Terms Definition Element Electron Proton Neutron

Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Copper 29 29 34

Element a substance that cannot be decompose any further by chemical Aluminum 13 1 14
reaction
Compound Combination of two or more elements
Molecules Smallest particle that a compound can be reduce before it Material Valence Electron
breaks down into its element Conductor Less than or equal to 3
Atom Smallest part that an element can be reduce to and still Semi-Conductor 4
keeping Insulator Greater than or equal to 5

A body is said to be charge, if it has either an excess or deficit of electrons

Name Charge Mass (Kg) from its normal values due to sharing.
Proton + 1.672 X 10^-27
Electron - 9.107 X 10^-31 Coulomb (C) is the unit of electric charge which is equivalent to 6.25 x
Neutron None 1.672 X 10^-27 10^18 electrons or protons

Any charge has the capability of doing work of moving another charge either
The center of the atom is called nucleus, Proton and neutrons are found in by attraction or repulsion
the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in a specified path called Orbital Volt (V)
shells. The number of shells is dependent upon the total number of o unit of potential difference which is equal to one joule of work done
electrons of the atom. per one coulomb of charge
o E=W/Q (E=potential difference in volts, W = work in joule, Q= charge
Orbital shells of an atom: in column)
K-shell - first orbit (Innermost)
L-shell - second orbit Ampere (A)
M-shell - third orbit o unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past a given
N-shell - fourth orbit point in one second (A=coulomb per second)
O-shell - fifth orbit o Amperes is unit for electrical current flow
o When a potential difference between two charges forces a third
Terms Definition charge to move, the charge in motion is called an electric current
Valence electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an atom o I=Q/T (I=current in amperes, Q=charge in coulomb, T= time in
Atomic Number Represents the number of electrons or protons of an seconds)
atom
Atomic Mass represents the sum of proton and neutrons on an atom Ohm (Ω)
o The fact that a wire carrying a current can become hot, it is evident
that the work done by the applied force in producing the current
must be accomplished against some opposition called resistance
 o R=ρ (L/A) (ρ =resistivity in ohm-CM/ft, L=Length in ft, A= Cross Silver 10^-2 ±10%
sectional area in CM) No color ±20%
o the resistance increases a temperature increase
Tolerance the amount in percentage by which the actual resistance can be
circular mills (CM) - area of a circle having a diameter of one mil. different from the color-coded value

A = D^2 (A= Area in CM, D=Diameter in mils) Conductance (G)

o is a measure of the material's ability to conduct electric current
1 inch = 1,000 mils o G=1/R (G= Conductance in Siemen or mho, R= Resistance in ohm)
1 MCM = 1,000 CM o The ability of a conductor to allow current flow
o Mho is a unit of conductance
Materials Ω - CM/ft T(°C) o Reciprocal of resistance
Silver 9.9 234
Copper 10.37 234.5 Ohm's Law
Aluminum 17 236 o states that the "current flowing in an electric circuit is directly
Tungsten 33 2202 proportional to· the impressed emf applied to the circuit and
Zinc 36 250 inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit
Nickel 47 147 o In order to be able to calculate the amount of current through a
resistor by Ohm's law, it is necessary for that resistor to be linear
Wire wound resistor a special type of wire called resistance wire is wrapped o According to Ohm's law, current is directly proportional to voltage
around an insulating core. Its wattage ratings are variable from 5 watts or o I=E/R (I=current in amperes, E=Voltage in volts, R=resistance in
more ohms)
Electrical power
Carbon composition resistor this resistor is made from finely divided carbon o rate of using the electrical energy
mixed with powdered insulating material as a binder. Its wattage ratings are o P=IE=(I^2)R=(E^2)/R
available are 1/8 to 2 watts o 1HP = 746 watts
Kilowatt-hour(kW-hr)
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance o Unit in which electrical energy is sold to a customer
Black 0 1 o W=Pt (W=energy consumption in kw-hr, P=power in kW, t=time in
Brown 1 10^1 hr)
Red 2 10^2 o Commercial unit of electric energy
Orange 3 10^3 o Practical unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour
Yellow 4 10^4 o Kilowatt-hour meter - Instrument use to measure electrical energy
Green 5 10^5
Series circuit
Blue 6 10^6
o the load resistances are connected end to end
Violet 7 10^7
o In a series circuit, the current is constant
Gray 8 10^8
o In a series circuit, the unit that is the same in all the parts of the
White 9 10^9
circuit is the current
Gold 10^-1 ±5%
 o In a series circuit with different values of resistance, the current is
the same in each resistor Balance delta to wye (note)
o Total resistance is equal to the sum of the Individual resistance o 3 Delta = 1 wye
connected in the circuit
o Total voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across each Cell
resistance in the circuit o Is a single unit for electrolysis (process of converting chemical energy
to electrical energy)
Voltage Division theorem (Series circuit only)
o Voltage of the resistor = supply voltage (resistance of the resistor / Classification of cell
sum of all resistors)
Parallel circuit Primary Cell
o the load resistances are connected across each other o This type of cell cannot be recharged. After if deliver its rated
o In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is smaller than the smallest capacity, the cell must be discarded
resistance in the combination o Mercury-oxide is a primary cell
o In parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is equal to the
Secondary Cell
source voltage
o This type of cell can be recharged due to its chemical action can be
o In a parallel circuit with unequal resistance on each branch, the
reverse
voltage across each branch is equal o Also known as storage cell
o A parallel circuit is one that has all elements connected across the o frequently called storage cell / accumulators
power supply so that removing one element does not stop the others
from working Classification of cell base on chemical use
o Total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances connected in the circuit Wet Cell
o Total current is equal to the sum of the current in each resistance in o Uses liquid cell
the circuit
Dry Cell
Current Division theorem (parallel circuit only) o Contains a chemical paste
o Current of the resistor = total current (total resistance/resistance of o The average dry cell gives an approximate voltage of 1.5V
the resistor) o The smallest size of a dry cell is AAA
o The largest size of a dry cell is Side D
delta and wye Circuit o The electrolyte used in carbon-zinc dry cell is a combination of
ammonium chloride and zinc chloride dissolved in water
delta to wye wye to delta
Cell Volts Type
Y resistance = Delta resistance = Carbon zinc 1.5 Primary
product of adjacent sum of product of Zinc chloride 1.5 Primary
side /sum of all the resistances taken Mercury oxide 1.35 Primary
resistance two at a time Silver oxide 1.5 Primary
/opposite resistance Lithium 3.0 Primary
 Manganese zinc 1.5 Primary or Secondary o the best indication of the charge of a lead acid battery is the open
Lead acid 2.0 Secondary circuit cell voltage
Nickel cadmium 1.25 Secondary o emf a cell doesn’t depend upon Spacing between electrodes
Nickel iron 1.2 Secondary o If the specific gravity of the electrolyte of a lead acid cell decrease,
Silver zinc 1.5 Secondary the internal resistance of the cell is increased
Silver cadmium 1.1 Secondary o The primary consideration in the grouping of cells is the required
Voltage
Cell Size (Dry cell) o when the liquid level in a lead acid cell is low, distilled water can be
added
Size Height (in) Diameter (in)
o A 12-V car battery is composed of six lead-acid cells in series
D 2¼ 1¼
o Sliver-zinc cell = Type of cell commonly used in hearing aids, electric
C 1¾ 1
watches, missiles and space applications
AA 1 7/8 9/16
o Sulfuric acid = type of electrolyte solution is used in a lead-acid cell
AAA 1¾ 3/8
o The action of the acid in a chemical cell is to removes electrons form
Cell (notes) one plate and accumulate them on the other plate
o constructing a lead acid cell into a multiple plate cell to increase the o Cells are connected in series-parallel when high voltage, as well as
capacity of the cell high current is desired
o The term ampere-hour is associated with Storage cells o Storage batteries in solar photovoltaic shall have cells operating at
o Chemical energy is stored in an electrolytic cell less than 50 V
o The type of electrode determines the voltage of a lead acid cell Capacitor or Condenser
o Internal resistance is a resistance offered by the active material of a o A device in which electric charge can be stored so as to posses’
cell electrical potential. It consists of two conducting plates separated by
o Lead-acid is the most commonly used cell a layer of an insulating medium called dielectric
o A battery is a group of cells connected in (parallel, series-parallel, o used to filter dc currents and pass ac currents
series) o consists of two conductors separated by an insulator
o Charging a lead-acid cell causes the electrolyte to become stronger o A capacitor stores charge
o Cells in rubber or composition containers shall require no additional o are used in electric circuits to (Store Energy, introduce a voltage
insulating supports where· the total nominal voltage of all cells in drop, Produce a low opposition path to high frequency)
series does NOT exceed 150V o Electrical equipment is occasionally connected across the relay
o Cells are connected in parallel to increase the current capacity of contacts to minimize arcing
the cells
Capacitance (C)
o the purpose of connecting cells in series to increase the voltage
o C = (Σo ΣrA)/d (Σo=permittivity 8.854x10^-12F/m, Σr = Dielectric
rating of the combination
constant, A= area in m², d=Distance in m)
o Increasing the size of the electrodes does not increase the emf of o Unit of capacitance is Farad
the cell o C = Q/E (C=capacitance in farad, Q=charge in coulomb, E=voltage in
o ordinary 6-volt acid storage battery consists of 3 cells volts)
 o Electrolytic type of capacitors used to filter dc components
Material Σr o Sparking between contacts can be reduced by inserting a capacitor in
Air 1 parallel with the contacts
Glass 4.2 o The capacitance of a capacitor is NOT affected by type of material
Mica 5 to 9 used in the plates
Paper 3.5 o The terminal side of capacitor that is banded with a dark line around
Porcelain 5.5 it is the cathode
Oil 2 to 5 o Used to test or troubleshoot a capacitor (Resistance measurement,
Spark test, Bridging)
Energy Stored in a charge capacitor
o The ampacity of conductors that connect a capacitor to the terminals
o W = ½ CE² = ½ QE = ½ (Q²/C) (W=work in joule, C = capacitance in
of a motor circuit conductors shall not be less than one-third the
farad, E = Voltage in volts, Q = charge in coulomb)
ampacity of the motor circuit conductors and in no case less than
Elastance (S) 135% of the rated capacitor current
o Reciprocal of capacitance o At dc steady state condition, a capacitor acts like an open circuit
o S=1/C o electric device which blocks dc but allows AC
o Unit of elastance is daraf o Electrolytic is polarize type capacitor

Inductor or choke coil

Capacitor (notes)
o Two terminal device that consist of a coiled wire wound in common
o the resistance of a shorted capacitor is zero
core or in free air
o Infinity is the resistance reading of a good capacitor
o circuit element used to resonate with capacitors
o Discharge the filter capacitor to prevent a shock when working on a
high voltage supply Inductance (L)
o Electrolytic capacitor commonly used in circuits that have a o The property that opposes any change in current.
combination of dc and ac voltages o
o A capacitor opposes any change in voltage o L = (μo μrAN²)/l (μo =permeability 4πx10^-7 Henry/m, μr = Relative
o The ampacity' of capacitor circuit conductors shall NOT be less than permeability of the core, A= cross sectional area per turn in m²,
135% of the rated current of the capacitor N=number of turns, l=length of magnetic path in m)
o The capacitor used in power factor correction is normally rated in o Unit of capacitance is Henry
KVAR
o Capacitors containing more than 11 liters of flammable liquid shall be Material μr
encased in vaults or outdoor fenced enclosures Air 1
o A disconnecting means shall be provided in each ungrounded Magnetic Iron 200
conductor for each capacitor bank and shall NOT be less than 135 Nickel 100
percent of the rated current of the capacitor Permalloy 8000
o In a radio, gang condenser is a type of air capacitor Mumetal 20000
o The power factor rating of an inductive reactive circuit can be Copper zinc ferrite 1500
increased by adding capacitors
Energy Stored in an inductor carrying current In-phase wave
o W = ½ LI² (W=work in joule, L = Inductance in Henry, I = Current in o Waves that occur at the same time
amperes) o When voltage and current have their zero and peak values at the
same time, they are in phase

Inductor (notes) Out-phase wave

o If the number of turns in an inductor is increased, its inductance will o Waves that do not occur at the same time
vary
Reactance
o At DC steady state, an inductor acts like a short circuit o Property of an inductor or capacitor to oppose current flow in a
o current flowing through the coil does NOT affect the inductance of a given circuit
coil o XL = 2πfL
o An open coil has infinite resistance and zero inductance o XC = 1/2πfC
o Squeezing the turns of a coil together will increase inductance o The power factor of the circuit is zero, when the load of the circuit is
The Fundamental sinusoidal AC wave Equation a pure reactance only.
o If the resistance and reactance of a given circuit are equal in
Y(θ) = VPsin(θ) magnitude, the circuit power factor is 0.707
Y(t) = VPsin wt o property of a resonant circuit (total voltage and total current are in
w=2πf phase, power factor is zero, total reactance is zero)

Period (T) Impedance (Z)

