RJOAS, 10(118), October 2021

DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2021-10.32

IDENTIFICATION OF CORAL REEF CONDITIONS IN SUNGAI CUKA VILLAGE,

KINTAP DISTRICT OF TANAH LAUT REGENCY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
OF INDONESIA

Frans Tony*, Ahsin Rifa’I M.

Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Syamsu Hidayat Achmad

Department of Fishery Agribusiness Program Study, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Science, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Rina Iskandar
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Achmad Yani Banjarmasin,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia

*E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Tanah Laut Regency has a very strategic potential in tourism development in South
Kalimantan Province, so it is deemed necessary to conduct underwater research with the
aim of identifying coral reef types, knowing the condition of coral cover and knowing the
physical and chemical conditions of the waters of the SungaiCuka Village, Kintap District.
Coral reef ecosystems around the waters of Sungai Cuka village, KintapDistrict only found 1
type of Acropora coral lifeform, namely Acropora tabulate (ACT), and 4 Non-Acropora
species namely Coral branching (CB), Coral massive (CM), Coral encrusting (CE), Coral
foliose (CF), Coral reef cover range survival ranged from 1.88% to 46.38%. Therefore, the
condition of coral reefs around the sea waters of Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District ranges
from low to fair based on coral reef assessment criteria according to Indonesia Environment
Minister’s Decree, No. 4/2011. Almost all water quality parameters measured: temperature,
brightness, current speed, salinity, pH and DO are still within the tolerance limits of water
quality standards, except for brightness which is below the quality standard threshold, which
is between 3 - 3.5 meters and salinity which ranges from 35 - 40 above the quality standard
threshold based on the IndonesiaEMinister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004.

KEY WORDS
Coral reef, Sungai Cuka village, Tanah Laut regency, South Kalimantan province.

Tanah Laut Regency has a very strategic potential in tourism development in South
Kalimantan Province, one of which is the potential for underwater tourism which was recently
discovered by the Potential Excavation Team of the Tanah Laut Regency Tourism Office in
collaboration with a team of divers from the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Lambung
Mangkurat University in in 2019 in Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency.
From the initial identification, several coral reef spots were found at coordinates S 03º 52'
55.7"-E 115º 25' 25.2" with the name Batu Buaya and coordinates S 03º 52' 20.6"-E 115º 23'
51.3" named Batu Gagak. Reef fish are important communities in coral reef ecosystems
because of their trophic relationship with other biotic components (Tony. F, et al 2021, Rifa'i,
2016; Rifa'i, et al, 2016, Iskandar. R, et al 2020)
Based on Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Regional
Regulation Number 13 of 2018 concerning the division of water zoning in South Kalimantan,
it is stated that from the coastline to 12 miles the management of marine spatial planning is
the authority of the South Kalimantan Provincial government. Meanwhile, based on Law no.
10 of 2009 concerning tourism, requires that tourism development in districts/cities refers to

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national, regional and local interests. The main ideas are based on local interests, namely
related that regional tourism development planning must reflect regional autonomy, through
efforts to optimize the utilization of regional potential and resources. In addition, regional
tourism development must also pay attention to the preservation of nature and the
environment diversity of reef fish in the sea waters of Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District,
Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan. The role of the government is very important in
managing the utilization of coastal potential and empowering coastal village communities to
support the development of diversifying their business (Hidayat A. S., and Agusliani, E.,
2020).
On the basis of these considerations, as well as referring to the tourism potential to dig
deeper related to the underwater potential found in Sungai village. It is deemed necessary to
conduct research on Identification of Reef Conditions in SungaiCuka Village, Kintap District,
Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province with the aim of identifying coral reef types,
knowing the condition of coral cover and knowing the physical and chemical conditions of
water in the Sea waters of Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District.

METHODS OF RESEARCH

The material of this research is coral reefs in the waters of SungaiCuka Village, Kintap
District, South Kalimantan Province with several environmental parameter data including
bioecological aspects consisting of live coral cover and coral lifeforms, physical aspects
consisting of Temperature (°C), Brightness (m), Current (m/s) and chemical aspects
involved. consists of Salinity (‰), Degree of Acidity (pH) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). As a
brief description of the observation points, it can be seen in Figure 1 below:

Figure 1 – Research Location Map

The research method in collecting data on coral reefs uses the Line Intercept Transect
(LIT) method based on English et al, (1997). Reef fish data was collected using the
Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method (English et al, 1994).
Determination of Research Stations and Parameters. Determination of the research
station point is done by purposive sampling technique. The technique is based on the
consideration that the selected location can represent the waters of the marine waters of
Sungai Cuka Village, Kec. Kintap. Coral community data collection consisted of 4 stations
which were determined purposively. By being marked using the help of GPS (Global Position
System). Each station consists of 2 (two) transects while for water quality parameters taken
at these stations.

