They have proved that an
adobe wall with proper thickness and sterilized cow dung is very effective in
controlling temperature through the daily change that contributes to its longevity
as a building material. Therefore, Cow Dung is effective as a building material
that can guarantee good quality and strong hold.
In addition, a research study by Raheem S. B. (2018) discovered that
cow dung can be made to perform well in a certain floor and wall application
when a ten percent amount of it is added. The study also recognized the
advantage of the cow dung as a useful construction material with its lightness.
Moreover, a study by Duna et. Al (2014) reports on an investigation into
the use of cow dung ash (CDA) as Supplementary Cementatious Material (SCMs)
in concrete. Cement was replaced with cow dung ash (CDA) up to 30% at 5%
interval. Setting times (initial and Final) and slump test were carried out on the
fresh cement blended paste and concrete respectively.
Furthermore, a study by Hilal et. Al. (2018) states that Cow dung brick
can be considered as a sustainable building material and are eco-friendly and
lighter in weight. The study also showed that cow dung can also be used as a
supplementary cementing material, but the usage of cow dung is limited because
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of its lower compressive strength. Hence, it can still be considered as building
materials for the less fortunate people, especially for farmers who do not have
any accessibility in the city.
Another study conducted by Mungle N. P. et. Al. (2019) states that cow
dung bricks are reasonably strong, hard, and not easy to break for farming
purposes and is environmental friendly, thus, they are suitable for farmers.
An article by Adeniran et. Al. (2014), revealed that Cow Dung concrete
is suitable on certain floor and wall that will not be subjected to heavy load or
not be used in a water accumulated area and any structures that are related to
water. Therefore, with its light and lower compressive strength, it is not
applicable for a cow dung concrete to be used as a strong and invulnerable
element in building establishments.
The studies above stated have given importance to the current study
because these studies have also taken into account of the effectiveness of
manure in doing different things that is useful.
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Conceptual Framework
Mixed Carabao Put it all together in Dry it up with the
Manure and Cement a brick moulder help of sunlight
Finished Product
Recommendation
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined in the context of the study:
Brick- It is a small block that is made of Carabao manure and will be tested if it is
effective, and also durable and efficient enough for the farmers to use.
Carabao Manure- A solid waste product from farm animals that is used to make
soil better for growing plants and also used as fertilizers. It is used as the
independent variable of the study. And will be mixed with cement to produce a
brick.
Cement- It is the substance used to bind the carabao manure together that
produces the brick, and also one of the materials to be use in the study.
Farmer- Refers to the people who will gain the benefit of the study. Also the
ones who need the improvement of the construction materials like bricks that is
made up of Carabao manure for them to be able to save money.
Hypothesis
The Carabao manure can be effective components for making bricks by
mixing it with the right amount of cement. Also the durability and efficiency of
the bricks made from the Carabao manure is equivalent to the bricks made of
commercial materials.
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This study is experimental. The product was obtained by mixing cement
and Carabao Manure with water and be dried by the help of sunlight. The
product was tested and evaluated. The results were the baseline of the study.
Research Design
This study adapted the experimental research to create an effective bricks
out of Carabao manure. This study focuses only on making Alternative Bricks
from Carabao manure through the help of cement, a little amount of water and
moulders. It also determined the efficiency and durability of the Bricks until it is
fully finished.
Research Environment
The study was conducted at the Andales and Strong’s residence located at
Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.
Experimental Procedure
This study is experimental, thus the experimental procedure that were
used are the materials, which is the Carabao Manure, water, and cement to
determine if the product is effective and is durable and efficient.
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Procedure
The following procedures will be undertaken to create bricks out of
Carabao Manure.
1. Prepare all the materials needed.
2. Mix the Carabao manure and the cement.
3. Add a small amount of water.
4. Mix thoroughly.
5. Place the mixed Carabao manure and cement on a brick moulder.
6. Dry it up with the help of sunlight.
Product Testing and Evaluation
The product will be tested by the researchers and the students interested
in the Bricks made of Carabao Manure. The product will be evaluated by the
students with the following rubric.
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4
Durability The product is The product is The product is The product is
not durable. slightly durable for a durable.
durable. few weeks.
Lightness The product is The product is The product is The product is
heavy. slightly heavy. light. very light.
Compactness The product is The product is The product is The product is
very weak and not easy to slightly strong very strong
easy to break. break. and does not and hard to
easily break. break.