o Period of alternating wave is the time needed in seconds to produce o the joint effect of combining resistance and reactance in an AC circuit
one cycle o The total opposition to current flow in ac circuits.
o T=1/f (f = frequency in hz) o For high impedance grounding, the system neutral conductor shall
o Unit of period is seconds not be connected to the ground EXCEPT through the grounding
impedance
Wave Length (λ) o The impedance of a series resonant circuit is minimum
o Length of alternating wave for one complete cycle
o λ=Vc/f (Vc = Speed of light, f =frequency) Active(P), Reactive(Q) and apparent Power(S)
o unit of wavelength is m o the joint effect of combining resistance and reactance in an AC circuit
o Active(watts), Reactive(var), apparent Power(volt-ampere)
o If the active and reactive powers of the circuit are equal in
Average value of AC (V) magnitude, the power factor of the circuit is 0.707
o arithmetical average or mean of all the values of an alternating o In ac circuits, the product of total voltage and total current is called
quantity taken over one half of the cycle. apparent power
o 0.636 x voltage peak o S= √ P² + Q²
RMS value of AC (V) o cos(θ) = pf = (P/S)
o 0.707 x voltage peak Types of power factor (Pf)
o Effective value is the same as RMS value of an alternating wave
 o Unity Pf = Voltage and current are in phase (incandescent, flat iron, o IL=IP
power heater)
delta connected power system
o Lagging Pf = Current lags the voltage by acute angle (electric motor,
o VL=VP
florescent lamp, ACU, television)
o IL=IP*√3
o Leading Pf = Current lead the voltage by acute angle (synchronous
motor) 3 phase formula
o P (active) = 3VPIP cos(θ)= √3VLIL cos(θ)
power factor (Notes)
o Q (reactive) = 3VPIP sin(θ)= √3VLIL sin(θ)
o The power factor of a circuit is approximately 100% if the circuit load
o S (apparent) = 3VPIP= √3VLIL
consists only of incandescent lamps
o The power factor of an incandescent bulb is 1 delta connected power system
o The following is used to improve or correct low power factor o Neutral current is the same as ground current
(capacitor, synchronous motors, synchronous condenser) o Neutral current up to 200A is computed at 100 % demand
o In a given circuit, when the power factor is unity, the reactive o IN=√(I1² + I2² + I3²)-( I1²I2² + I2²I3²+ I1²I3²)
volt=ampere is zero
Wattmeter
o The -ratio of KW to KVA is called Power factor
o Electrical instrument use to measure electrical power
o Most utility companies require a minimum load power factor of 0.8
o measures ac as well dc power
o For a series RC circuit, the circuit power factor is leading
o is an integrating instrument
o If the excitation on one alternator in parallel operation is adjusted
o indicates real power
Power factor will change
o If an additional resistance is added to a series RL circuit, the overall Wattmeter (notes)
power factor of the circuit will increase
o A power factor meter will show relationship between watts and volt- o Power measurement is to be done on a balanced delta connected
amperes load whose terminals cannot be simply open-circuited. the minimum
o In an ac circuit, a low value of kVAR compared to kW indicates High number of wattmeter needed is two
power factor o If the 3-phase load is balanced, at least only one wattmeter is
needed to measure-e the power
Admittance (Y) o The minimum number of wattmeter necessary to measure the power
o Reciprocal of Impedance in the load of a balanced 3-phase, 4-wire system is one
o Y=1/Z
Classification of tools
Resonance o Hand tools are tools operated by our hands without the need of
o A circuit phenomenon wherein the circuit power factor is unity electricity to operate it
o A phenomenon on a series ac circuit wherein maximum current will o Machine tools are tools operated by our hand with electricity to
flow operate it
o f= 1/(2π √ LC)
C-clamp
wye connected power system o used in holding objects together while they are being assembled
o VL=VP*√3 Center punch
 o used for marking metal parts Screw drivers
Electrician's knife o used to turn or drive screws with slotted heads
o used by electricians to removed insulation of large wires or big cables o Standard screw driver
File o Phillips screw driver
o used to remove rough edges o Stubb screw driver (short in length)
Gimlet Wire stripper
o used to make an initial hole for wood screws o used in removing the insulation of small size wires
o A small tool with a tapered drill point used to make a pilot hole for Wrenches
wood screw mounting o used to tightened or loosened objects
Hacksaw o Adjustable wrench -size is adjustable
o used for cutting metals o Open-end wrench - used to grip the nut only in two sides
Hammer o Box wrench - used to grip the nut in all sides
o used for striking hard objects like nails, etc. o Allen wrench - used for hexagonally shaped nuts
o Claw hammer - used for pulling out nails o Vise-grip wrench - used to locked on the objects and grip it
o Ball pen hammer - used to flatten metal surfaces o pipe wrench - used for gripping pipes only
o Soft-faced hammer - used in rewinding jobs
Hand drill and bit Type of Measuring Instrument
o used for boring holes
Hickey Indicating instruments -devices that indicate directly the value of the
o used in bending small size pipes quantity being measured on the scale (Voltmeter, Ammeter, Ohmmeter)
Micrometer
The pointer or needle of an indicating instrument is usually made from
o used to measure the diameter of small wires in mils
aluminum
o instruments can be used to measure wire diameters
Pipe-cutter Integrating instruments - device that combines two or more electrical
o cut small size of pipes quantities and registers it as a single equivalent unit (kW-hr meter)
Pipe-threader
o used in threading pipes Recording instruments - devices that give a record of the variations of the
Pipe-vise electrical quantity being measured over a period of time (chronograph)
o used to hold down the pipe while it is being cut
Pliers Ammeter shunts - used to extend the range of an ammeter
o used for cutting, twisting or gripping electrical components Potential divider - used to extend the range of a voltmeter
o Lineman's pliers (Side cutting pliers)
o Long nose pliers Voltmeter
o Diagonal pliers (simply called "cutter" in the practice) o An instrument that measures the electrical pressure in a circuit
Puller o is connected in shunt across the load
o used for pulling out gears, bearings or bushings o consists of a meter movement is series with High resistance resistor
Push-pull tape rule o Sensitivity of the voltmeter is expressed in ohm/volts
o a length measuring tool o A low voltage is measured on a higher scale of the voltmeter. The
Reamer measurement would have (low precision, low accuracy, low
o used to cut away the rough edges inside the pipe after being cut resolution)
 o The value of the voltage that is indicate on an ac voltmeter is called Hydrometer
effective value o An instrument used to measure the state of electrical charge in a
storage battery measures small voltage or current
Ammeter o A hydrometer is used to measure Specific gravity of the battery
o ammeter = An instrument used to measure electrical current in a electrolyte
circuit o Instrument use to measure specific gravity of the liquid in a storage
o The range of a moving iron ac ammeter is extended by changing better
number of turns of operating coil Inductometer - measures inductance
o An ammeter connected across the line would be most likely to injure Kilowatt-hour meter - measures electrical energy consumption
the instruments attached Megger
o measures insulation resistance
o An ammeter should be connected in series with the load.
o measure in megaohm
o The internal resistance of a milliammeter should be very low in order
o there are two coils in a megger
to have a negligible effect on the circuit current o hand-cranked dc generator
o A small swamping resistance is fit in series with the operating coil of o the power supply for a megger come from A hand-driven generator
a moving coil ammeter to compensate for the effects of external o the reading to indicate that the leads and megger are in good
magnetic fields condition is zero
o The shunt of an ammeter is made from manganin Ohmmeter
o A dc ammeter is connected in series with a battery whose current is o measures resistance
to be measured. If the positive terminal of tile meter is connected o A simple ohmmeter consists of a meter movement in series with a
with negative terminal of the battery, The pointer of the meter will battery
deflect downs scale
o The shunt resistance of an ammeter is usually a low resistance Oscilloscope
o check waveform characteristic
o Thermocouple type = Ammeter which is preferable for high
o oscilloscope is usually used to measure maximum voltage
frequency current measurements
o In the absence of a voltmeter, Oscilloscope can be use to measure
o To increase the range of an ac ammeter a current transformer is
Photometer - measures light intensity
used Power factor meter - measures power factor
o An ac ammeter or voltmeter is calibrated to read rms values, this Pyrometer - measures high temperature
means the meter is reading the effective value Synchroscope - measures alternator’s synchronization
Tachometer - an instrument used to measure the speed of a motor or a
Calorimeter - measures heat generated
generator
Clamp ammeter - measures current
Thermometer - measures temperature
Dynamometer - measures mechanical output of motor or generator
Frequency meter - measures frequency
Dynamo
Galvanometer
o The nominal voltage used in elevator, dumbwaiter, escalator and
o meter whose needle is initially at the center
moving walk driving machine motors, machine brakes and motor-
o measures small voltage or current
generator sets shall NOT exceed 600V
 o An overcurrent device rated or set at NOT more than 200 percent of Commutator -it is cylindrical in shape and consists of hard drawn copper
the conductor rating shall protect conductors that supply one or conductors insulated from each other. It is also called a mechanical rectifier
more motor-generator arc welders
o A motor-generator arc welder has a 70 % duty cycle, the supply Brushes -used to connect the external load circuit load to. the armature. It is
conductors shall NOT be less than 86% of its rated primary made from carbon particles and are held in position by spring pressures.
nameplate current
Types of armature winding
o Ventilating pipes for motors, generators or other rotating electric
machinery or for enclosure for electric equipment shall be of metal
Lap winding
NOT less than 0.50 mm in thickness o a winding that forms a loop as it expands around the armature core.
o Conductors supplying a group of motor-generator arc welders are It is suitable for high current DC generators
sized at 85% of the third largest welder plus the percentage of the o a=mP
other welders Wave winding
o a winding that forms a wave as it expands around the armature
Generator
core. 1t is suitable for high voltage DC generators
o A machine used to transform mechanical energy into electrical
o a=2m
energy
a = number of current path
Prime mover
P = number of poles
o A machine that drives the generator
M= multiplicity factor (1=simplex, 2=duplex)
o refers to the generator's mechanical driver
o Steam turbine is type of prime movers drives a high-speed alternator
Generated Emf of a DC generator
Main parts of DC generator
E=PNZØ / 60a (N=speed of prime mover in rpm, Ø=flux per pole in weber)
Yoke or Frame -it is cylindrical in form to which an even 1 weber = 1x10^8 maxwells
number of poles are bolted. It is either made from cast iron or
cast steel Exciter -an external equipment used to supply voltage to the field windings
of a generator
Armature core and winding Self-excited generator
o the core is cylindrical in form made from sheet steel laminations o the field winding is excited from its own generated in the armature
with slots that carry the armature windings o e field winding of a self-excited generator is supplied from its own
o the armature core of dc machine is laminated to reduce the eddy generated emf
current loss
Separately-excited generator - the field winding is excited from a separate
source such as a battery
Poles and Field windings
o it is used to generate magnetic lines of flux
Types of self-excited dc generators according to connection
o the purpose of the poles and winding in a generator is to produce
magnetic flux line
Shunt Generator
o the field and armature windings are connected across each other
 o DC generators preferable for parallel operations due to their o Energized parts of generators operated at more than 50V to ground
dropping voltage characteristics shall not be exposed to accidental contact where accessible to
o The purpose of having a rheostat in the field of a DC shunt generator unqualified persons
is to control motor speed o Check direction of the connection to tell if generator is a lap or a
wave wound.
Series Generator o Compensating windings is connected in series with armature winding
o the field and the armature windings are connected in series of a dc generator to compensate the field flux distortion due to
o DC generator has a terminal voltage that varies widely with changes armature reaction
in load currents o Commutator is a component of a dc generator is NOT found on a
o The terminal voltage of this dc generator varies widely when a separately excited ac generator
change in load occurs o In a DC generator the purpose of the commutator is to rectify
armature current
Long shunt compound generator -the series field winding is connected in o In parallel operation of DC generators Voltage must be the same
series with the armature winding while the shunt field winding is connected
o Equalizer rings are needed when paralleling Compound Generator
across the series combination o The neutral conductor from the neutral point of the generator to its
Short shunt compound generator -the series field winding is connected in connection point to the grounding impedance shall be fully insulated
series with the load while the shunt field winding is connected across the o ac generator is electric machine equipped with slip rings
armature winding o slip rings are sometimes fitted on dc generators to supply ac from
the machine
Shunt-wound Generator o The conductor connecting the neutral point of the transformer or
o In a shunt-wound generator the rheostat is connected in series with generator to the grounding impedance shall be permitted to be
the field installed in a separate raceway
o A voltage regulator on a shunt wound generator varies the resistance o If the generator field is excited from a battery, the machine is
of the field circuit classified as Separately excited
Over compounded o Equalizer connections are necessary in paralleling two or more
o A generator that has a voltage rise from no-load to full load Compound generators
o If the duty cycle of a motor generator arc welder is 100 %, the supply
Voltage regulation (%VR) conductors shall NOT be less than one of its rated primary nameplate
o percentage rise in voltage at the terminals of- a generator when the
currents
load is removed
o Growler is a meter used to test the armatures and stators of electric
o %VR = (VNL -VFL / VFL)*100%
motor, generators, and other equipment for short circuit
Requirements for the parallel operation of de generators o Self - excited generators supplying power to organs shall have a
o the same external characteristics or behaviors when loaded potential of NOT more than 15V
o terminal voltage of each machine must be numerically equal o The polarity of a dc generator be reversed by reversing the field
o terminal polarity must be the same current
o Governor is a device which controls the gate or valve opening of the
Generator (Notes) generator prime mover
o A generator may lose residual magnetism because of heating
o To dissipate internal heat in a generator, it is built with laminated o Using the rule of thumb, most generators will withstand an overload
cores of 25%
o If a dc generator was rotated in the wrong direction, it would fall to o A probable cause for a turbo-generator tripping out on overspeed is
build up the voltage because the armature field would oppose the a sudden total loss of load
field current o The purpose of equalizing bars on a dc generator is to equalize Series
o The ampacity of the phase conductors from the generator terminals field current
to the first overcurrent device ·shall NOT be less than 150% percent o The frequency of the output voltage of an ac generator depends on
of the nameplate current rating of the generator Speed
o The first step in removing a generator from parallel operation is to o The rated frequency of the output voltage of an AC generator
remove the load from the off going generator depends upon number of poles
o Generator's compartments shall be lined with galvanized steel, not o The frame of the vehicle - mounted generator shall be permitted to
less than 0.4mm thick serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied by a
o Secure the steam is the first thing to do if a generator overspeed generator located on the vehicle under the following conditions (1.
o Reverse power relay protects a generator from motorizing The vehicle of the generator is bonded to the vehicle frame, 2. The
o Residual flux is the Initial flux needed by a self-excited dc generator generator supplies only equipment located on the vehicle, 3. The
in order to build-up a voltage non-metal part of the equipment grounding conductor terminal of
o Armature current is NOT a factor that controls the emf of an the receptacles are bonded to the generator frame.
unloaded generator
Motor
o The standard method of controlling the output voltage of a 440-V, 60
o is a machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It
Hz AC generator is accomplished by adjusting the prime mover speed
is the opposite of a generator
o In a watercraft, when the source of electric power is a generator, it
shall be automatically started and connected to the emergency Speed-torque characteristics of a de motor
switchboard within 45 seconds of loss of the main source of electrical o The speed of a de motor is directly proportional to the back emf and
power inversely as the flux generated per pole
o Generator neutral maybe connected in common, provided that the o The torque exerted by a dc motor is directly proportional to both
third harmonic content of the waveform of each generator does NOT the armature current drawn and the flux generated per pole
exceed 5%
o A generator set used for standby power systems shall have a time Types of DC motors according to connection
delay feature permitting a 15- minute setting to avoid retransfer in Shunt motor
case of short time reestablishment of the normal source o The field and armature windings are connected in parallel across the
supply voltage. This machine is used where almost a constant speed
o Loose pigtail is NOT a cause for a generator to vibrate
is required
o Lap windings in dc generators are used for low voltage, high current
o It has a stable speed through a wide load range
applications
o It has a constant speed over a wide load range
o In dc generator the cause of rapid wear maybe (rough commutator
o If a load is suddenly released from a shunt motor, it would continue
segment, severe sparking, imperfect contact)
to operate at the same speed
o 5% generator's regulation is preferred
o DC motors that has the best speed regulation
Series motor o percentage rise in speed when load is removed
o the field and the armature windings are connected in series across o %NR = (NNL -NFL / NFL)*100%
the supply voltage. This machine is used where (a) the load suddenly
comes and goes after some time (b) where constant speed is not DC motor starting - at starting, the motor draws a high armature current.
essential The reason of this high starting current is the back emf, since at starting its
o is use to start heavy loads value is zero. To reduce the starting current, a starting resistor (rheostat) is
o most common type of motor than can be used for either ac or dc connected in series with the armature windings
o is most commonly used for overhead cranes
o series ac motor type of motor is usually used in a vacuum cleaner Motor reversion - the direction of rotation of a DC motor is reversed by any
of the following methods:
o dc series motor is commonly used to drive lifting machines
o The operating speed of a dc series motor is basically evaluated by
o interchange the terminals of the armature windings
size of load o interchange the terminals of the field windings
o Series motors drive their load through Direct couplings
o The torque of a series motor is directly proportional to the square of Speed control - the speed of a dc motor can be controlled by varying the
the armature current resistance of a rheostat connected in series to any of the following:
Long shunt compound motor
o a rheostat in series with the armature windings
o the series field winding is connected in series with the armature
o a rheostat in series with the field windings (common method)
winding and connected in parallel with the shunt field winding
o a rheostat in series with the supply terminals
Short shunt compound motor
o the series field winding is connected in series with the supply voltage An advantage of dc motors over ac motors is having better speed
while the shunt field winding is connected across the armature control over a wide range
winding Short
Power rating of a dc motor
Types of compound motors according to methods of compounding used o the maximum safest mechanical power it can deliver to the load
o P=2πNT / k (N=speed in rpm, T=torque)
Differential compound motor o K=44760 if T is N-m = 33000 if T is pound-foot
o the series field winding is so connected so that the flux produced by
it opposes that of the flux produced by the shunt field winding Standard HP rating of DC motor
o DC motors used in high-speed applications such as in compressors, o 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1 ½, 2, 3, 5, 7 ½, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60,
blowers, fans, etc.
75, 100, 125, 150, 200
Cumulative compound motor
o the series field winding is so connected so that the flux produced by
it aids or assists the flux produced by the shunt field winding
o DC motors is suitable for heavy-duty load applications such as in mills
and crushers
o DC motor is suitable to drive elevators

Speed regulation (%NR)