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Table 1 – Research Station Coordinates

Description Station (ST) 1 Station (ST) 2 Station (ST) 3 Station (ST) 4
03°52'37,6" 03°52'33,5" 03°53'40,6" 03°53'30,6"
Coordinates
115°23'33,3" 115°23'42,0" 115°21'39,2" 115°21'32,0"

The percentage of live coral cover, dead coral and other lifeform types is calculated
using the formula (English et. al., 1997):
𝛼
∁= × 100%
𝐴

Where: ∁ = Percentage of closing lifeform i; 𝛼 = Lifeform transect length i; A = Total length of

transect.
Assessment of coral reef ecosystems refers to the Minister of Environment Decree No.
4 in 2011.
Temperature and pH were measured with the same tool so that data were obtained at
once, namely using a water quality checker, the method of collecting data before using the
tool was calibrated first. Temperature and pH were measured above the water surface at
each predetermined station. Insert the tool into the surface of the water and record the data
for each parameter that is read on the screen.
Water brightness data collection is carried out on the surface. The following are the
steps for measuring the brightness of the waters:
 Dip the secchi disk into the water slowly until you don't see the black and white plates
then record how deep the secchi disk goes into the water (H1);
 Try not to shake too much so that the secchi disk remains flat;
 Lift the secchi disk slowly until the black and white plate is visible then note how deep
the secchi disk goes into the water (H2).
The measurement of brightness obtained by using the secchi disk (in meters)
is processed to obtain the percentage value (%) of the brightness of the waters with the
equation:

𝐻1 +𝐻2
2
𝐼 = × 100%
𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡

Where: I = water brightness (%); H1 = secchi disk depth to invisible (m); H2 = secchi disk
depth when visible (m); Htot= total water depth (m).
Current velocity is measured using a current kite. Following are the steps in measuring
the current velocity:
1. Dip the kite stream into the water;
2. Turn on the timer just after the current kite enters the water;
3. Observe the current kite until it reaches the maximum rope length (5 meters);
4. After reaching the maximum limit, stop the timer and record the time.
To find out the value of the current velocity at each station, the following equation is
used:
𝐿
𝑉=
𝑝

Where: V= current speed (m/s); L = length of the stretched rope (m); p = time taken until the
rope is stretched (m).
Salinity is the amount of natural salt (grams) contained in one liter of seawater, usually
expressed by per mile (‰) or per thousand which indicates how many grams of mineral
content in every 1,000 grams of seawater. Salinity was measured using a refractometer. The
water sample is dropped into the refractometer, then the instrument is directed towards the
sun directly, a blue and white field will appear, the boundary line between the two fields that
shows the salinity level. Record the salinity value.

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Dissolve Oxygen (DO) is the level of oxygen in the water. The dissolved oxygen comes
from the atmosphere directly which can then be utilized by aquatic biota. DO is also a
benchmark to determine whether or not a water is good. The greater the DO value
contained, the better the water quality. How to use the DO Meter is very easy, namely dip the
pen on the DO meter into the water, and then the dissolved oxygen value will automatically
be seen on the DO meter monitor.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results showed that there was 1 type of Acropora coral lifeform in the sea waters of
SungaiCuka Villageis Acropora tabulate (ACT), and 4 types of Non-Acropora namely Coral
branching (CB), Coral massive (CM), Coral encrusting (CE), Coral foliose (CF), Coverage
range of live coral reefs ranges from 1.88% up to 46.38%. Therefore, the condition of coral
reefs around the waters of the village of Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District ranged from low
to fair.

Table 2 – Percentage of live coral cover in the waters of SungaiCuka Village –Kintap District
Station 1 2 3 4
Percentage (%) 46.38 41.14 14.14 1.88

At station 1, transect 1 and transect 2 no hard coral (Acropora) cover was found, while
hard coral (Non Acropora) was found at 22.98% and 23.3%, respectively, while the hard
coral category (Non Acropora) was found in eachtransect is Massive and Encrusting.