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Chapter 4
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter represents the analysis and interpretation of data related to
the study. This also shows the trial and error of the researchers in making bricks
out of Carabao Manure.
In making bricks out of carabao manure, the researchers used carabao
manure, cement, water, and molder.
The table below shows the outcome of the experiment.
Table 1.1Durability and Efficiency
Trials Durability and efficiency Reasons
The product didn’t match
the durability and Too much amount of
st
1 trial efficiency of a bricks Water.
made out of Sand and
Cement.
The product is strong
enough to match the Right amount of water
2nd trial durability of bricks made and cement.
out of Sand and Cement.
The researchers tried to make bricks out of Carabao manure. The first trial
did not succeeded because of too much water, the product was not able to hold
its compactness. But during the second trial, the researchers limit the amount of
the water used and put the right amount of cement, it was successful. A
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research study conducted by Adeji et. Al. (2014) entitled “Use of Clay Soil Mixed
with Cow Dung to Produce Sustainable Bricks” suggests that the strength of
bricks falls on the rise of cow dung. They have proved that an adobe wall with
proper thickness and sterilized cow dung is very effective in controlling
temperature through the daily change that contributes to its longevity as a
building material. Therefore, Cow Dung is effective as a building material that
can guarantee good quality and strong hold.
In addition, a research study by Raheem S. B. (2018) discovered that cow
dung can be made to perform well in a certain floor and wall application when a
ten percent amount of it is added. The study also recognized the advantage of
the cow dung as a useful construction material with its lightness.
The durability and efficiency of the hallow blocks is proven that it is
equivalent to a bricks made out of sand and cement. The study conducted by
Mungle N. P. et. Al. (2019) states that cow dung bricks are reasonably strong,
hard, and not easy to break for farming purposes and is environmental friendly,
thus, they are suitable for farmers.
With cow dung having the same composition as the Carabao Manure, they
can be use to support the results of the experiment.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter summarizes the findings and have conclusions about the
product. The researchers will also recommend about the product for its
betterment.
Summary
This study aims to make a brick that is made out of carabao manure and
to know if it is equivalent enough to a brick that is made of sand and cement.
The study was conducted at conducted at the Andales and Strong’s residence
located at Barangay Sabang, Palompon Leyte.
Findings
These are the following salient findings of the study:
1. Carabao manure is effective for bricks making.
2. The durability and efficiency of the bricks made from the Carabao manure
is equivalent to the bricks made of sand and cement.
Conclusions
Based on the results, the hypothesis is proven that the Carabao manure is
effective to be made into a bricks with the help of cement. The durability and
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efficiency of the product that is a brick made out of carabao manure is
equivalent to the bricks that is made out of sand and cement.
Recommendations
Based on the gathered trials and experiences in making the product the
researchers recommend that the future researcher should have a long amount of
time in making the product to guarantee if the bricks could last a year without
any damage.
They should also have the complete and accurate materials to be able to
truly attain the perfect version of the product.
Lastly they should have a deep interest about their study and gather
much information about the product to have a great outcome.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adeji et. Al. (2014). Use of Clay Soil Mixed with Cow Dung to Produce
Sustainable Bricks. Retrieved April 17, 2020 from
Adeniran et. Al. (2014).
Beron et. Al. (2020). Compressive Strength of Hollow Blocks with an Additive of
Dog’s Manure and Polystyrene. Retrieve April 19, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net
Cabarado et. Al. (2014). The Feasibility of Horse Manure as an Alternative Source
of Paper. Retrieved April 15, 2020 from
Duna et. Al. (2014). Comprehensive Strength Characteristic of Cow Dung Ash
Blended Cement Concrete. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from
Hilal et. Al. (2018). Development of Eco Brick and Concrete with the Partially
Replacement of Cow Dung. Retrieved April 17, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net
Kocaman et. Al. (2006). Replacing Cattle Manure Ash as Cement into Concrete.
Retrieved April 17, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net
Mungle et. Al. (2014). Study and Analysis of Bricks Making Machine from
Ecological Waste for Agriculture. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from
21
Raheem S. B. (2018). Cow Dung Ash (CDA) as Partial Replacement of Cementing
Material in the Production of Concrete. Retrieved April 19, 2020 from
https//:shura.shu.ac.uk
Tomas et. Al. (2017).
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APPENDICES
DOCUMENTATION
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CURRICULUM VITAE
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