AC Motors mechanism for short circuiting all the commutator bars when the
motor approaches its rated speed
Types of rotors as to construction o features (a. high starting torque, b. low starting current, c. it is
capable of doing well on low voltage, d. most expensive of all single-
Squirrel cage type phase motors)
o the rotor consists of aluminum bars located in slots in the iron core
and connected to one another by means of heavy cast aluminum Universal motor
rings located on both ends of the core o A motor can be operated on ac or dc currents
Wound rotor type o A universal motor is a series-wound motor
o the rotor has windings that are connected to a commutator o Motors most commonly used in home appliances such as blenders,
mixers, vacuum cleaners, etc.
Capacitor motor o The speed of a universal motor is commonly reduced by using
o a single-phase induction motor that uses a squirrel cage rotor and a Gearing
stator that has two windings called the main or run windings and o it is basically a series dc motor which is specially designed to operate
the start or auxiliary windings. The direction of rotation is reversed on single-phase ac as well as de supplies. The direction of rotation is
by interchanging the connection to the start or to the run winding
reversed by interchanging the connection to the armature or to the
field
Basic part of AC motors
o rotor o Features (a. high speed, b. small in size)
o stator Standard HP rating of AC motor
o end plays or brackets o 1/6, ¼, 1/3, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ½, 2, 3, 5, 7 ½, and 10
o centrifugal device Series wound motor
o stationary switch o well adapted to start large heavy inertia loads
o one or more capacitors o If the load is removed from a series-wound motor, the speed will
increase
Capacitor start motor
o When the mechanical load is removed, the motor run at high speed
o Best suited motor to drive small air
o electrolytic capacitor Is inserted in the start windings. The motor is Induction motor
equipped with a centrifugal switch that disconnects the start winding o produces lagging power factor
after the rotor has accelerated to about 75% of its rated speed o revolving magnetic field is produced when a 3-phase stator winding
is fed from a 3-phase supply
Permanent split capacitor motor o Induction motors has no commutator
o a capacitor motor having no centrifugal switch. It uses an oiled filled o The torque of an induction motor increases with an increase in
type capacitor instead of an electrolytic type
supply voltage
o the magnitude of the starting current in an induction motor is 4 to 9
Repulsion starts induction motor
o one of the oldest forms of single-phase induction motor and were times compared to its full load current
widely used from 1930's through 19S0's. The rotor has a standard de o For efficient operation, induction motors are always designed with a
armature winding, a commutator of special design and a centrifugal small air gap
o Most single-phase induction motors have 4 poles
 o If a single-phase induction motor runs slower than normal, the more o always run at speed equal to the synchronous speed
likely defect is worn bearings o A synchronous motor will reverse its rotation when any two of the
three stator lines are interchange
Wound rotor motors
o generally used in applications requiring occasional starting
o type of ac motor used for high starting torque and low starting
o The speed of a synchronous motor is constant
current applications
o it consists of a rotor core with three windings in place at the o basic parts are similar to a three-phase synchronous generator. The
conducting bars of the squirrel cage rotor. The advantage of having motor is needs a dc voltage to excite the rotor windings
windings in the rotor is that the wires can brought out through the o Features (a. under normal condition, it runs at a constant speed
slip rings so that resistance can be added and therefore current o b. it can be used to improved system power factor)
through the windings can be controlled
Standard HP rating of Synchronous motor
o Features (a. variable speed capability b. high starting torque)
o 25, 30, 40, so, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 200
Squirrel cage induction motor
Gearmotors
o A motor with short-circuit copper or aluminum bars pressed or
o are selected based on (Speed and torque)
embedded into the rotor slots
o has a very low starting torque
Repulsion motor
o Slip rings is not part of this motor
o equipped with both commutator and slip ring
o The most effective method of starting a large squirrel cage motor is
by the use of transformer reduced voltage method Split phase motors
Squirrel cage Induction motor features o Split phase motors are all noisy because they vibrate at a frequency
o more powerful compared to a single phase twice the operating frequency
o no starting windings
Notes
o not noisy, unlike single-phase motors which vibrate at a rate of twice
o Excitation current is used in synchronous motors
the frequency of the AC voltage supplied
o If the two leads of a dc series motors are reversed it runs in the same
o rotor speed is slower than its synchronous speed
direction as before
Standard HP rating of Squirrel cage Induction motor o The rotating part of a dc motor is known as armature
o ½, 3/4, 1, 1 ½, 2, 3, 5, 7 ½, 10, 15, 20, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, o In an automatic FORWARD - REVERSE - STOP star - delta motor
100, 125, 150, and 200 controller only one timer is needed
o In motor controls, a maintaining contact is Normally open
Synchronous motor o Controller is any switch or device normally used to start and stop a
o produces lagging power factor motor by making and breaking the motor circuit current
o acts like an inductor, when under excited o Jogging = An operation in which the motor runs when the
o it is not self-starting
pushbutton is pressed and will stop when the pushbutton is released
o it requires both ac and dc supply
o If a motor is to be controlled from two different locations, the START
o it is use for power factor improvement
o The power factor of an over-excited synchronous motor is leading buttons are connected in Parallel
o A synchronous motor is excited with a dc current
o If a motor is to be controlled from two different locations, the STOP o The direction of rotation a three-phase motor can be reversed by
buttons are connected in series switching any two of the three leads
o Plugging is a method of stopping a polyphase motor quickly by o For a motor starter to be in sight of the controlled motor, it must
momentarily connecting the motor for reverse rotation. NOT be more than 15 meters away
o Anti-plugging is a circuit or installation that prevents the motor from o The iron losses of a dc motor occur in the yoke
being reversed without first allowing the motor to stop o Thermal relay is type of relay is used for protection of motors against
o At starting the motor current is high due to counter emf is zero overload
o Manufacturer of motor is not included in the schedule of loads for o The thermal overload relay of motor starters protects the motor
motor circuits from a sustained overload condition
o The start winding of split phase induction motor is switched out of o The overload relay used to protect each motor-compressor set shall
the circuit by Centrifugal switch be selected to trip at NOT more than 140% of the motor-compressor
o Rotor and Stator are the two primary parts of a three-phase rated load current.
induction motor o When thermal overload relay are used for the protection of a three-
o Stator is parts of an ac motor correspond to the armature dc motor phase induction motor, their primary purpose is to protect the motor
o Rotor is parts of an ac motor corresponds to the field of a dc motor in case of sustained overload
o The rotating part of a single-phase motor is called rotor o Fuse in motor circuit provides short circuit protection
o Field winding is a component of a dc motor is used to control the o Motor fuses are usually used to protect the feeder lines from short
speed circuit currents
o For a ceiling fan, the single- phase motor used Capacitor start & run o No voltage protection = the motor will stop when there is a supply
type voltage failure and the motor will not restart automatically when the
o Motor circuit switches shall be permitted to be of the knife switch supply voltage is restored
type. o The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to its back emf
o Oil is commonly used lubricator for gear motor o For single phase ac or dc motors supplied by a two wire, single phase
o For efficient operation, induction motors are always designed with a ac or dc with one conductor grounded required one overload on the
small air gap underground conductor
o The counter emf of a dc motor is zero when the armature is not o All ac squirrel cage motors and synchronous motors with auto
turning transformer starting shall have an overcurrent protective device
o Each component in a motor controller must be approved for (The using inverse time circuit breaker with a maximum setting of two of
voltage to which it will be connected, the current it must carry, the its full load current rating
horse power that it must control) o No motor circuit in any watercraft shall have conductors less than
o Generally, all ac electric motors operate on the principle of induction 2.0mm²
or repulsion o Simplest form of a motor controller is by means of Toggle switch
o the best advantage of a dc motor over an ac motor is it has a better o megohmmeters connected to a motor, low ohm reading indicates
speed control Continuity
o The insulation resistance of the winding of an electric motor is o The purpose of the commutator on a dc motor is to invert the
measured by megohmmeter armature current
o If it becomes necessary to operate a motor at a slight overload for a o Conductors supplying one or more motor-compressors with or
short period of time, you should check bearing and motor without additional loads shall have an ampacity not less than the
temperatures frequently sum of the rated load plus 25 percent of the highest motor-
o For excessive heat in the end play of a fractional horsepower motor compressor rating in the group.
the possible remedy is to align pulleys correctly o The synchronous speed of a 4-pole, 60 cycle ac motor is 1800 rpm
o If the heat in a motor increases the possible cause are (repeat o Branch circuit conductors supplying a single motor- compressor shall
jogging or plugging the motor, long period of overload) have an ampacity not less than 125% of either the motor-compressor
o In star-delta starters, at starting the motor is connected in wye rated load or the branch circuit selection current, whichever is larger
configuration o If a split phase induction motor fails to start, one of the causes Is
o The usual nameplate data on DC motors doesn’t include Rated (there is no voltage, fault cut off switch, open overload device)
frequency o A motor control circuit carries the electric signals to the controller,
o Conductors supplying two or more motors- shall have an ampacity but does not carry main power
equal to the sum of the FLA rating of all motors plus 25% of the o Only one contactor is needed in a "START-STOP" motor controller
highest motor FLA in the group using contactors
o In any watercraft, the motor circuit shall have an ampacity of NOT o A dc motor can easily be identified by commutator
less than one of the motor's full load current ratings o Exposed energized parts of motors and controllers shall be guarded
o Each motor shall be provided with one disconnect against accidental contact by elevating it 2400 mm or more above
o Motors with a marked service factor of less than 1.15 shall have an the floor.
overload protection equal to 115 percent of the motor's FLA. o To improve the insulation resistance of a motor, it is first cleaned
o The temperature of the shunt field motor increased from 20°C to washed, varnished then baked. Putting inside the baking oven and
30°C after 3 hours of operation. This increase in temperatures will control the oven temperature is very economical and effective
speed up the motor due to decrease in field current method of baking particularly the inside coils of a large motor
o Motors with a marked service factor of less than 1.15 shall have an o Exposed energized parts of motor and controllers operating at 50
overload protection equal to 115 percent of the motor's FLA. volts or more between terminals shall be guarded against accidental
o The temperature of the shunt field motor increased from 20°C to contact by enclosure.
30°C after 3 hours of operation. This increase in temperatures will o For single phase ac or dc motors supplied by a 3-wire, single-phase
speed up the motor due to decrease in field current AC or DC with grounded neutral, the number of overload units
o The direction of rotation of a capacitor-start induction motor can be required shall be one, in either ungrounded conductor
reversed by reversing either (starting winding leads, running winding o Motors with a marked temperature rise not over 40 °C shall have an
leads) overload protection equal to 115 percent of the motor full load
o 75 percentage speed from rate, a centrifugal switch opens in a split- current.
phase induction motor when started o Worn bearings causes an extreme vibration in a motor
o Washing machines usually uses Resistance split-phase motor o Part winding type is a reduced current method of starting for squirrel
o the maximum fuse rating allowed by the Code to protect a single- cage motors that have two separate stator windings connected in
phase motor that draws 20 A at full load against short circuit but at parallel
the same time will not fall at start is 60A o Low power factor in a motor will cause it to have increased current
for its rated output
o Reduced voltage starters to reduce the motor line current at starting o star-delta is a method of starting a motor is the starting current a
o Repulsion start induction run motor develops more starting torque minimum
than any other types o The main contributing factor to motor starter's starter failures
o Incorrect motor end play can be corrected by (adding removing usually is overloading
washer, replacing or lubricating bearings, tightening nut or bolt) o Ground fault protection = protection features, a motor starter is not
o A phase converter is usually employed to convert single- phase readily needed
power supply so that three-phase motors maybe used. For this o If a motor runs but fails to stop even if the stop button is pressed,
service, the PEC specifies that the single-phase conductors shall have the probable cause is the holding circuit interlock was welded
an ampacity of NOT less than 216% of the full load current rating of o One of the biggest problems in split phase induction motor is noise
motor or load being served where the input and the output voltages o The shaft torque of a dc motor is less than its armature torque
are identical. because of rational losses
o Loose brushes will NOT cause a hot motor bearing o Basically, electric motors operate on the principle of (Induction and
o A starter resistor is necessary to start a dc motor because it limits the Repulsion)
starting current to a safe value o The ampacity of the branch circuit conductors and the rating or
o Repulsion start induction run motor an ac motors has a dc armature setting of over current protective devices supplying equipment
winding with a commutator and a centrifugal switch in its rotor consisting of resistance elements with or without a motor shall NOT
o If a motor overheats, it must be due to low voltage be less than 125% of the total load of the motors and the heaters
o In general, layout of motors and power outlets not exceeding a total o The disconnecting means for motor circuits rated up to 600 volts,
of 10 may be included in the lighting layout provided such inclusion shall have an ampere rating of at least 115 percent of the full load
will not make the reading, interpretation and or checking of the said current of the motor
plan difficult o The horsepower rating limits the size of an induction motor that can
o Sparking occurs when a motor disconnect is switched off. This is due be started across the line
to the high Inductance of the motor windings. o To prevent accidental starting of a motor that is to be worked on,
o A single-phase AC motor has a full load current of 30 A. The rating of remove the fuses
the two fuses for line protection is 90A o In the nameplate data of an electric motor, "PH" means, number of
o For multiple motors on a single crane or hoist, the minimum circuit phases
ampacity of the power conductors shall be the nameplate full load o The starting capacitor of a single-phase motor is generally a
ampere rating of the largest motor for any single crane motion, plus electrolytic capacitor
50 percent of the nameplate full load ampere rating of the next o For all single phase motors, to protect them from short circuits and
largest motor. ground faults, a multiplying factor of 300% of its full load current
o Conductors external to motors and controls in cranes and hoists shall rating shall be used the protective device selected is a non-time
NOT be smaller than 1.25 mm² delay fuse and 175% if the protective device is a time delay fuse
o Wye-delta starter is a motor starter does not stress the motor o Branch circuit conductors supplying a single motor shall have an
winding severely ampacity NOT less than 125 percent of the motor full load current
o A wye-delta starter for a single voltage three phase squirrel cage rating
induction motor would require the connection of 6 wires from the
motor
o Where to overload relay selected using the factor 125 % is not o Any motor applications shall be considered as continuous duty unless
sufficient to start the motor or to carry the load, the multiplying the nature of the apparatus it drives is such that the motor will not
factor shall be increased but shall NOT exceed 140 percent operate continuously with load under any condition of use
o For three-phase motors supplied by any 3-phase system, the number o Fish paper is considered among the best insulation material for
of overload units required shall be three, one in each phase motor rewinding
o protection for single phase induction motors (overload, ground fault, o Instrument use to check to the motor shaft alignment is Dial
under voltage) indicator
o The rating should be increase by 25% for motor used in continues o Spur gear = types of gears used in gearmotors are helical, spur and
duty worm
o a 300 A fuse hold to allow a motor to start and run (rule of thumb) is o Reverse polarity of the auxiliary winding to reverse operation of a
60A split-phase single phase motor
o Branch circuit conductors supplying a single-phase motor shall have o overload is one the cause of overheating in motors
an ampacity NOT exceeding 125% o Capacitor start, capacitor run = A single -phase motor commonly
o For direct current motors, the multiplying factor to be used in used for small air compressor
selecting the size of over current device using an inverse time CB o No voltage release means that the motor will stop when there is a
shall be 150 percent of its full load current supply voltage failure and the motor will not restart automatically
o In starting a large dc motor, a starter is primarily used in order to when the supply voltage is restored
limit the starting current o Drum switch = Manually operated three-position three-pole rotaries
o Service Factor is a nameplate data that will tell whether or not the switch, which carries a hp rating and is used for manually reversing
motor is allowed to develop more than its rated nameplate electric motors
horsepower without causing deterioration o For a portable motor rated at 0.33 horsepower or less, the controller
o Wound rotor motors are usually started by the use of Secondary shall be permitted to be an attachment plug and receptacle
resistance starter o In all cases where there are energized parts on the front of the
o If the series field of a compound motor is connected in series with switchboards or motor control centers, the working space in front of
the supply terminals, the compound motor is particularly called short such equipment shall NOT be less than 1000mm
shunt compound motor o Thermal protector = A protective device for assembly as an integral
o For circuits supplying loads consisting of motor operated utilization part of a motor or motor compressor and which when properly
equipment that is fastened in place and that has a motor larger than applied protects the motor against dangerous overheating due to
0.135 hp in combination with other loads, the total computed load overload and failure to start
shall be based on 125 percent of the largest motor load plus the sum
Alternator
of the other loads
o an alternating current generator. The working principle is exactly
o Very large 3-phase induction motor are started using
the same as that of a de generator. However, in alternators it is the
autotransformer starting field which is made to rotate while the armature is kept stationary
o The centrifugal switch of a capacitor start single-phase induction o Alternator is another name for AC Generator.
motor is connected in series with the auxiliary windings o In a large alternator, Resistance of winding is normally negligible
o When the speed of the prime mover of an alternator is increased,
both frequency & voltage in the alternator is affected
 o A Merz- price protection is suitable for alternators wye connected 3 phase alternators
o Commutator is NOT normally found on alternators o VL=VP*√3
o wye- connected three-phase alternator = The line voltage is greater o Ra=Rt / 2 (Ra = alternator resistance, Rt = terminal resistance)
than the phase voltage
delta connected 3 phase alternators
o Alternator synchronization means connecting alternators in parallel
o VL=VP
o Alternator voltage can be Increased by increasing the prime mover
o Ra= (3/ 2)* Rt
speed
o Field is the rotating part of a large alternator Alternator Resistance test
o Alternator is a source of an alternating current o Resistance test - use to evaluate the resistance of the windings per
o The magnetizing current for the field of an alternator is usually phase
supplied by a battery o Procedure (1. Stop the machine from running and disconnect all
o When the speed of the alternator increases, the frequency loads, 2. Using an ohmmeter, measure the resistance between any
two lines)
increases
No load tests
o Alternators are rated in KVA
o Connect a rheostat and a DC ammeter in series with the field
o On alternators, the following tests is used to determine the winding
synchronous impedance of the alternator (No load test, Short circuit o Run the machine at synchronous speed
test) o Measure the voltage across any two lines of the generator using an
o For two alternators operating in parallel, some of the load of the AC voltmeter
first alternator is transferred to the second alternator by increasing o adjust the rheostat resistance so that the AC voltmeter will read
the power input of the second alternator approximately equal to the rated line to line voltage of the
o The machines must have the equal kVA ratings does NOT have to be alternator.
meet by alternators working in parallel Short circuit tests
o If the speed of an alternator increases, the frequency of the voltage o Connect a rheostat and a DC ammeter in series with the field
generated will increase also winding
o An alternator running in parallel with other alternators all having an o Connect three AC ammeters in wye connection to the armature
terminals
automatic voltage regulator is to be taken off the bus. The first thing
o Run the alternator at synchronous speed and slowly adjust the
to do before opening the switch is to reduce the power fed to the
rheostat so that the DC ammeter will read the field current used in
prime mover the open circuit test
o Record the average reading of the three ammeters.
Relation between speed, number poles and frequency of the generated The purpose of the open and short circuit tests is to evaluate the
emf synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance of the alternator per
o f=PN / 120 (P=number of poles, Speed in rpm) phase
Requirements for parallel operation of alternators
Single Phase alternator o operating frequency must be equal
o VL=VP o line to line voltage must be equal
o phase sequence must be the same
Transformer o Procedure (1. Connect a voltmeter and a wattmeter at the low
voltage side of the transformer 2. Supply the low voltage side with
o A static device by which electrical energy is being transferred from
its rated voltage. Use the reading of the voltmeter to check the
one alternating current circuit to another without a change in
magnitude of this voltage 3. Record the reading of the wattmeter)
frequency
o The reading of the wattmeter during the test is equal to the core
o A transformer is associated with alternating current
losses
o A transformer will work on AC supply
Transformer Short circuit test
Main parts of transformers o use to determine the copper loss, equivalent resistance and
o Primary winding -the winding which is receiving power from the impedance of the transformer
source o Procedure (1. Connect an ammeter, a voltmeter and a wattmeter in
o Secondary winding - the winding which is supplying power to the
the high voltage side of the transformer 2. Supply the high voltage
load
side with a variable ac source while the low voltage side is short
o Core - part which serves as the medium for magnetic flux
circuit 3. The variable ac source is varied until the ammeter will read
approximately the rated high side current 4. Record the readings of
Classification of transformer according to use the ammeter, voltmeter and the wattmeter)
o Core type transformer o The reading of the wattmeter during the test is equal to the copper
o Shell type transformer losses of the transformer at rated load.

Classification of transformer according to cooling method The purpose of the open and short circuit tests is to evaluate the
o Self-cooled transformer synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance of the alternator per
o Oil-self cooled transform phase
o Force-oil cooled transformer
o Force-air cooled transformer Transformer Polarity test
o If the voltmeter reading (V) is greater than the supply voltage (E9),
Classification of transformer according to purpose/application polarity is additive while if its reading is smaller than the supply
o Distribution type transformer voltage, the polarity is subtractive
o Instrument type transformer
o Power transformer Parallel transformer requirements
o Welding transformer o voltage ratio must be the same
o Rectifier transformer o transformers must be properly connected as to polarity
o Regulating transformer o the ratio of the equivalent resistance to reactance of all
o Lighting transformer transformers should be the same

Classification of transformer according to Transformation

o Step up (lowers current and increases voltage)
o Step down (lowers voltage and increases amperage)