Figure 2 – Percentage of Coral Cover Station 1 transects 1 and 2.

The percentage of lifeform cover at Station 1 transect 1 found 6 species, namely

Massive, Encrusting, DC with Algae, Halimidae, Sponge and Rubble, while at transect 2
found 5 species, namely Massive, Encrusting, DC with Algae, Sponge and Rubble.

Figure 3 – Percentage of Lifeform Coverage for Station 1 transects 1 and 2.

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At station 2, the cover of hard coral (Acropora) namely Acropora tabulate (ACT) was only on
transect 1, while hard coral (Non Acropora) were found to be 31.14% and 9.16%,
respectively, namely Massive and Encrusting species.

Figure 4 – Percentage of Coral Cover Station 2 transects 1 and 2

The percentage of lifeform cover at Station 2 transect 1 found 9 species, namely

Tabulate, Branching, Massive, Encrusting, Foliose, DC With Algae, Halimidae, Sponge and
Sand, while on transect 2 found 5 species namely Foliose, DC With Algae, Halimidae,
Sponge and Sands.

Figure 5 – Percentage of Lifeform Coverage for Station 2 transects 1 and 2

Figure 6 – Percentage of Coral Cover Station 3 transects 1 and 2

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At station 3, transect 1 and transect 2 did not find hard coral (Acropora) cover while
hard coral (Non Acropora) was only found on transect 1, namely Massive and Foliose with a
cover percentage of 14.14%.
The percentage of lifeform cover at Station 3 transect 1 found 6 species, namely
Massive, Foliose, DC With Algae, Halimidae, Sponge and Sand, while on transect 2 only 3
species were found, namely DC With Algae, Sponge and Sand.

Figure 7 – Percentage of Lifeform Cover Station 3 transects 1 and 2

Figure 8 – Percentage of Coral Cover Station 4 transects 1 and 2

Figure 9 – Percentage of Lifeform Coverage for Station 4 transects 1 and 2

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At station 4, transect 1 and transect 2 did not find hard coral (Acropora) cover while
hard coral (Non Acropora) was found on transect 2, namely Encrusting, with a cover
percentage of 1.88%.
The percentage of lifeform cover at Station 4 transect 1 found 4 species, namely DC
With Algae, Sponge, Others and Sand, while on transect 2 found 6 species, namely
Encrusting, DC With Algae, Halimidae, Sponge, Others and Sand.
The results of the research on water quality parameters which are physical and
chemical factors in the sea waters of SungaiCuka Village, KintapDistrictcan be seen in table
4 below:

Table 3 – Measurement results of water quality parameters

Stations
Parameters Indonesia Environment Minister’s
1 2 3 4
DecreeNo. 51/2004
Sampling Time 14.14 16.20 15.20 14.15
Temperature (°C) 29 28 31 29 28 -30 °C
Physical Factor Brightness (m) 3.5 3.3 5.2 3 >5
Current (m/s) 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.08
Salinity (‰) 35 35 40 40 33 - 34
Chemical Factor pH 6.26 7.97 8.04 8.01 7 – 8.5
DO (mg/l) 6.4 7.8 5.9 5.8 >5

From the results of research activities, it can be concluded that the coral reefs in the
waters of Sungai Cuka Village, KintapDistrict is a type of fringing coral reef, because coral
reefs in the research location can be found along the coast with water depths not too far
leading to the open sea which can be found at a depth of less than 8 meters. This is in line
with the Nybakken (1988) which states that the Fringing Reef is a coral reef that is found
along the coast and is not more than 40 meters deep. These reefs grow to the surface and
towards the open sea. At the research location which is in the waters of Sungai Cuka Village,
Kintap District, the average coral reef at this location is generally found to be sloping average
at each station. At a depth of more than 8 meters, corals are rarely found; this is because the
substrate of sand mixed with mud seems to dominate at the study site. In the sea waters of
Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District is known that the percentage of live coral cover is
46.38% which is in the fair category. The types of corals encountered were Coral Massive
and Coral Encrusting.