Transformer No load test

o use to determine the iron loss or core loss of the transformer
Autotransformer delta-Y connection
o used to start large induction motors are frequently called starting o used for stepping up voltages
compensator o VL1=VP1, VL2=VP2*√3
o used in the motor starting circuit to reduce the voltage. o IL1=IP1*√3, IL2=IP2
o The common use for autotransformers in electrical power work is as
Y-delta connection
starting compensators for motor
o used for stepping down voltages
o As a rule, branch circuits shall NOT be supplied by an
o VL1=VP1*√3, VL2=VP2
autotransformer
o IL1=IP1, IL2=IP2*√3
o transformer with only one winding common to both primary and
secondary windings V-V (open delta) connection
o used in applications where load Is small and the use of a closed A
Instrument transformer bank is unwarranted. Also used if one of the transformers In a delta-
o used in conjunction with an ammeter or a voltmeter to measure delta bank fails or under maintenance procedures
relatively large values of current or voltage o VL1=VP1, VL2=VP2
Current transformer o IL1=IP1, IL2=IP2
o the primary terminals are connected in series to the line in which Standard kVA rating of single-phase transformers
the current flowing through it is to be measured while an ammeter
of suitable range is connected across the secondary terminals o l, l ½, 2, 3, 5, 7 ½, 10, 15, 20, 25,.30, 37 ½, 50, 75, 100, 150, 167, 200,
250, 333 and 500
Potential transformer
o the primary terminals are connected across the high voltage line in Standard kVA rating of three-phase transformers
which the voltage across it is to be measured while a voltmeter of
o 3, 6, 9, 15, 20, 25, 30, 37 ½, 45, so, 60, 75,100,112 ½, 150, 200,
suitable range Is connected across the secondary terminals
225, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000
o Potential transformers installed indoors or enclosed shall be
protected with primary fuses Rotary phase converter
o is a device having a rotary transformer and regulator panels that can
Type of 3 phase transformer banking
operate 3 - phase loads from a single-phase source
Y-Y connection Transformer (Notes)
o has the advantage being all the transformer windings are subjected o A standard transformer type motor starter has a several taps used
only to the line-to-line voltage divided by square root of 3 for starting a large size motor (50%, 80%, 100%)
o VL1=VP1*√3, VL2=VP2*√3 o Low side is shorted during the short circuit test on transformer
o IL1=IP1, IL2=IP2 o During the open circuit test on transformers, the High side is open
delta-delta connection o Short circuit test on transformer is used to determine equivalent
o used for moderate voltages, large current operations parameters on the high side
o VL1=VP1, VL2=VP2 o Transformer exceeding 112.5 kVA, shall not be located within 300
o IL1=IP1*√3, IL2=IP2*√3 mm from combustible materials of the building
o The no load power input of a transformer is approximately equal to o In a transformer the purpose of the breather is to extract moisture in
Iron losses air
o When the emfs in the two windings of the transformer are opposite o On a distribution transformer, the terminals labeled X₁ and X₂ are the
in direction. The polarity of the windings is additive low Voltage terminals
o Circuit containing electric discharge lighting transformer exclusively o Where a neutral is NOT available, the grounding impedance shall be
shall NOT be rated excess of 30A installed between the grounding electrode and the neutral derived
o 25,000 volts is the lowest dielectric strength of transformer oil, which form a grounding transformer
is acceptable to the PEC o Before an ammeter is disconnected from an energized current
o core loss is an important data can be gathered by performing an transformer circuit primary winding should be opened
open circuit test on transformers o Circuit containing electric discharge lighting transformers exclusively
o Transformers that contain liquid that will burn shall be installed only shall NOT be rated in excess of 30A
in approved vaults and shall also comply with the following o The transformer's secondary open circuit voltage used in electric
conditions (Ample Ventilation shall be provided for the continues signs shall NOT exceed 15KVA
removal of flammable gas, Vent opening shall lead to a self-location o Multi-voltage transformer is a typical usage of an autotransformer
outside the building, all vent duct and openings shall be of sufficient o If a transformer bank is using an open delta connection, two single-
areas to reliable explosion) phase transformers are interconnected
o A no load testis performed on a transformer for determining o Core, primary and secondary windings are the principal parts of a
magnetizing current and loss transformer
o Contamination of transformer oil is because of (moisture, heating, o In the SI unit, the unit of power is expressed in J/s
decomposition of oil) o Transformer are operated with ac current
o Each transformer up to 600 V nominal shall be protected by an o A grounding transformer may be connected zigzag or wye-delta
individual overcurrent device on the primary side at not more than a o The transformer oil used in a transformer provides insulation and
120% percentage of the rated primary current of the transformer cooling
o if a transformer will be accidentally plugged into a dc circuit, The o The side of the transformer with more turns is the High voltage side
primary would overload and the secondary would be dead o Transformers are rated in KVA
o Hysteresis loss in a transformer depends upon the applied voltage o Dry type transformers installed indoors and rated 112.5kVA or less
o Each autotransformer up to 600V shall be protected by an individual shall a separation of at least 300mm form combustible material
overcurrent device rated not more than 125 percent of its rated full o Dry type transformers rated over 35000 volts, shall be installed in
load current vaults
o the polarization index of transformer oil be improved by filtering o Oil is used in many large transformers to insulate the coil
o The floors of transformer vaults in contact with the earth shall be of o Oil cooling = is the common method of cooling transformer
concrete NOT less than 100mm thick o The circuit supplying an autotransformer type dimmer shall NOT
o Metal fixtures, transformers and transformer enclosures on circuits exceed 230V between conductors
operating at over 150 volts to ground shall be grounded. o Isolation transformer = A transformer of the multiple winding type
o Transformer vault is an enclosure either above or below ground, with with the primary and secondary winding physically separated which
fire resistant walls, ceiling and floor exclusively built for unattended inductively couples its secondary winding to the grounded feeder
transformer and their auxiliaries system that energize its primary winding
 o Askarel insulated transformers installed indoors and rated over o For equipment protected by a 20-A overcurrent device, the
25kVA shall be furnished with a pressure relief vent minimum size conductor using copper shall be 3.5 mm²
o The primary and secondary coils of a transformer always have a o Enclosures for overcurrent devices shall be mounted in vertical
common magnetic circuit position
o The OCPD for arc welders with transformers shall NOT exceed 200 o Overcurrent in transformers affect all of the following (mechanical
percent of the primary full load current stress, life insulation, rise in temperature)
o Natural air-cooled = Cooling methods used by small transformers o Each resistance welder shall have an overcurrent device rated or set
rated below 5 kVA at not-more than 300 percent of the conductor rating
o Autotransformer = Transformer with only one winding o If there are no overcurrent protective device rated 30 A or less with
o Transformers electrical = machines that has the highest operating neutral connection, this panelboard is classified as a power
efficiency panelboard
o Instrument pilot lights and potential current transformers shall be o Enclosures for overcurrent devices in damp or wet locations shall be
protected by OCP of 15 amps or less identified for use in such locations and shall be mounted so there is
o Power transformers are usually rated in kVA at least 10mm air space between the enclosure and the wall
o Transformers rated over 600 V and installed in supervised locations o Overcurrent protection devices in emergency systems shall (be
are protected by circuit breakers on the primary side and cannot coordinated, clear in step, not trip the main device)
exceed six of the primary full load current o Branch lighting circuits shall be protected by overcurrent devices
o If the secondary voltage of the transformer is step-down, the primary not rated more than 20 A
will have more turns as the secondary
Causes of overcurrent
o Contacts is not important with transformer
o overload of the equipment or conductors
o Completely enclosed, ventilated transformers equipped with an 80
o short circuit or ground fault
°C rise insulation may be installed in a room of fire-resistant
construction Types of overcurrent devices
Overcurrent o fuse
o any current in excess of the rated capacity of the equipment or the o circuit breaker (CB)
rated ampacity of the conductor
o As a ruler, no overcurrent device shall be connected in series with Fuse
o An overcurrent protective device with a circuit opening fusible
any conductor that is intentionally grounded
element which opens (break) when there is an overcurrent in the
o An overcurrent device shall be connected at the point where the
circuit
conductors to be protected receives its supply o The current carrying capacity of the fuse material depends on (cross
o 125% = The rating of the overcurrent device shall not be less than sectional area, length, material)
the non-continuous load plus a percentage of the continuous load. o A good fuse should have approximately no resistance.
o Overcurrent device can be located inside clothes closets o An inverse time characteristic of a fuse means higher fault current,
o The total load on overcurrent device located in a panelboard shall shorter time needed to cut – off
NOT exceed 80 percent of its rating o The multiplying factor for determining the size of branch circuit
o Overcurrent devices may not be located inside clothes closets protection for non-time delay fuse is 3
 o To obtain proper short circuit protection for a service, one should o Non-time delay fuse will hold five times its rating for 1/4 to 2
use a current limiting fuse seconds (not ideal to loads which requires more than 2 seconds to
o Fuses shall be plainly marked with (ampere rating, voltage rating, accelerate).
interrupting rating) o dual-element time delay fuse will hold five times its rating for 10
o Cartridge fuses and fuse holders shall have a maximum operating seconds
voltage of 300V
Important ratings when choosing a fuse
o Fuses, circuit breakers or combinations thereof shall NOT be
o Voltage rating - the rating must match or exceed the voltage rating
connected in parallel
of the circuit
o For wound rotors, to determine the maximum setting of its short o Amperage rating - the rating should match the full load current
circuit protective device, using a fuse or an inverse time circuit rating of the equipment or ampacity of conductor as closely as
breaker a multiplying factor of 150% of its current rating shall be possible
used. o Interrupt capacity - the total current in which the fuse can interrupt
o Plug fuses shall not be installed in circuit exceeding 250V between without being damage
conductors
o sizes of fuse (80A, 45A, 125A) Circuit breaker
o In replacing a busted fuse same size and type is important o A mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying and
o The branch circuit fuse protections for lighting and appliance loads breaking currents under normal or abnormal circuit conditions
are 15A and 20A respectively o When a circuit breaker is selected, interrupting rating is the most
o The term "15-ampere" is commonly used in identifying a/an fuse important factor to consider
o A fuse wire should be made from a material with a low melting o When circuit breakers are installed in enclosed switchboards, they
point are usually derated 80 percentage
o If a fuse of higher than the required current rating is employed in a o the common tripping time for 60 Hz circuit breaker is 8 cycles
circuit, circuit over load may occur o the maximum load of a 15 A circuit breaker protecting a branch
o Transformers that are installed in unsupervised locations and rated circuit that supplies a continuous load is 12A
600 V are protected by fuses on the primary side and cannot exceed o A main disconnecting means shall be provided where fuses are used
300 percent of the primary full load current or where more than two circuit breakers are employed.
o Size and length of service drop conductors does not affect the
Classification of fuse required interrupting rating of a circuit breaker to be installed in a
o Cartridge fuse - it Is enclosed in insulating tube switchboard
o Plug fuse - it is enclosed in porcelain or rubber commonly used in o The function of a protective relay in a circuit breaker is to close the
various electrical appliances contacts when actuating quantity reaches a certain predetermined
o Fuse wire - opened wire of low melting point commonly used in the
o Inverse time indicates that there is purposely introduced a delay in
safety power switch
the tripping action of the circuit breaker
Rule of thumb (Fuse) o Interrupting capacity rating of a circuit breaker is the maximum
o Fuses will hold five (5) times their rating for different periods of short circuit current which the breaker will interrupt safety
time based on the type of fuse used. o Minimum oil circuit breakers are used for HV system. The oil is used
to quench the arc and as an insulator
 o A circuit breaker normally operates whenever fault on the line Fuse Circuit breaker
occurs o it is reliable (it can stay in o it can be used again after
o Using rule of thumb, a circuit breaker can hold approximately 3 position for a long period the fault has been
times their rating for different periods of time based one the frame and can act when needed) corrected
size of the unit o first cost is cheaper o its position (open or close)
o Breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is expressed in MVA o it does not require periodic can easily be detected or
o Where circuit breakers are used to protect the primary side of a maintenance viewed
transformer over 600 V nominal, their continuous current rating
Standard ampere rating of fuse and circuit breaker
shall NOT exceed 3 of the rated primary current
o When circuit breaker handles are operated vertically rather than o 60, 70, 80, 90 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200,225,250, 300,
horizontally, the "up" position of the handle shall be the “ON” 350,400,450,500,600,800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500,
position 3000,4000, 50ooand 6000
o If the interrupting rating of a circuit breaker is lower than required, Switch
the entire breaker will be completely damaged if there is dead short o use to control (switch on or switch off) the current path in a
between two downstream breaker terminals circuit
o Switches are operated vertically rather than horizontally. The
Types of Circuit breaker upward position of the handle shall mean switch on position
o Air blast type CB -uses dry and compressed air to extinguish the o All switches that have been turned off before doing repair work
arc on any electrical equipment, shall be left with its cover closed
o Air type CB -interruption occurs in free air and padlocked
o Oil type CB -uses a special oil to extinguish the arc o Switches used in watercrafts, shall be capable of breaking and
o Gas type CB -uses SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride) gas to extinguish
making safely a load current equal to 150% of their rated
the arc
current at the rated voltage
o Vacuum type CR -uses a vacuum container
o Switches = Are devices that serve to open or closed the electric
Important ratings when choosing a fuse circuits
o Rated voltage, Rated normal current -values used to designate it o The safety factor in using a double-pole switch is the fact that
and which is related to the operating conditions of the CB both line wires are dead when the switch is turned off
o Rated breaking capacity - expressed in MVA as the product of the
Switch Symbol
rated breaking current in kilo-amperes and the corresponding rated
voltage in kV. Single pole S
o Rated frequency -frequency of the electrical system in which the CB Duplex S2
is to be connected. Triplex S3
o Rated short time current - effective value of current in which the CB Double pole S2P
must carry for a stated time. This requirement is needed since the Three pole S3P
fault current which has to be cleared by another CB, may have to Automatic door SAD
flow through it Key operated SK
Master selector SM
Remote Control SRM
 FLA = full Load Amperes Service factor (SF)
o A nameplate data used to determine whether the motor is allowed to carry
Disconnect (safety power switch) overloads for a certain period of time
o a mechanical switching device use to isolate a circuit or an
equipment from the supply side. It could either be fused or non- Sizing the feeder conductors and the feeder protective device supplying
fused type more than one motors:
o Open the disconnect switches to Isolate circuit breaker for
maintenance purposes Conductor size = sum of the motors FLA + 25% of the largest motor FLA
o The usual function of a disconnect switches in high voltage circuits Feeder protection = largest motor protective 9evice + sum of FLA of the
is to isolate from energized buses, equipment which are not in remaining motors
service
o The lowest standard size of disconnect is 30A Reduced voltage or reduced current starting
o There shall be no more than six disconnects per service grouped in o these methods are used ln starting a large horsepower, large
any location voltage and a large current rating three phase AC motors
o Use to isolate the motor from the power source (size=115% of FLA)
Autotransformer starting
Standard ampere rating of disconnect switch o this method provides reduced voltage to the stator windings at start
and thus the starting current will be lower than it would have been
30, 60, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 started on rated line voltage. After a preset time, the
autotransformers are removed and the motor then continues to run
Motor control system at rated line voltage
o controls the electrical energy used to run a motor and majority of
the devices used to control that energy are in the motor controller Star-delta starting
Power circuit conductors o This method applies only to a three-phase delta connected motor
o these conductors carry the full load current to the motor terminals with ·au six leads, extended to the motor's terminal box. At starting,
o Size = 125% of FLA the motor is connected wye, which means that each winding carries
Magnetic Contactor only 58% of the supply voltage and this makes a lower current at
o It is basically a large switching relay designed. to open or closed the starting instant. After a preset time, the motor is reconnected in
path of current to the motor terminals delta and continuous to run
o the cause of a magnetic contactor to chatter is low voltage

Factors to be consider in selecting magnetic contactor Part winding starting

o voltage rating o This method provides lower starting current by first connecting one
o current rating part of the windings across the supply voltage and after a preset
o horsepower rating time, the second part is to be connected across the first part
o duty cycle
Thermal overload relay Primary resistance starting
o used to protect the motor during critical overloading periods o This method uses a resistance of suitable current capacity. These
resistors are to be connected in series with each line conductors to
the motor. Due to the resistance, the voltage supplied to the stator
will reduced because of the voltage drop in the resistances
Secondary resistance starting Tungsten 16-20
o this method is used to start a wound rotor induction motor. At
starting a wound rotor induction motor, the stator or primary circuit Footcandle (fc) ·- unit of illumination when foot Is taken as the unit of
is supplied with the line voltage while resistances are connected in length
series to the rotor or secondary circuit to limit the current
Illumination (E) Lux (Lx)
o the Intensity of light per unit area o unit of illumination, when meter is taken as the unit of length
o For better illumination you would provide even spacing numerous o Lux is unit equivalent to lumens per square meter
lights
Laws of illumination
Light - the energy radiated In the form of luminous flux that produces a o The illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the
sensation to the eyes. luminous intensity of the illuminating source
Lumen (Im) - unit of luminous flux o The illumination on a surface Is Inversely proportional to the square
Brightness - the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing light sources of the distance between the illuminating source and the surface
and backgrounds. o The illumination on a surface Is directly proportional to the cosine
Color - defined as the quality of visual sensation which is associated with of the angle made by the normal to the Illuminated surface with the
the· spectral distribution of light direction of the incident flux
Glare - a strong steady dazzling light
Candlepower (I)- the light radiating capability of a light source
Candle or candela - unit of candle power
Coefficient of utilization (C.u.)
ratio of the lumens actually, received by a particular surface to the total
lumens emitted by the luminous source. This Is dependent on type of lamp,
type of lighting system and color of the room.
Depreciation factor ( Df)
o a factor related to the cleanliness of the lamp including room,
shade, reflector, etc.
o it is the factor related cleanliness of the lamp Including the room,
replacement of lamp after recommended life, etc.
Efficacy
o ratio of luminous output to the input power in watts
o A measure of the lumen output per watt input produced by the
lamp

Lamp Lumen
Florescent 50-80
Incandescent 14-20
Mercury 40-70
Metal halide 60-80
Sodium lamp 90-100
Lighting systems are classified in terms of the percentage of light that falls o The purpose of a ballast of a e. limited to indoor
downward towards the work plane and the percentage of light towards the fluorescent lamp is to limit the current usage
walls and ceilings to the lamp f. noisy due to ballast
o The use of an inductive ballast for hum
Lamp Characteristics fluorescent lamps is not usually
Incandescent lamp a. cost is cheaper because it is the most efficient
o the most commonly used lamp b. fast starting and small o The purpose of the ballast in a
o The inert gas present in an in size fluorescent lamp assembly is to limit
incandescent bulb is primarily c. only about 10% of the the current through the lamp
intended to increase lumen output input power is Mercury lamp a. higher lighting
o Incandescent lamp fixtures shall be converted to light o a combination of the arc discharge efficiency compared to
marked to indicate the allowable d. sensitive to voltage characteristics of the fluorescent lamp incandescent lamp
wattage of lamps. The markings shall fluctuations, e. life span and the shape of an incandescent b. available in many
be permanently installed in letters at is short lamp different sizes and
least 6.4mm high o Mercury lamps requires a colling shapes
o Circuits from portable switchboards period prior to restarting c. requires a ballast and
directly supplying equipment o Mercury lamp = A combination of the a certain warm-up
containing. Incandescent lamps of not arc discharge characteristics of a period before
over 300 w shall be protected by fluorescent lamp and the compact discharging full intensity
overcurrent device having a setting of focusable shape of an incandescent d. like the fluorescent
20A lamp lamp, it is also noisy
o The hot resistance of the filament of Sodium lamp a. small in size
an incandescent lamp is higher than o high intensity discharge lamp b. life span is longer
its cold resistance, due to the c. high lumen output
temperature coefficient of resistance d. does not start
of the filament is positive instantly but warm-up
o All exposed incandescent lamps in period is shorter than
dressing rooms, where less than 2,400 that of the mercury
mm form the floor, shall be equipped lamp
with open end guards riveted to the Tungsten halogen lamp a. lighting ability (level
outlet or otherwise locked in place o a special type of incandescent lamp of light output) is
Fluorescent lamp a. for the same light also known as quartz lamp constant
o one of the most commonly used output, it consumes b. longer life
lamps, second only to the lesser energy than an c. efficacy is higher
incandescent lamp incandescent lamp Metal halide lamp a. better coloring effect
o Fluorescent lamp outlet = Electrical b. pleasant light output o it is basically a mercury lamp with a compared to mercury
symbol represented by a rectangle (high efficacy) certain Innovation of its arc tube lamp
with a circle inside. c. life span is longer
d. not sensitive to
voltage fluctuations
 o Metal halide lamp = It is basically a b. efficacy is higher Wireways
mercury lamp with a certain compared to a mercury
innovation of its arc tube lamp o Wireways = Sheet metal troughs with hinged or removable covers for
c. life span is shorter housing and protecting electric wires and cables and which
compared to a mercury conductors are laid in place after this object has been installed as a
lamp complete system.
o The conductors including splices and taps shall NOT fill the wireway
Wires to more than 75 percent of its area at that point
o Wireways = Are rectangular sheet metal enclosures equipped with
o In the American Wire Gauge, as the number increases, the wire
removable covers providing access to conductors inside
diameter decreases
o Wireways shall be supported at intervals NOT to exceed 1500 mm
o Brown and Sharpe is the former name of the American Wire Gauge
o mm² is the unit of conductor sizes in metric o Vertical runs of wireways shall be securely supported at intervals
o If there are three wires of 150 mm2 connected to the terminal NOT exceeding 4,500 mm
entering a cabinet or a switchboard, the bending space at each
terminal shall NOT be less than 250mm, provided the conductors do
not enter or leave the enclosure through the wall opposite its
terminals.
o Light fixtures suspended from the ceiling by chains should be wired
so that the wires do not support the fixture
o Guy = A wire or other mechanical member having one end secured
and the other end fastened to a pole maintained under tension
o Fixture wires shall not be smaller than 0.75mm²
o Thermoplastic insulated fixture wires shall be durably marked on the
surface at intervals NOT exceeding 600mm
o Most wires used in residential house wiring are usually insulated by
Thermoplastic
o the maximum number of conductors permitted in a wireway at any
cross-section, signal circuit or starter-control wires are not included
is 30 conductors
o When selecting the size of wire to be used in a circuit, the most
important term to consider is the amperage of the circuit
o The minimum size of wire used in electrical wiring is the former
number 14 AWG. Under the metric system shown in the PEC, the
diameter is 1.6mm
Article I (e)Substation is any building, room, or separate place that houses or
Title and Definition of Terms encloses electric supply equipment connected to transmission or
SECTION 1: Title -This act shall be known as the "New Electrical Engineering distribution lines and the interior of which is accessible, as a rule only to
Law" properly qualified