Table 4 – Percentage of live coral cover in the waters of Sungai Cuka village, Kintap District
Station 1 2 3 4
Percentage (%) 46.38 4.14 14.14 1.88
Category Fair Fair Low Low

Table 5 – Coral Reef Assessment Criteria according to Indonesia Environment Minister’s

Decree No. 4/2011
Category Lifeform Coverage (%)
Very good 75 – 100
Well 50 – 74.9
Fair 25 – 49.9
Low 0 – 24.9

Hard coral cover as an indicator of coral reef health looks low at each station, so the
coral reefs are in Low condition. Coral reefs are strongly dominated by soft coral
communities, hard corals generally from the Massive coral group and the growth of Halimeda
algae. Other biota from the sponge group associated with other reefs is often seen reaching
71%. According to Gomez & Alcala (1982) the presence of algae will become competitors for
corals so that corals are difficult to survive.
The low coral cover is also influenced by water quality including salinity which has
exceeded the quality standard threshold based on the Indonesia Environment Minister’s

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DecreeNo. 51/2004 with a salinity tolerance of 33-34‰, while at the time of data collection in
all stations it ranged between 35-40‰ while parameters such as temperature, pH and Do are
still within the tolerance threshold of the quality standard. In addition, the brightness
parameter is also very decisive on coral growth. Sedimentation or deposition that occurs due
to various kinds of human activities such as mining, construction along the coast, logging of
tropical forests, or agriculture. These activities result in soil erosion that is carried to the sea.
Where the research location is in the waters of Sungai Cuka Village, Kintap District is right at
the mouth of the Cuka river, as a result the level of turbidity of the water can also lead to
higher and threaten the life of existing coral reefs because the water quality is dirty and
cloudy, this can be seen in the data obtained that the brightness parameter only reaches 3 -
3.5 meters, only at station 3 which has a brightness of 5.2 meters. it can be concluded that
the lower the level of brightness of a waters, it will be able to disrupt the growth of corals.
The average current velocity is 0.07 m/s with the highest value at station 3 being 0.10
m/s in Table 6. The current velocity value in Table 12 shows results greater than the current
velocity in the coastal waters of Angsana Regency. Soil seasoning between 0.01 - 0.05 m/s
with an average of 0.03 m/s (Iskandar& Tony, 2013). Currents play a role in the growth
process to supply food in the form of plankton, oxygen and are needed in the cleaning
process of materials stuck in coral polyps (Dahuri, 2003). So, the condition of the corals will
be better if they are in areas with moderate currents because they do not make the corals
break easily and help clean the material on the corals. In addition, currents are also able to
reduce sedimentation that covers the coral surface. Based on the data above, the range of
current velocity also affects the growth of coral reefs. This is in line with the condition of clam
coral cover in the Kima reef waters area in the village of Bunati district, Angsana Regency.
Ground seasoning with fair to good category (Jainudin, et al, 2015), while in the research
area it is categorized as lo to fair.
The abundance of algae living on coral reefs is not a good indication. Algae that grow
because of the amount of pollution that occur makes the condition of coral reefs gradually
die. Moreover, if the algae-eating fish are caught in excess, it is certain that the algae will
grow rapidly because the algae-eating fish are decreasing. All stations in the research
location were found with Halimidae Algae. The dominance of soft coral cover and algae
causes space competition with hard corals and inhibits the coral recruitment process by
preventing the attachment of larvae and the development of coral seedlings (Loya et al.,
2004). Hard corals and soft corals are important benthic reef communities, both of which
often coexist as sessile benthic species that compete with each other for space. The
dominance of soft corals is benefited by waters with high nutrient waves and fairly strong
currents and low temperatures, which occur regularly and continuously (Rustam et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION

Coral reef ecosystems around the waters of Sungai Cuka village, KintapDistrict only
found 1 type of Acropora coral lifeform, namely Acropora tabulate (ACT), and 4 Non-
Acropora species namely Coral branching (CB), Coral massive (CM), Coral encrusting (CE),
Coral foliose (CF), Coral reef cover range life ranged from low to fair.
Almost all water quality parameters measured are: temperature, brightness, current
speed, salinity, pH and DO are still within the tolerance limits of water quality standards,
except for brightness which is below the quality standard threshold and salinity is above the
quality standard threshold based on Indonesia Environment Minister’s Decree No 51/2004.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Government of Tanah Laut Regency, South
Kalimantan Province for supporting and facilitating this research. The authors also thank the
Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, LambungMangkurat University and the Dean of
the Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmad Yani University and also all friends who have supported so
that this research can be completed.

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