SECTION 2: Definition of Terms - As used in this Act, the following terms (f)Electrical system design refers to the choice of electrical systems,
shall mean: including planning and detailing of requirements for protection, control,
monitoring, coordination and interlocking of electrical systems among
(a) Practice of electrical engineering -A person is deemed to be in the others.
practice of electrical engineering when he renders or offers to render
professional electrical reengineering service in the form of: (g)Voltage is the highest effective potential difference between any two
Consultation, investigation, valuation and management of services requiring conductors of the circuit concerned expressed in volts.
electrical engineering knowledge; (h)kVA refers to the installed capacity of an alternating current (ac) electric
plant supply equipment, or the connected load of industrial plants,
o Design and preparation of plans, specifications and estimates for commercial establishments, institutional buildings expressed in kilovolt-
electric power systems, power plants, power systems, power plants, amperes.
power distribution systems including power transformers,
transmission lines and network protection, switchgear, building (i)kW refers to. the installed capacity of a direct current (dc) electric plant
wiring, electrical machines, equipment and others. on board watercraft expressed in kilowatts.
o Supervision of erection, installation, testing and commissioning of
power plants, substations, transmission lines, industrial plants and (j)Utilization equipment refers to energy consuming equipment including
others. motors, heaters, furnaces, light sources and other devices which utilize
o Supervision of operation and maintenance of electrical equipment electric energy for any purpose.
in power plants, industrial plants, watercrafts, electric locomotives
and others. (k)industrial plant or factory refers to manufacturing assembly plants
o Supervision of the manufacture and repair of electrical equipment including engineering shops, shipyards or other business endeavors where
including switchboards, transformers, generators, motors, electrical machineries and equipment are installed.
apparatus and others.
o Teaching electrical engineering professional subjects and (I)Commercial establishments are department stores, supermarkets,
o Taking charge of the sale and distribution of electrical equipment shopping malls, office buildings, hotels, theaters, stadiums, condominiums,
and systems requiring engineering calculation or applications of convention centers, restaurants and the like used for business or profit.
engineering data.
(m)Institutional buildings are school buildings, hospitals, museums, display
(b)Electric supply equipment is any equipment, which produces, centers, government buildings and the like.
modifies, regulates, or controls the supply of electric energy.
(c)Electric plant is an establishment or a system for the production and (n)Watercraft is any waterborne unit, which is designed and built to have an
modification of electric energy. electrical plant.
(d)Power plant design refers to planning, specifying, coordinating and (o)Electrical locomotive refers to the power plant mounted on wheels as
layouting of electrical equipment in power plants, substation and the like. used in the railroad transportation industry.
Article II (e)Register successful applicants for professional electrical engineers and
Board of Electrical Engineering applicants who have passed the licensure examinations for registered
electrical engineers or registered master electricians and issue the
SECTION 3: Composition of the Board -The Board of Electrical Engineering, corresponding certificates of registration and professional licenses.
hereafter referred to as the Board, shall be created as a collegial body under
the general supervision and administrative control of the Professional (f)Issue special permits to individual foreign electrical engineers and
Regulations Commission, herein after called as the Commission, composed electricians for specific projects and for a specific duration of time.
of a chairman and two (2) members to be appointed by the President of the
Philippines from among the recommendees of the Commissioner, who were (g)Look into the conditions affecting the practice of the electrical
chosen from the nominees of the integrated and accredited association of engineering profession, adopt measures for the enhancement of
electrical engineers and of other registered associations of electrical the profession and the maintenance of high professional, technical, and
engineers and allied fields. ethical standards and conduct ocular inspection of places where registrants
practice their profession, such as, but not limited to; electric plants,
SECTION 4: powers and Duties of the Board -The ·Board shall exercise substations, industrial plants or factories, commercial establishments,
executive/administrative or quasi- legislative (rule making) or quasi- institutional buildings, watercrafts, electric locomotives, engineering offices,
judicial (investigate) powers in carrying out the provisions of this Act. It shall repair shops and similar places to determine and enforce compliance with
be vested with the following specific powers, functions, and duties and this Act. the Board shall authorize the duly integrated and accredited
responsibilities: electrical Engineering association and other registered electrical engineering
association to render assistance in this function.
(a)Supervise and regulate the practice of electrical engineering in the
Philippines. (h) Promulgate rules and regulations, code of ethics, administrative policies,
orders and issuances promulgated by the Board. The rules on administrative
(b)Determine and evaluate the qualifications of the applicants for investigation promulgated by the Commission shall govern in such
registration with or without licensure examinations and for special permits. investigation.

(c) Prepare the examination questions in accordance with Section 19 hereof (i) Investigate violations of the Act and rules and regulations, code of ethics,
or modifications thereof; prescribe the syllabi of the subjects and their administrative policies, orders and issuances promulgated by the Board. The
relative weights for the licensure examinations; formulate or adopt test rules on administrative investigation promulgated by the Commission
questions and deposit them in a test question bank; draw the test questions shall govern in such investigation.
at random through process of ·computerization; conduct the examination;
correct and rate the examination papers manually or through process of (j) Issue subpoena or subpoena duces tecum, to secure the attendance of
computerization; and submit the examination results to the Professional respondents or witnesses or the production of documents at and relative to
Regulations Commission (PRC) within the period provided for the rules of the investigation conducted by the Board
the Commission.
(k) Delegate the investigation of the case to the chairman, member of the
(d)Prescribe, amend or revise the requirements for professional Board or a Professional Regulations Commission attorney (PRC attorney). If
electrical engineers and subjects in the licensure examination for the case concerns strictly the practice of the profession, the investigation
registered electrical engineers and registered master electricians and shall be presided by the chairman or member of the Board with the
their relative weights, subject to the approval of the Commission assistance of a PRC attorney.
(I) Render decision, order or resolution on preliminary or inquiry on (t)Perform such functions and duties as may be necessary to
undocketed cases and on docketed administrative cases against examinees implement effectively this Act. The policies, resolutions, rules and
or registrants which shall become final and executory unless appealed with regulations; orders or decisions issued or promulgated by the Board shall be
the Commission within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the copy thereof. subject to the review and approval by the Commission; however, the
The decision of the Commission maybe appealed to the Court of Appeals in Board's decision, resolutions or orders which are not interlocury, rendered
accordance with the procedure provided in the Rules of court. in an administrative case, shall be subject to review only if appealed.

(m) After due notice and hearing, cancel examination papers and or ban SECTION 5: Qualifications of Board Members-Each Board member must, at
examinee from future examinations; refuse or defer his registration; the time of his appointment.
reprimand the registrant with stern warning; suspend him from the practice
of his profession; revoke his certificate of registration; delist his name from (a) Be a natural born Filipino citizen and a resident in the Philippines for at
the roll of professional payment annual registration fees and noncompliance least five (5) consecutive years
with the Continuing Professional Education (CPE) requirements; reinstate or
reenroll his name in the said roll; reissue or return his certificate of (b)Be at least thirty-five (35) years of age, of proven integrity, with high
registration. A decision of suspension, revocation of the certificate of moral values in his personal as well as his professional conduct
registration or delisting from the roll by the Board as decision of the
Commission maybe appealed to the Court of Appeals in accordance with the (c) Be a person with no final conviction by the court of an offense involving
procedure provided in the Rules of Court. moral turpitude

(n)Administer oaths in connection with the administration, implementation (d)Be a holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
or enforcement of this Act (BSEE) from a university school, college, academy or institute duly
constituted, recognized and accredited by the Philippine government
(o) Submit an annual report on proceedings and accomplishments during
the year and on recommendations of the Board to the Commission after the (e)Be a professional electrical engineer with a valid certificate and a valid
close of each fiscal year. professional license duly qualified to practice electrical engineering in the
Philippines
(p)Prosecute or institute criminal against any violator of the Act and or the
rules and regulations of the Board (f) Have practiced electrical engineering for a period of not less than ten (10)
years prior to his appointment, with a sworn statement as such and
(q) Adopt an official seal
(g)Not be an official member nor a member of the faculty of, nor have a
(r) Coordinate with the Commission and the Department of Education, pecuniary interest in, any university, college, school or institution conferring
Culture and Sports (DECS) in prescribing, amending and or revising the a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering for at least three (3) years prior
courses. to his appointment and is not connected with a review center or any with
any group or association where review classes or lectures in preparation for
(s) Prescribe guidelines and criteria on the CPE program for the licensure examination are offered or conducted at the time of his
professional electrical engineers, registered electrical engineers and appointment.
registered master electricians and renew their professional licenses
after compliance with the CPE requirements.
SECTION 6: Term of office, -The members of the Board shall hold office for a technical examination as hereafter provided except as otherwise specifically
term of three (3) years from the date of appointment or until their allowed under this Act.
successor shall have appointed and qualified. They may, however be
reappointed for a second term. Each member shall qualify by taking an oath SECTION 11: Registration and License Required -A valid certificate of
of office before entering upon performances of his duties. registration and a valid professional license from the Commission are
required before any person is allowed to practice electrical engineering in
Vacancies in the Board shall be filled • by the President from a list of the Philippines except as otherwise allowed under this Act.
recommendees selected by the Commissioner who were chosen from the
list of nominees submitted by the integrated and accredited association for SECTION 12: Examination Fees - All applications for oral examinations for
the unexpired term only. professional electrical engineer and written examinations for registered
electrical engineer and registered master electricians shall be subject to
SECTION 7: Removal of Members -Any members of the payment of fees prescribed by the Commission; Provided that ninety
Board may be removed by the President of the Philippines upon the percent (90%) of the fees is to be treated as a special fund for the programs,
recommendation of the Commissioner for the neglect of duty, projects and activities of the Commission and the remaining ten percent
incompetence, malpractice, commission or tolerance or irregularities in the (10%) shall be set aside as a trust fund for the establishment and
examination, or for unprofessional, unethical. or dishonorable conduct, maintenance of the center for continuing education and research.
after having been given the opportunity to defend himself in a proper
administrative investigation. SECTION 13: Registration Fees, License fees and fines - All applicants for
registration and license to practice as professional electrical engineer,
SECTION 8: Competition of the Chairman and the board members - The registered electrical engineer and registered master electricians shall be
chairman and the members of the Board shall receive a monthly subject to the payment of registration fees, license fees and fines in case of
compensation of no less than twelve thousand pesos (P 12,000.00); violation of the pertinent rules and regulations for the amounts prescribes
Provided that the chairman shall receive a monthly compensation of ten by the Board and approved by the commission Provided that fifty percent
percent (10%) more; Provided further, that such compensation shall be (50%) from these collections are to be treated as a special fund for
increased or modified pursuant to the General Appropriation Act of the programs, projects and activities of the Commission and the other fifty
year; Provided furthermore, that they shall receive ether benefits that may percent (50%) shall be set up in a separate special fund for programs,
be provided fo1 by the law. projects and activities of the regulatory functions of the Board.

SECTION 9: Executive order of the board -The Commissioner shall be the SECTION 14: Exemption from Examination and Registration –
executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examination given by (a)Examination and registration shall not be required for foreign electrical
the Board and shall designate any subordinate officer of the commission to engineers, erection/commissioning guarantee engineers employed as
act as secretary and custodian of all records including all examination technical consultants by· the Philippine government or by private firms, for
papers and minutes of the deliberation of the Board. which the pertinent professional society certifies that no qualified
Filipino professional is available or of foreign electrical installers for the
Article III erection and installation of a special project or for any other specialized
Examination and Registration work subject to the following conditions
(i)That the above-mentioned foreign professional are legally qualified to
SECTION 10: Examination required -All applicants for registration for the practice their profession In their own country in which the requirements
practice of electrical engineering in the Philippines shall be required to pass and qualifications for obtaining a license or certificate of registration
(ii)That the scope of work to be performed by said foreign professional shall To qualified applicants for examination, notice of administration shall be
secure a special permit from the Commission issued not later than ten (10) days prior to the first day of examination
(iii)That prior to commencing the work, the foreign professional shall secure
a special permit from the Commission SECTION 16: Qualifications of Applicants’ tor Registration as Professional
(iv)That said foreign professional shall not engage in private practice on Electrical Engineer - Any person applying for registration as professional
their own accounts electrical engineer shall establish to the satisfaction of the Board that on or
(v)That for every foreign professional contracted pursuant to this section, before the date of registration, he possesses the following qualifications:
one Filipino understudy who i5 registered under the provisions of this Act
shall be employed by the private firm utilizing the services of such foreign (a)He is a citizen of the Philippines
professional for at least the duration the alien expert's tenure with said (b) He is of good reputation with high moral values
firm; and (c) He has not been finally convicted by the court of an offense
(vi)That the exemption herein granted shall be good only for six (6) months, involving moral turpitude
renewable for another six (6) months at the discretion of the Board; (d)He is a holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Provided that incase the foreign professional ceases to be employed in Engineering (BSEE) from a university, school, college, academy or institute
accordance with this section engages in on occupation requiring registration duly constituted, recognized and accredited by the Philippine government;
as electrical engineer, such professional must be registered under the and
provision of this Act. (e)He Is a registered engineer with valid certificate of registration and
professional license and with four (4) years or more of active practice
(b)No registration with the Board shall be required of the following: reckoned from the date of his registration as registered electrical engineer
(i)Engineering students, apprentices and other persons employed or
acting as subordinates of, or undergoing training under a person holding a SECTION 17: Qualifications of Applicants for Registered Electrical Engineer
valid certificate of registration and a valid professional license under this Act Examination - Any person applying for admission to the registered electrical
(ii)Persons in charge of supervising the operation, tending and maintenance engineering examinations, as herein provided, shall establish to the
of an electric generating set for private use employing voltages not satisfaction of the Board that on or before the date of registration, he
exceeding two hundred fifty volts (250 V) and capacity not exceeding fifty possesses the following qualifications
kilovolts amperes (50 kVA); Provided, that the owner or operator shall be
required to have electric generating set periodically inspected at intervals of (a) He is a citizen of the Philippines
not more than one (1) year by a professional electrical engineer, a (b)He is at least twenty-one (21) years of age
registered electrical engineer on a national, city, provincial or municipal (c)He is of good reputation with
government authority exercising legal jurisdiction over electrical high moral values
installations. (d)He has not been finally convicted by the court of an offense
involving moral turpitude; and
SECTION 15: Holding of Examination - Examinations for the practice of (e)He is a holder of the degree of Bachelor of-Science in Electrical
electrical engineering In the Philippines should be given twice a year in the Engineering (BSEE) from a university, school, college, academy or institute
City of Manila and other places on dates that the Board may recommend for duly constituted, recognized and accredited by the Philippine government
determination of scheduling. The Board shall schedule Interviews/oral and
examination of every applicant for registration as professional electrical
engineer only at the office of the Commission
SECTION 18: Qualifications of Applicants for Registered Master Electrician (a) Professional electrical engineer:
Examination - Any person applying for admission to the registered master
electrician examinations, as herein provided, shall establish to the For the purpose of confirming the services record and clarifying the
satisfaction of the Board that on or before the date of registration, he technical report submitted by the applicant for registration as a professional
possesses the following qualifications: electrical engineer, an oral examination or interview shall be conducted on
the following documents to be submitted to the Board:
(a)He is a citizen of the Philippines
(b)He is at least eighteen (18) years of age (1) Certified experience record from the date the applicant to0k
(c) He is of good reputation with high moral values oath as a registered electrical engineer indicating the inclusive dates,
(d)He has not been finally convicted by the court of an offense involving companies worked for, description of specific responsibilities, significant
moral turpitude; and accomplishment as well as the name and position of immediate supervisors.
(e) He has any of the following technical backgrounds;
(1) has completed at least three (3) years of a five-year Bachelor of Science (2) Technical papers covering an evaluation, an analysis, a study or a critical
in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) program or a three-year course in electrical discussion of an electrical
engineering technology from an engineering school recognized by the engineering projects or subject on one or several technical aspects such as:
Philippine government and in addition, has a subsequent specific record of design, construction, installation, commissioning, testing, operation,
one (1) year practice in electrical wiring and installation, operation and maintenance, repair, research and the like. The technical paper shall be
maintenance of utilization devices and equipment, or supported by engineering principles and data. Published or unpublished
scientific paper or treatise on
(2) Has graduated from a two-year electrician's course of instruction from a electrical engineering theories and applications maybe considered as
vocational or trade school recognized by the Philippine government and in complying with the requirements;
addition, has at least two (2) years of apprenticeship after completion of the
course of instruction on electrical wiring and installation, operation and (3) Three (3) certifications
maintenance of utilization devices and equipment, or signed by three (3) professional electrical engineers to the effect that the
experience record submitted by the applicant is factual and that the
(3) Has completed from a one-year electrician's course of instruction from a technical paper submitted was actually prepared by the applicant.
vocational or trade school recognized by the Philippine government and in
addition, has at least three years of apprenticeship after completion of the The applicant must obtain passing grades on the experience record and on
course of instruction on electrical wiring and installation, operation and the technical in order to qualify for registration as professional electrical
maintenance of utilization devices and equipment, or engineer.

(4) Has completed a four-year high school education or its equivalent and in (b)Registered electrical engineer:
addition, has a subsequent specific record of at least five (5) years of The applicant shall pass a written examination on different subjects or
apprenticeship in electrical wiring and installation, operation and group of subjects as follows:
maintenance of utilization devices and equipment.
(1) Mathematics such as: algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry,
SECTION 19. Scope of Examination - As a prerequisite for registration as differential calculus, Integral calculus, differential equations, complex
professional electrical engineer, registered electrical engineer and numbers, probability and statistics, advanced engineering mathematics
registered master electrician, the applicants sl1al! comply with the including matrices, power series, Fourier analysis, Laplace transforms and
following requirements; others. The weight is twenty-five percent (25%).
(2) Engineering sciences and allied subjects such as general chemistry, Electrical components:
college physics, computer fundamentals and programming, engineering Description of resistors, capacitors, inductors and semiconductors
materials, engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, strength of materials,
thermodynamics, electrical engineering law, engineering economics, Maintenance and repair:
engineering management, contracts and specifications, code of professional Description of the procedures in the maintenance of electrical machinery
ethics, Philippine Electrical Code Parts 1 and 2 and others. The weight is
thirty percent (30%) Test equipment: Types and uses of measuring instruments Electrical
engineering law provisions pertaining to registered master electricians.
(3) Electrical engineering professional subjects such as:
electric circuits, electronic theory and circuits, energy conversion, Other related subjects as maybe prescribed by the Board.
power transmission and distribution, instrumentation and measurement,
circuit and line protection, control systems, principles of communication, (2) Philippine Electrical Code Parts 1 and 2:
electrical machines, electrical equipment, components and devices, electric
systems, power plant, electronic power equipment, illumination, building o General requirements for Installation of electric wiring and
wiring and others. The weight is forty-five percent (45%). equipment
o Approved wiring method
The passing general weighted average rating shall be seventy percent (70%) o Types of wiring materials and wiring devices
with no grade below fifty percent (50%) in any group of subjects listed o Installation of switchboard and panelboards
above. o Installation in hazardous locations
o Wiring diagrams of different types of motor starters with motor
The examination questions on the foregoing subjects shall cover only basic protection;
theories and principles and shall not include questions based on experience o Drawing symbols and wiring plans
and trade practices. The number of questions shall be such that the o Other related subjects as may be prescribed by the Board
examinations can be finished in three (3) consecutives eight-hour days.
The number of test questions shall be that the examinations can be finished
(c)Registered master electrician: in one (1) eight-hour day
The applicant shall pass a written examination on the different subjects or
group of subjects as follows: The relative weight shall be fifty percent (50%) for technical subjects and
fifty percent (50%) for Philippine Electrical Code.
(1) Technical subjects:
The passing general average rating shall be seventy percent (70%) with no
Ohm's Law: Calculations for resistance, current, voltage and power for grade below fifty percent (50%) in any subjects.
direct current and alternating current circuits
SECTION 20: Report of Ratings - The board of Electrical Engineering shall
Electrical machines: Description and operating principles of motors, within one hundred fifty (150) days after the completion of the
generators and transformers. examinations report the ratings obtained by each candidate to the
Commission.
Control equipment: Description and functions of fuses, overload relays,
safety switches, circuit breakers, star-delta motor starters, transformer type SECTION 21: Re-examination of Failed 'Subjects - An applicant shall be
motor-starters, DC motor starters. allowed to retake, any number of times, only on the subject/s in which he
has obtained a grade below fifty percent (50%) When he shall obtain an shall incorporate in the said guidelines the creation of a CPE council that
average grade of seventy percent (70%) in the subject/s repeated, he shall shall be composed of officers coming from the Board, the Commission, the
be considered to have passed his licensure examination. integrated and accredited electrical associations and other concerned
sectors. It shall be vested with the functions, duties and responsibilities to
SECTION 22: Oath - All successful candidates in the examinations shall be implement the guidelines and shall have the juridical personality that is
required to take a professional oath before the Board or any government distinct and separate from and independent of the Board, the Commission,
official authorized to administer oaths prior to entering upon the practice of the integrated and associated electrical engineering association and other
professional electrical engineer, registered electrical engineer and associations of the electrical engineering profession.
registered master electrician.
SECTION 25: Integration of the Electrical Engineering Profession -The
SECTION 23: Issuance of Certificates of Registration and Professional electrical engineering professions shall be integrated into one national
Licenses - The registration of professional-electrical engineer, registered organization, which will be recognized by the Board as the one and only
electrical engineer or registered master electrician commences from the integrated and accredited association of professional electrical engineers,
date his name is entered in the roll of registrants or licensees for his registered electrical engineers and registered master electricians. Every
profession. Every registrant who has satisfactorily met all the requirements professional electrical engineer, registered electrical engineer and
specified in this Act, upon payment of the registration fee, shall be issued a registered master electrician upon registration with the Board as such, shall
certificate of registration as a professional electrical engineer, a registered ipso facto, become member of the integrated national organization. Those
electrical engineer or a registered master electrician that shows the full who have been registered with the Board as such but are not members of
name of the registrant and with several number signed by the the said organization at the time of the effectivity of this Act, shall be
Commissioner and by the chairman and members of the Board, stamped allowed to register as members of the said integrated organization within
with the official seal, as evidence that the person named therein is entitled three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act. Membership in the integrated
to practice the profession with all ti1e rights and privileges appurtenant organization shall not be a bar to membership in other associations of the
thereto. electrical engineering profession. The professional electrical engineer,
registered electrical engineer and registered master electrician shall receive
The certificate shall remain in full force and effect until withdrawn, the benefits and privileges appurtenant to this listed membership in the
suspended, or revoked in accordance with law. duly integrated and accredited electrical engineering association only upon
payment of the required membership fees and dues.
A professional license signed by the Commissioner and bearing the
registration number and date of issuance thereof and the month of expiry SECTION 26: Seal of Professional Electrical Engineer - All licensed
or renewability shall likewise be issued to every registrant who has paid the professional electrical engineers may obtain a seal of a design prescribed by
annual registration fees for three (3) consecutive years and has complied the Board bearing the registrant's name, the certificate number and the
with the requirements of the Continuing Professional Education (CPE) unless legend "Professional Electrical Engineer". Plans, specifications, reports and
exempted there from. This license will serve as evidence that the license can other professional documents prepared or executed under the immediate
lawfully practice his profession until the expiration of its validity. supervision of, and issued by a licensee, shall be stamped on every· sheet
with said seal when filed with government authorities of when submitted or
SECTION 24: Continuing Professional Education Program -The CPE used professionally. Provided, however that it is unlawful for anyone to
guidelines shall be prescribed and promulgated by the Board subject to the stamp or seal any document with said seal after the registrant’s name has
approval of the Commission, after consultation with the integrated and been delisted from the roster of professional electrical engineers or after
accredited electrical engineering associations, other associations of the the validity of his professional license has expired. T􀂇e registrant shall be
electrical engineering profession and other concerned sectors. The Board allowed to again use his seal or stamp in the documentation he prepares,
signs or issues only after he is reinstated to the practice of his profession (b)He has represented himself as having taken charge of or supervised; any
and reissued a new professional license. electrical construction or installation; operation, tending and maintenance
of any electric plant; manufacture or repair of electrical equipment,
SECTION 27: indication of Registration/Professional License Number - The teaching of electrical engineering subjects; sale or distribution of any
professional electrical engineer, registered electrical engineer or registered electric supply or utilization equipment requiring engineering calculations or
master electrician shall be required to indicate his registration/professional application of engineering principles and data, without actually having done
license number, the date registered and the date of its expiry in the so. The decision of the ·Board shall be final and executory unless it is
documents he signs, uses or issues in connection with the practice of his appealed by the respondent to the Commission within fifteen (15) days
profession. from the receipt of that decision. The Board's or the Commission's decision
is appealable by the· respondent to the Court of Appeals in accordance with
SECTION 28: Refusal to Issue Certificates - The Board of electrical the procedure provided under the Rules of Court. Any person, firm,
engineering shall not issue a certificate of registration to any person association or corporation may file charges in accordance with the
convicted by the court of an'/ criminal offense involving moral turpitude or provisions of this section against any licensee, or the Board may, on its own
to any person guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct or to any person of initiative (motu propio) investigate and/or take cognizance of acts and
unsound mind. In the event of refusal to issue certificates for any reason, practices constituting cause for suspension or revocation of the certificate
the Board shall give the applicant a written statement setting forth the of registration by proper resolution or order, such charges shall be in
reasons for such action, which statement shall be incorporated in the writing and shall be sworn to by the person making them and shall be
records of the Board. filed with the Board. The rules and regulations of the Commission on
administrative investigation shall govern the procedure and conduct of
After no less than a year from the finality of the Board's decision, the Board, administrative investigation before the Board.
out of equity and justice, may recommend to the Commission the Issuance
of the certificate of registration to the applicant. The respondent shall have the right to a speedy and public hearing and to
confront and cross examine witnesses against him.
SECTION 29: Revocation of Certificates of Registration and Suspension from
the Practice of the Profession -The Board shall have the power, upon proper SECTION 30: Re-issuance of Revoke Certificates and Replacement of Lost
notice and hearing, to revoke any certificate of registration of any Certificates -Subject to the approval of the Commission, the Board may,
registrant, to suspend him from the practice of his profession or reprimand after the expiration of one (1) year from the date of revocation of a
him for any cause specified in the preceding section, or for the use of, certificate, for reasons it may be deem sufficient, entertain an
perpetration of any fraud or deceit in obtaining a certificate of registration, application for a new certificate in the same manner as applications for an
or for gross negligence or incompetence or for unprofessional or original one. It may exempt the applicant from the necessity of undergoing
dishonorable conduct for violation of this Act, the rules and regulations and an examination.
other policies of the Board and the Code of Professional Ethics. It shall be A new certificate of registration to replace any certificate that has been lost
sufficient ground for the revocation of a certificate issued to a person under destroyed or mutilated may be issued, subject to the rules of the Board.
this Act, and his suspension from the practice of his profession for
unprofessional or dishonorable conduct, if; Article IV
Sundry Provision Relative to the Practice of Electrical Engineering
(a)Being a professional electrical engineer, he has signed and affixed his seal
on any plan, design, technical reports, valuation, estimate, -specification or SECTION 31: Field of Practice -The field of practice for professional
other similar or work not prepared by him or not executed under his electrical engineers, registered electrical engineer and registered master
immediate; electricians shall be as follows;
(a)A professional electrical engineer's field of practice includes the sole (f) Use, in connection with his name or otherwise assume, use advertise any
authority to seal electrical plans, etc. and to practice electrical engineering title or description tending to convey the impression that he is a
in its full scope as defined in this Act. professional electrical engineer, registered electrical · engineer or registered
master electrician without holding a valid certificate or a valid license; and
(b) A registered electrical engineer's field of practice includes the charge or
supervision of; operation and maintenance of electrical equipment in power (g) Sign a document involving electrical design, plan, technical specification,
plants, industrial plants, watercraft, electric locomotives and others; valuation and the like on behalf of a professional electrical engineer.
manufacture and repair of electrical supply and utilization equipment
including switchboards power transformers, generators, motors, apparatus, SECTION 33: Personnel Required - Except otherwise provided on this Act,
and others; teaching of electrical subjects; and sale and distribution of every electric plant, industrial plant or factory, commercial establishment,
electrical equipment and systems requiring engineering calculations or institutional building, watercraft, electric locomotives or in any other
applications of engineering data; and installation were persons and properties are exposed to electrical hazards
shall not have less than the following complement of professional electrical
(c)A registered master electrician's field of practice. includes the installation, engineer, registered electrical engineer and registered master electrician.
wiring, operation, maintenance and repair of electrical machinery,
equipment and devices, in residential, commercial, institutional, commercial (a) Electric plants with totaled installed capacity of any size and employing
and industrial buildings, in power plants, substations, watercrafts, electric voltages of any standard rating - one (1) professional electrical engineer or
locomotives, and the like. Provided, that if the installation or the machinery one (1) registered electrical engineer. However, for capacities up to five
is rated in excess of five hundred kilovolt-amperes (500 kVA), or in excess of hundred kilovolt-amperes (500 kVA) and employing voltages up to six
six hundred volts (600V) the work shall be under the supervision of a hundred volts (600 V) - one (1) registered master electrician;
professional electrical engineer or a registered electrical engineer
(b) Industrial plants or factories, commercial establishments, or institutional
SECTION 32: Prohibition in the Practice of Electrical Engineering - No person buildings having a connected kVA load of any size and employing voltages of
shall: any standard rating - one (1) professional electrical engineer or one (1)
(a)Practice or offer to practice electrical engineering in the Philippines registered electrical engineer. However, for connected loads up to five
without having previously obtained a certificate of registration and a hundred kilovolt-amperes (500 kVA) and employing voltages up to six
professional license from the Board of Electrical Engineering except as hundred voles (600 V) - one (1) registered master electrician;
provided for in Section 14 hereof;
(c) Watercrafts or electric locomotives with installed generating capacity up
(b)Use, or attempt to use as his own, certificate of registration, professional to the maximum size and voltages available for these units - one (l.)
license or the seal of another; professional electrical engineer or one (1) registered electrical engineer.
However, for generating capacities up to five hundred kilovolt
(c)Give false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board or to any members amperes/kilowatts (500 kVA/kW) and employing voltages up to six hundred
thereof in obtaining a certificate of registration or professional practice; volts (600 V) - one (1) registered master electrician;

(d) Falsely impersonate any registrant of like or different manner Provided however, that in all aforementioned cases, additional qualified
personnel shall be employed to ensure safe operation and safeguard public
(e) Attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of registration or an welfare, life and property. Provided further, that when the operation
expired professional license; requires more than one shift ·of personnel every twenty-four (24) hours, the
minimum complement of qualified personnel shall be employed in each establishment, institutional building, watercraft or electric locomotive shall
shift. post or cause to be posted in a conspicuous place within such plant or
establishment the certificate or registration of the engineers or electricians
This section, however, shall not apply to any installation which has a employed in such plant or establishment, in a frame protected by
connected load of fifty kilovolt amperes (SO kVA) or less and employs transparent glass or equivalent.
voltages of not more than two hundred fifty volts (250 V) and for
installations which· are designed to be automatic and do not require SECTION 37: Certificate of Specialty - certificates of specialty shall be issued
resident personnel for their safe operation Provided however, that their by the Board, subject to the approval of the Commission, to professional
maintenance and repair shall· be under the charge of duly registered electrical engineers who have been screened and recommended by the
personnel. Provided further, that a yearly inspection will be conducted and integrated and accredited electrical engineering association. These are for
certified to be safe operating condition by a professional electrical engineer, specific fields in which the applicants have specialized knowledge, training
a registered electrical engineer or a registered master electrician. and experience and have demonstrated their competence and expertise.
The Board shall, subject to the approval of the Commission, and after
SECTION 34: Preparation of Plans, Supervision of installation, Applications of consultation with the said association, prescribe and issue the necessary
the Philippine Electrical Code - It shall be unlawful for any person not guidelines for the issuance of these certificates.
authorized under this Act to prepare plans, designs, valuations or
specifications for any electrical wiring, equipment or system; and no SECTION 38: Foreign Reciprocity -No foreign engineers shall be admitted to
installation thereof shall be undertaken unless the plans, designs, valuations take a board examination; be given a certificate of registration, or be
and specifications have been prepared by or under the responsible charge entitled to any, of the rights and privileges under this Act unless the country
of, and signed and sealed by a professional electrical engineer; and a of which he is a subject or citizen specially permits Filipino engineers to
construction permit for the execution thereof is first secured;. and unless practice within territorial limits on the same basis as the subject or citizens
the work is done in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code and is of such country.
executed under the responsible charge or supervision of a professional
electrical engineer; a registered electrical engineer or a registered master SECTION 39: Enforcement of the Act by Officers of the Law - It shall be the
electrician, as the case may be, and the routinary fiscal and ministerial duty of all constituted officers of the law of the national government, or any
requirements of the government agency, if any, exercising jurisdiction over provincial, city or municipal government or of any political subdivision
the particular installation have been complied with. thereof to prosecute any person violating the provisions of this Act. The
Secretary of Justice or his assistant shall act as legal adviser of the Board and
SECTION 35: Practice Not Allowed for Firms and Corporation - The practice render such legal assistance as maybe necessary in carrying out the previous
of electrical engineering is a professional service admission to which is of this Act.
based on individual and personal qualifications. Hence, no firm or
corporation maybe registered or licensed as such for the practice of SECTION 40: Penalty Clause- Any person who shall violate any of the
electrical engineering. However, persons properly qualified and licensed as provisions of this Act shall be guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon
professional electrical engineers may, among themselves, form a convicted, be sentenced to a fine of not less than ten thousand pesos
partnership. or association and collectively render electrical engineering (Pl0,000.00) nor more than fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) or
service. Individual members of such partnerships or associations shall be imprisonment for a period of not less than six (6) months not more than five
responsible for their own respective acts. (5) years or both at the discretion of the court.

SECTION 36: Posting of Certificates - The owner, manager or the person in

charge of ah electric plant, industrial plant or factory, commercial
Article V Multimeter
Transitory Provision o consist of voltmeter, current meter and an ohmmeter
SECTION 41: Terms of Office Board Members - Upon approval of this Act, o On a simple, the zero-ohm mark is far right of the scale.
the incumbent chairman and two (2) members of the Board shall continue o Among the multimeters, the VOM features compactness,
to serve until their terms of office expire or until their replacements have simplicity and portability
been appointment by the President and shall have been duly qualified.

SECTION 42: New Certificates of Registration and Professional License Electrical Permit
(a) Associate electrical engineers and assistant electrical engineers with o Electrical Permit is needed Before starting any installation work,
valid certificates of registration and professional license issued under alteration, repair or extension on any electrical system
Republic Act 184 shall register within two (2) years from the ·effectivity of o If the project is extensive and requires more time for checking and
this Act and be issued new certificates of registration and new professional for computations of fees, the issuance of the electrical permit need
license as registered electrical engineers under 􀂇his Act to replace their not be issued immediately. However, the delay shall not be longer
original ones. Their serial numbers shall be provided by the ·registration than 5 days
division of the Commission. o For all land based electrical installation under the scope of the
(b) Master electricians with valid certificates of registration and professional
Philippine Electrical Code, an electrical permit be filled on Local
licenses under Republic Act No. 184 shall register within two (2) years from
Building Office
the effectivity of this Act and be issued new certificates of registration and
new professional licenses as registered master electricians with the same o For watercrafts, electrical permit should be filled on Maritime
serial numbers as the old ones to replace their original certificates and Industry Authority
licenses. o signatures needed in the application form for an electrical permit
(Owner, PEE, Electrical practitioner in charge)
Article VI
Hazards
Final Provision
o Equipment for installation in hazardous locations must be tested and
SECTION 43: Repealing Clause -Republic Act No.184 and existing provisions approved for use according to the classification of the hazards involved.
of provincial, city or municipal ordinances or regulations pertaining to These are divided into 3 groups.
examinations for electrical contractors, electrical inspectors, or electricians, o Explosion hazards exist due to the presence of the following material
and shall other laws, part of laws, orders, ordinances or regulations in EXCEPT Carbon dioxide gas
conflict with this Act are hereby repealed or amended accordingly. o In locations where flammable anesthetics are employed, the entire area
shall be considered hazardous location which shall extend upward to a
SECTION 44: separability Clause - If any part of this Act or the application of ·level 1500mm above the floor.
such provision or circumstance is declared unconstitutional, the remainder o The entire area of the aircraft hangar, including any adjacent
of this Act or the application of such provision to other persons or communication areas not suitable cut-off from the hangar shall be
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration. classified as hazardous up to a level of 460mm above the floor
o
SECTION 45: Effectivity Clause -This act shall take effect after thirty (30)
days following its full publication •in the Official Gazette or newspaper of
general circulation.
Class I o Class III, Division 2 = Hazardous locations in which easily ignitable
o Class I = Hazardous location in which flammable gases or vapors are fibers are stored and handled
present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosives or
ignitable mixtures Philippine Electrical Code
o Class I, Division 1 = Hazardous location in which ignitable
o RA 7920 = the new Electrical Engineering Law
concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal
o The Philippine Electrical code is intended for Mandatory
operating conditions.
applications by government bodies exercising legal jurisdiction over
o Class I, Division 2 = Hazardous locations, in which volatile flammable
electrical installation
liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed or used.
o the primary objective of the Philippine Electrical Code (to stablish
o Pits within 7600mm horizontally from the flammable vapor source,
electrical work standard, to established basic material qualities, to
shall be considered a hazardous location under Class I, Division 1
ensure safety in using electricity)
location
o the nominal supply voltage specified by the Philippine Electrical
o In commercial garages, repair and storage areas, the entire area up
Code for residential homes is 230V AC
to a level of 460mm above the floor shall be considered to be Class
o The Philippine Electrical Code requires that no electrical.
I, Division 2 hazardous location
Installation, alteration or addition shall be connected or
o The area within 1,500 mm horizontally from an aircraft power plant
reconnected to any electrical power supply without a certificate of
shall be classified hazardous under Class I, Division 2 location.
inspection
Class II o The minimum size of service drop copper conductors allowed by the
o Class II = Locations which are hazardous because of the presence of Philippine Electrical Code is one of the following is 8.0 mm²
combustible dust. o Hazardous locations are classified by the Philippine Electrical Code
o Class II, Division 1 = Hazardous locations in which combustible dust in 3 classes
is in the air under normal operating conditions in quantities o For installations of 2.0 mm² conductors in 600-V circuits. The
sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures minimum insulation resistance allowed by the Philippine Electrical
o Class II, Division 2 = Hazardous locations where combustible dust is Code is 500,000 ohms
not normally in the air in quantities sufficient to provide explosive
Trade Size
or ignitable mixtures, and dust accumulations are normally
insufficient with the normal operation of electrical equipment. o Electrodes of pipe or conduit shall NOT be smaller than 20 mm
o For class II lightning materials, the minimum diameter of a solid trade size
copper air terminal shall be 12.7mm o 100 mm is the maximum electrical trade size of intermediate
conduit
Class III
o For raceway 20 mm trade size or larger containing conductors 22
o Class III = Locations which are hazardous because of the presence of mm² or larger, the minimum length of the box in straight pulls shall
easily ignitable fibers of flying NOT be less than 8 times the trade diameter of the largest raceway
o Class III, Division 1 = Hazardous locations in which easily ignitable
fibers or material producing combustible flying are handled,
manufactured or used.
Flexible metallic tubing o Each length of intermediate metal conduit shall be clearly and
durably identified at 760 mm intervals with the letters "IMC"
o Flexible metallic tubing smaller than 15mm electrical trade size shall
NOT be used flexible metal conduit
o The maximum electrical trade size of flexible metallic tubing shall be
o Smallest electrical trade size for flexible metal conduit is 15mm
20mm
o The maximum size of liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be 100
o Flexible metallic tubing shall NOT be used in lengths longer than
mm trade size
1800mm
o Where flexible metal conduit is installed as fixed raceway, it shall be
Intermediate metal conduit secured within 300mm on each side of every outlet box.
o Flexible metal conduit shall be secured by an approved means at
o Intermediate metal conduit = A metal raceway of circular cross
intervals NOT exceeding 1300mm
section with integral or associated couplings, connectors and fittings
o Flexible metal conduit shall be supported within 300mm on each
approved for the installation of electrical conductors
side of every outlet box, junction box, cabinet or fitting
o The smallest electrical trade size of intermediate metal conduit is
o Where liquid tight flexible metal conduit is installed as a fixed
15mm
raceway, it shall be secured at intervals NOT exceeding 1,300 mm
o Rigid metal conduit and intermediate metal conduit when used
underground shall have a minimum burial of 150mm Liquid tight metal conduit
o Intermediate metal conduit shall be supported at least every
3000mm o Liquid tight metal conduit smaller than 15mm electrical trade size
o Intermediate metal conduit shall be shipped in standard lengths of shall NOT be used
3000mm
Rigid metal conduits
o Where an intermediate metal conduit is used, there shall not be o Rigid metal conduits smaller than 15mm electrical trade size shall
more than the equivalent of 4 quarter bends between pull points NOT be used
o Circuit with a nominal voltage of 600 V or less in a rigid metal o In wiring using rigid metal conduits, conduit smaller than 15mm
conduit or intermediate metal conduit and placed in a trench below shall not be used.
a 50 mm thick concrete or equivalent shall maintain a minimum o The use of rigid metal conduits shall be permitted under all
cover distance of 150mm atmospheric conditions subject to the following conditions EXCEPT
o Intermediate metal conduit shall be firmly fastened within 900mm to be used in sand fill which is subject to permanent moisture
of each outlet box, junction box, cabinet or fitting o To cut rigid metal conduits, an electrician should Use a hack saw
o Circuit with a nominal voltage of 600 V or less in a rigid metal and ream the ends
conduit or intermediate metal conduit and placed in a trench below
a 50 mm thick concrete or equivalent shall maintain a minimum Electrical metallic tubing
cover distance of 100mm
o Electrical metallic tubing smaller than 15mm electrical trade size
o Intermediate metal conduit shall be permitted to be installed in or
shall NOT be used
under cinder fill where subject to permanent moisture when
o The largest size of electrical metallic tubing is 100mm
protected on all sides by a layer of non-cinder concrete not less
than 50mm thick
 o Electrical metallic tubing shall be securely fastened in place at least o Rigid non-metallic conduit shall be supported within 900mm of each
every 3000mm box, cabinet or other conduit termination.
o Electrical metallic tubing shall be securely fastened in place within o Circuits with a voltage of 600 V or less in a rigid metal conduit or in a
900 mm of each outlet box, junction box, cabined or fitting rigid non-metallic conduit approved for direct burial and placed
o The use of electrical metallic tubing shall be permitted for exposed under driveways and parking areas of a one- or two-family dwelling
work or concealed work units, shall have a minimum cover distance of 460 mm
o Circuits with a voltage of 600 V or less in a rigid non-metallic conduit
approved for direct burial without concrete encasement and placed
flexible non-metallic conduit
in trench below a 50 mm think concrete or equivalent shall have a
o The smallest electrical trade size of a liquid tight flexible non- minimum cover distance of 300mm
metallic conduit is 20mm o Rigid non-metallic conduit approved for direct burial without
o Concealed knob and tube wiring = A wiring method using knobs, concrete encasement shall have a minimum burial of 460 mm
tubes, and flexible non-metallic tubing for the protection and Lightning
support of single insulated conductors concealed and ceilings of
buildings o Air Terminal = A device capable to drawing lightning discharge to it
o Liquid tight flexible non-metallic conduit shall NOT be used in in preference to vulnerable parts of the protected area.
lengths longer than 1,800 mm o Air terminal = The upper most portion of a lightning protection
o Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall not be used where the system
voltage of the contained conductors is in excess of 600v o All extended parts located within 1,800 mm of the lightning
protection system shall be bonded thereto.
Electrical non-metallic
o Conductors used in lightning protection system maybe coursed
o Electrical non-metallic tubing = A pliable corrugated raceway of through air without support for a distance of 900mm or less.
circular cross-section with integral or associated couplings, o Bonding = Connection between conductive or inductive metal
connectors and fittings for the installation of electric conductors object in an element of a lightning protection system to accomplish
o Electrical non-metallic tubing smaller than 20 mm (outside electrical continuity.
diameter) electrical trade size shall NOT be used o Ground terminal = A portion of a lightning protection system
o Electrical non-metallic tubing shall NOT be used where the voltage extending into the earth
is over 600V o Fastener applied to lightning protection, an attachment to secure
o Electrical non-metallic tubing shall be firmly fastened within 900mm the conductor to the structure or building
of each outlet box, junction box, cabinet or fittings. o The lightning conductor or ground terminal shall extend vertically
o Electrical non-metallic tubing shall be clearly and durably marked at NOT less than 3000mm, into the earth
least every 3,000 mm o Side flash = A spark occurring between nearby metallic objects or
from such objects to the lightning protection system or to ground
rigid non-metallic conduit o For the purpose of lightning protection, class I ordinary building is
o the smallest electrical trade size for rigid non-metallic conduit one that is less than 23mm in height
20mm
 o Counterpoise = Grounding conductor installed over lightning cables o An attachment plug and receptacle shall be permitted to serve as
for the purpose of interconnecting the system ground electrodes the disconnecting means for single phase room air conditioner rated
and providing lightning protection for the cables 250 V or less if the manual controls of the room air conditioner is
o For the purpose of lightning protection, a smoke or vent stack is readily accessible and located within 1,800 mm
classified as heavy duty if the cross-sectional area of the flue is o For receptacle outlets, each single or each multiple receptacles on
greater than 0.32 square meter and the height is greater than 23 one strap shall be considered not less than 180VA
meters o In any watercraft, receptacle outlets operating at 50 volts or more
shall have a grounding pole.
Wiring Diagram
o Each patient bed location shall be provided with a minimum of four
o Wiring diagram show the physical location of the components such receptacles
as coils, contacts, motors and the like in their actual position o Branch circuits to receptacles under raised floors in computer
o In wiring diagram where two wires come together, it is indicated by rooms shall be wired with (EMT, IMC AC cable)
A dot o Receptacles located on stages in theaters shall NOT exceed 80
percent of their ratings for continuous duty loads
Pendant o Each receptacle for de plugging boxes shall be rated at NOT less
o Pendant = A device or equipment which is suspended from than 30A
overhead either by means of a flexible cord carrying the current or o Receptacles installed for the attachment of portable cords shall be
otherwise rated at NOT less than 15A, 250 v.
o No parts of cord connected fixtures, hanging fixtures or pendants o The minimum size of branch circuit capacity to supply laundry
shall be located within a zone measured 900mm horizontally from a receptacle outlets shall. Be 20A
bathtub rim. o For hallways of 3000mm or more in length, at least one receptacle
o Pendant conductors where not cabled and longer than 900 mm outlet shall be installed.
shall be twisted o In every kitchen, family room, dining room, living room, parlor,
library, bedroom or similar rooms or area of dwelling units,
Continuous duty receptacle outlets shalt be installed so that no point along the floor
o Continuous duty = Operation at substantially constant load for an line in any wall space is more than 1800mm measured horizontally
indefinitely long time from an outlet in that space.
o The maximum permitted load of a 20-A branch circuit serving a o In mobile homes, receptacle outlets shall not be installed within
continuous duty load is 16A 760mm of a shower or bathtub space.
o Continuous duty loads shall be figured at 125 percent for branch o Every recreational vehicle site with electrical supply shall be
circuit equipped with at least one 20A 250-V receptacle.
o In estimating the loading of a branch circuit, 180 volt-amperes shall
Receptacle be used for each receptacle
o Receptacles used in circuits operating at less than 50 V shall have an
o Receptacle = Contact device installed at the outlet for the
ampere rating of not less than 15A
connection of a single attachment plug
o At least one receptacle outlet(s) shall be installed in the bathroom
 o In banks and office buildings, a unit load of 8 VA per square meters Cable
shall be included for the general-purpose receptacle outlets when
o Talc = A lubricant to make pulling of wires or cables through the
the actual number of outlets is unknown
conduit easier
o Where receptacles are connected to a 30-A branch circuit, the
o The current carrying conductors in cables shall have insulation
maximum allowable cord and plug connected load shall not be
rating of 70°C or more
more than 24A
o Mineral insulated metal sheeted cable shall be permitted in any of
o Receptacle and attachment plugs shall be permitted to be of lower
the following (For control circuit, where expose to oil or gasoline,
ampere rating than the branch circuit but NOT less than 125 percent
for feeder circuit)
of the fixture full load current
o Cables operated at over 200V shall be shielded.
o For non-dwelling receptacle loads, the demand factor for the first
o Flexible cords or data processing cables or data processing cables
10 kVA or less shall be 100%
used to connect computer units shall be Approved as part of the
o At least one receptacle outlet(s) shall be installed outdoors for a
system
one family dwelling unit
o Travelling cable = A cable made-up of electric conductors which
o At least one receptacle outlet shall be installed directly above a
provides electrical connection between an elevator or dumbwaiter
show window for each 3 linear meter length or a major fraction
car and fixed outlet in the hoist way
thereof
o Cables and cords supplied through plugging boxes shall be of copper
o The branch circuit load for continuous duty receptacle shall be
o When installing cables or raceway type wiring method parallel to
calculated at 180 VA per receptacle
the framing members such as joists; rafters or studs, the cable or
Busbar raceway shall be installed and supported so that the nearest outside
surface of the cable or raceway is NOT less than 50mm from the
o Busbars shall be made from copper having a minimum conductivity
nearest edge of the framing member
of 97 percent
o circuit conductors of the cable are of the rubber covered and
o For bare metal parts, busbars, etc. of opposite polarity held free in
thermoplastic type
air shall maintain a minimum spacing of 19mm for voltages rated
o Medium voltage cable shall be permitted for installation on the
not over 250 V
following EXCEPT where expose to direct sunlight.
o Flat = Most common copper busbar form for carrying heavy current.
o Wires or cables used in dry and wet locations for over 2000 volts
o For non-insulated busbars, the minimum spacing between it and the
insulation and ozone resistant with moisture and heat resistant
bottom of the enclosure shall be 255mm
rubber and has a maximum operating temperature of 90°C is MI
o To obtain the most satisfactory and economical designs for busbars
type
in power stations and substations, consideration must be given to
o steel cables = cables NOT used as an electrical cable
choose NOT only of material but also of shape
o The combined cross-sectional area of all conductors or cables shall
o The minimum spacing between bottom of enclosure and the
NOT exceed 40 percent of the internal cross-sectional area of the
insulated busbars, their supports and other obstructions shall be
raceway
205 mm
o Where coaxial cable is attached to building, they should have a
separation of at least 100mm from electric light or power cables.
 o Cables that are flame retardant and have limited smoke o Service entrance cable = This is a single conductor or multi-
characteristics shall be permitted and shall be identified using suffix conductor assembly provided with or without an overall covering,
LS primarily used for services
o The size of conductors in cables system shall be in no case smaller o Service entrance cables shall be supported at intervals NOT
than 50 mm² exceeding 760mm
o Insulation resistance test is usually made on cables after installation o Type SE service entrance cable shall be permitted in interior wiring
o type RH = conductors is applicable only on dry locations systems where all of the
o Non-metallic cable sheathed cable = A factory assembly of two or o Service heads and goosenecks in service entrance cable shall be
more insulated conductors having an outer sheath of moisture above the point of attachment of the service drops to the building
resistant flame-retardant, non-metallic material. o Control conductors used for load management can be routed with
o Duct = A single enclosed raceway for conductors or cables the service entrance conductors in the same either raceway or cable
o Underground cable feeder and branch circuit cables shall be o Individual open conductors and cables other than service entrance
permitted for use in any of the following applications EXCEPT For cables shall NOT be installed within 3100mm of grade level or
interior wiring where exposed to physical damage
o Service conductors in cable shall NOT be smaller than 5.5 mm² o type USE wire is applicable for underground service entrance
o General purpose and appliance branch circuits using type FCC cable conductors
shall have ratings NOT exceeding 20A o Service entrance using copper conductors shall have sufficient
o Any unguarded metal sheathed service cable, service conduits, capacity and shall NOT be smaller than 8.0mm²
metal fixtures and similar non-current carrying parts, if located in o One set of service entrance conductors shall be permitted to supply
urban districts and where liable to be charged to more than a 300 V more than one sets of service equipment.
to ground shall be isolated or guarded so as not to be exposed by o For a one family dwelling unit having an initial load of 10 kVA or
unauthorized persons more, the minimum service entrance capacity shall be 60A
o Each unit length of heating cable shall have a permanent legible o If there will be six or more 2- wire branch circuits for a one family
marking of each non-heating lead located within 75mm of the dwelling unit, the minimum service entrance capacity shall be 100A
terminal end o Using copper, the minimum size of service entrance conductors
o Flexible cord and cables shall be used except fixed wiring shall be 8.0 mm²
o Service entrance conductors passing over roofs shall have a
Cable Tray clearance over the roof which they pass of 2500 mm
o For installations to supply only limited loads of a single branch
o Cable tray = A unit or assembly of units or sections and associated
circuit, service entrance conductors shall NOT be smaller than 3.5
fittings, forming a rigid structural system used to support cables
o Cable tray shall not be used in Hoist ways mm² hard drawn copper
o Using aluminum or copper clad aluminum conductors, the minimum
Service Entrance size of service entrance conductors shall be 14.0 mm²
o Service entrance cables shall be supported by straps or other
approved methods within 300mm of every service head
MC Cables o Type FCC cable shall be permitted for the following applications
EXCEPT for service entrance
o type MC cable = A factory assembly of one or more conductors, o Type FCC cable shall NOT be used in (outdoor, wet, hazardous)
each individually insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of o Insulating end = An insulator designed to electrically insulate the
interlocking tape or a smooth or corrugated tube end of a type FCC cable
o Type MC cable shall be supported and secured at intervals not o type FCC = type of cable consists of three or more flat copper
exceeding 1,800 mm conductors placed edge to edge, separated and enclosed within an
o Type MC cable shall be permitted for systems in excess of 600V insulating assembly
o For smooth sheath cable (type MC) with an external diameter of o Wirings allowed to be installed outside buildings EXCEPT Flat
more than 38 mm, shall have a bending radius of NOT less than 15 conductor cable
times the metallic sheath of the cable. o Flat conductor cables may be installed in any of the following
o Type MC cables shall NOT be used in (expose to corrosive materials, location (on hard concreate flooring, For Branch circuits, In damp
direct burial to earth, expose to cinder fills) location)
o The smallest copper conductor of type MC cable shall be 0.75 mm²
o MC cable insulation shall have a maximum operating temperature MV Cable
of not less than 90°C
o type MV = A single or multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated
o Metal clad cable (MC) can be used in systems of 600 V or more
cable rated 2,000 volts or higher
o Metal clad cables shall be supported and secured at intervals NOT
o MV = A type of cable which is a single or multi-conductor solid
exceeding 1800mm
dielectric insulated cable rated 2001 volts or higher
o Metal clad cables shall be permitted for installations in the following
locations EXCEPT Direct burial in the earth FC Cables
FCC Cables o Type FC cable shall have the temperature rating durably marked on
the surface at intervals NOT exceeding 600mm
o Flat conductor cable = Consists of three or more flat copper o The grounded conductor of type FC (flat conductor) cable shall be
conductor placed edge to edge separated and enclosed within an identified by means of a distinctive and durable white or neutral
insulating assembly gray marking
o Flat conductor cable (FCC) system shall NOT be used in the locations o type FC = A factory assembly of parallel conductors formed
EXCEPT Damp locations integrally with an insulating material web specifically designed for
o Individual branch circuits using type FCC (flat conductor cable) shall field installation in metal surface raceway
have ratings not exceeding 30 A
o Type FCC (flat conductor cable) cables are not permitted in Direct Burial
residential buildings
o Direct burial cables or conductors with a nominal voltage of 650 V
o Type FCC cable shall be clearly and durably marked on both sides at or less and placed under a one- or two-family dwelling driveways
intervals of not more than 600mm and parking areas shall have a minimum cover distance of 450mm
o For a two-wire FCC cable system with grounding, the grounding o Direct buried conductors and cables emerging from the ground shall
conductor shall be the middle conductor
be protected by enclosures or raceways extending from the
 minimum cover distance required to a point 2400mm above o Interlocked type armored cable or corrugated sheath cables shall
finished grade have a bending radius of NOT less than 7 time the external diameter
o Direct burial cables or conductors with a nominal voltage of 600 V of the metallic sheath
or less and passes under airport runways including adjacent areas o Armored cable is most suitable for shipboard installation
where trespassing is prohibited, shall have a minimum cover o Armored cable = A cable provided with a wrapping or metal usually
distance of 460mm steel wires or tapes, primarily for the purpose of mechanical
o Direct burial cables or conductors with nominal voltage of 600 V or protection
less and passes under street, hi-ways, roads, alleys, driveways and
IGS Cable
parking lots shall have a minimum cover distance of 600mm
o A run of type IGS cable between pull boxes or terminations shall
Aerial Cable
NOT contain more than equivalent of four quarter bends
o Aerial cable under non - metallic extensions shall have a clearance o type IGS = A factor assembly of one or more conductors each
of not less than 50mm from steel structure members or other individually insulated and enclosed in a loose fit non-metallic
conductive materials flexible conduit as an integrated gas spacer
o Non-metallic extensions shall NOT be used as an aerial cable o The nominal gas pressure used in type IGS cable shall be 138 kPa
o The minimum size of type IGS cable shall be 125 mm²

AC Cables MI Cable

o Type AC cable shall be permitted in (branch circuit, feeders, cable o Type MI cables shall be securely supported at intervals NOT
tray where identified for such usage) exceeding 1,800 mm
o Type AC cable shall be secured by approved staples, straps hangers o Type MI cables shall be permitted for (branch circuit, feeder circuit,
or similar fittings within 300mm from every outlet box, junction services)
box, cabinet or fitting o The radius of the inner edge of any bend for type MI cables shall
o Type AC cable shall be secured by approved staples, straps hangers NOT be less than 5 times the diameter of the cable
or similar fittings at intervals NOT exceeding 1300mm o type MI = A factor assembly of one or more conductors insulated
o Type AC cable shall NOT be permitted to be used (In storage with a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation and enclosed
battery, on cranes or hoist, in motion pictures) in a liquid tight and gastight continuous copper steel sheath
o In type AC cable, all bends shall be made so that the cable will not o Type MI cable shall NOT be used where exposed to destructive
be damage and the radius of the curve of the inner edge of any corrosive conditions
bend shall NOT be less than 5 times the diameter
TC Cable
o Type AC = A fabricated assembly of insulated conductors in a
flexible metallic enclosure. o type TC = A factory assembly of two of more insulated conductors
with or without associated bare or covered grounding conductor
Armored Cable
under a non-metallic sheath, approved for installation in cable trays
o Armored cable is a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors or in raceways
enclosed on a flexible metal sheath o Type TC (power and control tray) cable shall be permitted to be
used of the EXCEPT where expose to direct rays of the sun
 o Power and control tray cables (type TC) maybe used under one of Flat Cable
the following conditions (where installed in industrial establishment
o Flat cable assemble shall not be installed (in hoist ways, in any
where a registered master electrical will service the installation)
hazardous location, outdoors)
Cable bus o Flat cable assemblies shall have conductors of 5.5 mm² special
stranded copper wires
o A clearance of NOT less than Cable bus shall be provided from o Flat cable assembly shall be installed for exposed work only
recessed fixtures and their trims, ventilating openings and other o The rating the branch circuit using flat cable assemblies shall NOT
such openings in room surfaces exceed 30A
o Cable bus = An approved assembly of insulated conductors with
fittings and conductor terminations in a completely enclosed UF Cable
ventilated protective metal housing o The ampacities of type UF (underground feeder) cable shall be that
o Cable bus shall be securely supported at intervals NOT exceeding of the 60°C conductors
3,600 mm o Type UF cables shall NOT be used as service entrance
Communication Cable o The ampacity of type UF cable shall be of that 60°C conductor
o Type UF cable shall be permitted for use underground including
o Communication wires and cables shall be separated at LEAST direct burial to earth
300mm minimum distance from service drops of electric light and o For underground feeder and branch circuits, UF type of conductors
power conductors, which are not installed in a raceway or in cable shall be used
o Bonding jumpers which connect communications cable grounding o The use of underground feeder cables may NOT be used in the
conductors and the grounding electrode of the building shall NOT following conditions (embedded concrete, hazardous location,
be smaller than 14.0 mm² theaters)
o Power conductors on poles, below communication conductors shall
maintain a spacing distance of 760mm SNM Cable
o Communication conductors shall be separated at least 50mm from
o type SNM cable = A factory assembly of two or more insulated
conductors of any electric light or power circuits
conductors in an extruded core of moisture resistant, flame
o Communication conductors shall NOT be attached to a cross arm
retardant non-metallic material covered with an overlapping spiral
below electric light and power conductors under Art 10.1,3.1 (a) (2)
metal tape and wire shield and jacketed with an extruded moisture,
o Communication conductors shall NOT be smaller than 2.0 mm²
flame, oil, corrosion, fungus and sunlight resistant non-metallic
o Underground communications conductors in a raceway, handhole
material
or manhole containing electric light and power conductors, shall be
o The bending radius of type SNM cable shall NOT be less than 5 times
in a section separated from such conductors by means of a
the diameter of the cable
separator (brick, concrete or tile) under Art 10.1.3.2 (a)
o Communication conductors shall have a vertical clearance of NOT
less than 2400mm from all points of roofs above which they pass
o Communication wires and cables shall have a voltage rating of NOT
less than 300V
Heating Element o Type NMC (non-metallic sheathed cable) shall have an outer
covering which has the following characteristics (flame retardant,
o Heating elements of cables shall be separated at least 200mm from
moisture resistant, corrosion resistant)
the edge of outlet boxes and junction boxes
o The ampacity of conductors in non-metallic sheathed cable shall be
o Heating elements can be repaired by a Nickle/Silver tube, which
used at 60 °C
crimps the two broken elements together
o Type NM cable shall NOT be installed (where expose to corrosive
o Resistance type heating elements in electric space heating
material, where embedded in concreate, in a shallow chase in
equipment shall be protected at NOT more than 60A
masonry, concreate or adobe)
o Space heating cables shall be secured at intervals NOT exceeding
200mm Raceway
o Heating cables shall be furnished complete with factory assembled
o Raceway shall not be used as a means of support for other raceways
non-heating leads at least 2100 mm in length
o Metal raceways, enclosures, frames and other non current carrying
o Fixed electric space heating loads shall be computed at one of the
metal parts of electric equipment shall be kept at least 1,900 mm
total computed loads.
from lightning rod conductors.
o The ampacity of branch circuit conductors and the rating or setting
o The use of surface non -metal raceway is permitted (where subject
of overcurrent devices supplying fixed electric space heating
to serve physical damage, where the voltage is over 300 volts,
equipment for pipelines and vessels shall be not less than 125
where concealed)
percent of the total load or the heaters.
o The surface nonmetallic raceway may not be used in the following
o When computing the service load with the standard method, a
EXCEPT In dry locations
20kW electric space heating unit is computed at 100 percent
o The use of non-metallic raceway shall be permitted in dry locations
Non-metallic sheathed only
o Raceway = An enclosed channel designed expressly for holding
o Non-metallic sheathed cable shall be secured in place at intervals wires, cables or busbars with additional functions as permitted.
NOT exceeding 1300mm o Where raceways are exposed to widely different temperatures they
o Non-metallic sheathed cable shall be supported within 300mm from shall be sealed
every cabinet, box or fitting o Where installed in raceways conductors of size 8.0 mm² and larger
o Non-metallic sheathed cables shall be supported within 200mm of a shall be stranded.
non-metallic outlet box without cable clamps. o Underfloor raceways may be occupied up to 40 percent of the area
o The overall covering of type NM (non-metallic sheathed) cable shall o When wiring a raceway at least 150 mm length of free conductors
be flame retardant and moisture resistant shall be left at each outlet
o Non-metallic sheathed cable shall be permitted for installation in o Surface metal raceway should be allowed in the dry and ventilated
dry locations location
o Non-metallic sheathed cable shall NOT have a bending radius less o Surface metal raceway shall NOT be used where the voltage is
than 5 times the diameter of the cable 300mm volts or more between conductors unless the metal has a
o Where nails or screws likely to penetrate non-metallic sheathed thickness of not less than one mm
cable or electrical non-metal tubing, a steel or steel clip NOT less
than 1.6mm in thickness shall be used to protect the cable or tubing
Pull box o The cross-sectional area in square milliliters of a conductor shall be
durably marked on the surface repeated at intervals NOT exceeding
o Pull Box = Electrical symbol represented by a rectangle with a letter
600mm
PB inside.
o Gallium Arsenide is a semi-conductor
o For straight pulls, the length of the pull box shall not be less than 48
o Overhead conductors used in festoon lighting shall NOT be less than
times the outside diameter over sheath of the largest shielded or
3.5 mm²
lead covered conductor or cable entering the box.
o Open conductors shall be separated from open conductors of other
o Pull box = A box with a blank cover which is inserted in one or more
circuits by NOT less than 100mm
runs of raceway to facilitate pulling of the conductors.
o the maximum operating temperature of type THWN conductor is
o One or more sides of any pull box shall be removable
75°C
o Where "U" pulls are made on the pull box, the distance between
o Busway = A grounded metal enclosure containing a factory
each raceway entry inside the box and the opposite wall of the box
mounted, bare or insulated conductors, which are usually copper,
shall NOT be less than 6 times the trade diameter of the largest
or aluminum bars, rods or tubes
raceway in a row.
o factors that affect the ampacity of an electrical conductor (Length of
o For straight pulls, the length of the pull box shall NOT be less than
the conductor, Conductor material, cross sectional area of the
32 times the outside diameter of the largest non-shielded conductor
conductor)
or cable
o Where flexible tubing is used to encase the conductors, the last
o In straight pulls, the length of the pull box shall NOT be less than 8
insulating support to no less than 6.5mm inside the nonmetallic
times the trade diameter of the largest raceway
boxes.
Conductor o The sum of the cross-sectional area of all conductors in a wireway
must not exceed 20 percent of the cross-sectional area of the
o 600 V = is the minimum insulation level (in volts) for the neutral wireway.
conductors of a solidly grounded system o For circuits over 600V nominal, conductors shall NOT be bent a
o Single solid conductor has the least resistance to AC current radius less than 12 times the diameter for shielded or lead covered
o Splices in ground conductors shall be as few as practicable and shall conductors.
be attached so as to withstand a pull test of 890 N o Conductors which run above the top level of a window shall be
o Conductors used in open wiring method within 2,000 mm from the permitted to be less than 1,000 mm but in no case shall be less than
floor shall be considered exposed to physical damage. 300mm
o Conductors normally used to carry current shall be made of copper o Temperature coefficient of a conductor is defined as the increase in
unless otherwise provided in the PEC. resistance per ohm per degree absolute
o TW is an electrical conductor has a trade name, moisture resistant o Counterpoise = A conductor encircling a building and
thermoplastic interconnecting all ground terminals
o Brass = is an example of an electrical conductor o The average distance between down conductors in a lighting
o bare conductor = A conductor having no covering or electrical protection system shall NOT exceed 30m
insulation. o An insulated grounded conductor of 14 mm² or smaller shall be
identified by a continues White or neutral gray outer finish along its
entire length
o Conductors shall be securely attached to the buildings using Conduit
fasteners. Fasteners shall be spaced NOT more than 900mm
o In rigid metal conduit wiring, conduits shall be supported at least
o Split knobs is used to support the conductor in the open wiring
every 3,000 mm
method
o In hazardous location, the use of non-metallic conduit shall be
o Jumper = A short length of a conductor used to make a connection
permitted provided it is buried NOT less than 600mm below the
between terminals or around a break in a circuit
earth level.
o Concealed knob and tube wiring conductors shall be rigidly
o Circuits with rigid non - metallic conduit approved for direct burial
supported on knobs not more than 1,300 mm apart
and placed under streets, hi-ways, roads, alleys, driveways and
o Conductors supplying a heating unit shall be calculated at 125
parking lots shall have a minimum cover distance of 600mm
percent times the heating load plus the blower motor.
o the total number of mechanical degrees that PVC conduit run
o The ampacity of the neutral conductor of a dual voltage feeder shall
maybe bent between pull points is 360 degrees
be one of the ampacity of the undergrounded conductors.
o Liquidity flexible nonmetallic conduit shall be permitted to be used
o copper conductor, which is nest larger than 8 squares millimeters
(for direct burial, where flexible is required, in expose or concealed
has area of 14mm²
location)
o According to the PEC, the minimum insulation level for neutral
o Flexible metal conduits must not be used in (wet location, hoist
conductors of residential installations, which have solidly grounded
ways, storage battery room)
system, shall not be less than 300V
o Hazardous locations do NOT allow the installations of PVC rigid
o As to the general rule, floating buildings shall be supplied by One set
conduits
of feeder conductors from their service equipment.
o A run conduit between outlets, between fittings, between outlet
o Metal poles Shall be permitted to be used to support lighting fixture
and fitting shall not contain more than the equivalent of 4 quarter
and enclosed supply conductors.
bends.
o The branch circuit conductors that supply one or more units of data
o Locknuts is used on conduits and are located inside and outside of
processing systems shall have an ampacity NOT less than 125
the box.
percent of the total connected load.
o Fish tape = Device used to pull wire through the conduit.
o Open conductors on insulators shall be separated at least 50mm
o Rigid non - metallic conduit = the raceway methods is NOT allowed
from metal raceways, piping or other conducting materials.
to be used in a hazardous location
o The larger the conductor, the lower the resistance
o Conduit = Electrical symbol represented by a solid line
o Dimmers installed in undergrounded conductors shall be protected
o Rigid non - metallic conduit = It is known in the field as PVC.
by OCPD not exceeding 125 percent of their rating
o For a rigid steel conduit of trade diameter 50-mm, the field bend
o At absolute zero temperature a semi-conductor behave as a good
shall be so made that the radius of the inner edge shall not be less
insulator
than 300mm radius for conductors without lead Sheathed
o Induction = The process by which one conductor produces or
o A tool that is used to align conduits in multiple ducts is a mandrel
induces a voltage in another conductor even though there is no
o To cut rigid steel conduits, an electrician should use a hack saw and
mechanical coupling between the two conductors.
ream the ends
o
o For four to six conductors in a conduit, the derating factor for the
conductor ampacity is 80%
 o To support conduit on a hollow block wall use toggle bolt Appliances
o Rigid metal conduit shall be firmly fastened within 900mm of each
o Fixed appliance is fastened or otherwise, secured at a specific
outlet box
location.
o When pulling wires into a conduit, a certain percent of the conduit
o Portable appliance = An appliance which can easily be moved from
area should unoccupied to allow pulling in the wire without strain
one place to another in normal use.
on the conductors or abrasion
o To provide for small appliance load in a dwelling unit, the feeder
o Where a conduit enters a box, fitting or other enclosure, Bushing
should be computed at 1,500 watts
shall be provided to protect the wire from abrasions
o For each small appliance branch circuit, the feeder load shall be
o Rigid metal conduit shall be supported at least every 3000mm
1500VA per 20 A circuit.
o According to its make, conduits maybe classified as (rigid metal,
o A lighting and appliance branch circuit panelboard is one having
rigid, non-metal, flexible metal)
more than 10 percent of its overcurrent device rated 30-A or less.
o In each conduit run entering an enclosure for switches, circuit
o A certain residential house has lighting load of 1.1 kVA and an
breakers, relays and others that may produce high temperatures,
appliance load of 10 A at 220 volts, single phase two wires, 60 Hz.
seals on the conduit shall be installed within 460mm
o the maximum number of over current devices of a lighting and
o Rigid metal conduit shall be shipped in standard lengths of 3,000
appliance branch circuit panelboard shall be installed in any cabinet
mm
or cutout box is 48
o Where a rigid metal conduit is used, there shall NOT be more than
o Appliance outlets installed in a dwelling unit for specific appliances,
the equivalent of 4 quarter bends between pull points
such as laundry equipment, shall be installed within 1800mm of the
Auxiliary Gutter intended location of the appliance.
o the mean reason why electrical appliances are connected in parallel
o Auxiliary gutters shall not contain more than 30 current carrying
rather in series, it makes the operation of each appliance
conductors at any cross section.
independent with each other
o In an auxiliary gutter, 26 mm is the minimum clearance required
o Portable appliance rated not more than 1,200 volt-amperes = This
between bare current carrying metal parts and any metal surface of
type of loads will NOT require Electrical Permits not Certificate of
the gutter
Inspection
o Auxiliary gutter shall be supported throughout it entire length at
o Stationary appliance = An appliance which is fixed in one place to
intervals 1500mm
another in normal use
o The conductors including splices and taps shall NOT fill the auxiliary
o A 15-A or a 20-A branch circuit shall be permitted to supply lighting
gutter to more than 75% of its area.
units and other utilization devices. The rating of any one cord and
o Auxiliary gutters may enclose conductors or busbars but shall NOT
plug connected appliance shall NOT exceed a 80 percent for the
enclose (Switches, overcurrent devices, appliances)
branch circuit rating
o The sum of all contained conductors of an auxiliary gutter at any
o Each lighting and appliance branch circuit panelboard shall be
cross section shall NOT exceed 20% of the interior cross-sectional
protected individually on the supply side by not more than two
area of the said gutter
main CBs or two sets of fuses having a combined rating not greater
o An auxiliary gutter shall NOT extend a greater distance than
than that of the panelboard
9100mm beyond the equipment, which it supplements
o
Feeder

o The feeder demand factor for three kitchen equipment other than
dwelling kitchen equipment shall be 90%
o feeder = The circuit conductors between the service entrance
equipment or isolated generating plant and the branch circuit
overload device or devices.
o Where a feeder supplies continuous load or any combination of
continuous load. The rating of the overcurrent device shall NOT be
less than the non-continuous load plus 125% of the continuous load
o Feeders should be of such size that the voltage drop up to the final
distribution panel should NOT exceed 3%
o Feeder = All circuit conductors between the service equipment or
the generator switchboard of an isolate plant, and the final branch
circuit overcurrent device

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o full voltage starting is also known as direct on line

o Direct on line starting means full line voltage is applied at starting
o Automatic device that operates at preset values is known as relay
o Modern contract surfaces are made from Silver
o The continuity of a winding coil maybe determined by measuring
the resistance of the coil. If the resistance reading is infinite the
winding is open
o A high resistance connected in parallel with a potential relay across
a 120V battery will have no effect on the relay
o the advantage of 240 volts rather than 120 volts load with the same
wattage is less voltage drop
o Electrical equipment may best be mounted on a concentrate wall by
using Expansion Bolt
o Above ground tanks containing liquids at atmospheric pressure are
considered to be protected against lightning if the following
requirements are meet (1. metal roof thickness of 4.8mm, 2. roof is
welded, bolted or riveted to the shell, 3. all pipes entering the tank
shall be metallically connected to the tank at the point of entrance)