TAXONOMY
FOR
TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
A Model for Planning, Organizing, and Evaluating Transition Education, Services, and Programs
Paula D. Kohler, Ph.D., June E. Gothberg, Ph.D.,
Catherine Fowler, Ph.D., Jennifer Coyle, Ed.D.
Western Michigan University
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
Paula D. Kohler, June E. Gothberg, Catherine Fowler, and Jennifer Coyle
Cite this work as follows:
Kohler, P. D., Gothberg, J. E., Fowler, C., and Coyle, J. (2016). Taxonomy for transition programming 2.0: A model for planning, organizing, and
evaluating transition education, services, and programs. Western Michigan University. Available at www.transitionta.org.
Additional resources are available at: www.transitionta.org and from the first author at Western Michigan University, 3530 Sangren Hall,
Kalamazoo MI 49008‐5259, (269) 387‐6181.
Over the past three decades, transition practices research has demonstrated that post‐school outcomes of students with disabilities
improve when educators, families, students, and community members and organizations work together to implement a broad perspective of
transition planning, more appropriately referred to as transition‐focused education. In general, this concept represents the perspective that
“transition planning” is the fundamental basis of education that guides development of students’ educational programs – including strategies
that keep them in school – rather than an “add‐on” activity for students with disabilities when they turn age 14 or 16. The impact of transition‐
focused education is greatly enhanced when service systems and programs connect and support the implementation and application of such
learning. The Taxonomy for Transition Programming 2.0 (Kohler, Gothberg, Fowler, and Coyle, 2016) builds upon the earlier Taxonomy for
Transition Programming (Kohler, 1996) and provides concrete practices—identified from effective programs and the research literature—for
implementing transition‐focused education.
As indicated in the references at the end of this document, the Taxonomy 2.0 brings in the latest literature regarding predictors of post‐
school success, strategies to increase graduation and reduce dropout, school climate, and vocational rehabilitation services focused on fostering
successful transition of youth with disabilities in college and careers. The model continues with five primary practice categories: Student‐
Focused Planning, Student Development, Interagency Collaboration, Family Engagement, and Program Structure. It includes additional practices
in the areas of student supports and the instructional context within Student Development, as well as school climate in Program Structure.
Within Family Engagement, a focus on cultural relevancy, empowerment, and family preparation are emphasized. Across categories,
collaboration with service agencies, especially vocational rehabilitation, emphasize the importance of such connections prior to and during
school and post‐school transitions.
Finally, we acknowledge Drs. Matthew Klare and David Test at the University of North Carolina Charlotte and Karen Devries at Western
Michigan University for their contributions to this work.
Taxonomy for Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 2
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
Family Engagement
Student‐Focused Planning Family Involvement
IEP Development Family Empowerment
Planning Strategies Family Preparation
Student Participation
Student Development Program Structures
Assessment Program Characteristics
Academic Skills Program Evaluation
Strategic Planning
Life, Social, and Emotional Skills
Employment and Occupational Skills Policies and Procedures
Student Supports Resource Development and Allocation
Instructional Context School Climate
Interagency Collaboration
Collaborative Framework
Collaborative Service Delivery
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 3
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
STUDENT INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION FAMILY PROGRAM STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT ENGAGEMENT
STUDENT‐FOCUSED PLANNING
IEP Development Planning Strategies Student Participation
Student interests and preferences are documented Transition‐focused planning begins no later than age Planning team includes student and family
Progress or attainment of goals is reviewed annually 14 members
Options identified for each outcome area Cultural and linguistic considerations embedded Students are prepared to actively participate in the
Postsecondary education or training goals and throughout the planning process IEP development process and meeting
objectives specified Planning team leader identified Students evaluate their progress on previous IEP
Occupational goals and objectives specified IEP meeting time and preparation are adequate to goals and objectives
Community‐related and residential goals and conduct planning that engages relevant Self‐determination is facilitated within the planning
objectives specified (e.g., voting, driving) stakeholders process
Recreation and leisure goals and objectives specified Planning and meeting time and place support Students express their interests, preferences, and
Educational program corresponds to specific goals, student and family engagement limits
including elective courses Planning process is student‐centered planning (e.g., Planning decisions are driven by students and their
Pathway to diploma or other exit document applies person‐center planning; MAPS, PATH, PFP) families
identified and aligned with postsecondary goals Comprehensive age‐appropriate transition Accommodations are made for communication
Goals are measurable assessments are used for transition planning (e.g., needs (e.g., interpreters)
Personal needs are addressed in planning (e.g., achievement, intelligence, behavior, career, Students evaluate their participation in the planning
financial, medical, guardianship) aptitude, skills, interests, preferences, readiness) process and meeting
Specific goals and objectives result from student Referral to adult service provider(s) occurs prior to
choices student’s exit from school
Planning process considers integrated
developmental and service settings with appropriate
supports
Responsibility of participants or agencies specified
Evaluation of participant fulfillment of
responsibilities
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 4
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
STUDENT‐FOCUSED PLANNING INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION FAMILY PROGRAM STRUCTURE
ENGAGEMENT
STUDENT DEVELOPMENT
Assessment Academic Skills Life, Social, and Emotional Skills
Formative assessment data drive academic Courses and curricula prepare students for college Self‐determination skills development (e.g., goal
instruction and careers setting, decision making, problem solving, self‐
Career interest and aptitude assessments are used Students understand by 9th grade what constitutes advocacy, etc.)
to inform curricular and instructional decisions college‐ready curriculum Independent living skills development (e.g.,
Accommodations on assessment or alternate Academic skills development (e.g., decoding, financial, first aid, safety, cooking, etc.)
assessments are provided as needed comprehension, computation, interpretation, etc.) Interpersonal skills development
Assessment results are shared regularly with Academic strategies development (e.g., learning Leisure skills development
students and used to assist in overcoming strategies, study skills, and test‐taking skills, etc.) Transportation skills development
deficiencies as they are identified Academic behaviors development (e.g., going to Classroom behavior development
Remediation and multiple testing opportunities class, participation, organization, doing homework, Social skills development
offered for high stakes testing studying, etc.) Youth autonomy fostered and supported
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 5
Employment and Occupational Skills Student Supports Instructional Context
Career planning is embedded in or aligned with core Related services are provided (e.g., OT, PT, speech Co‐curricular activities are used to support student
academic instruction therapy, transportation, assistive technology) development (e.g., band, forensics, poetry slams,
Career and technical education is provided including Functional communication systems are provided as quiz bowl, writing competitions, yearbook, etc.)
entry level and advanced skill completion options needed, including augmentative communication or Extracurricular activities are used to support
Employment seeking skills development assistive technology student development (e.g., clubs, Junior
Occupation‐specific skills development Identification and development of environmental Achievement, Junior ROTC, school or intermural
Soft skills development adaptations, natural supports, and accommodations sports, student council, theater, etc.)
Employment skill development is provided in needed for success in school and community Community activities are used to support student
authentic settings including: settings development (e.g., 4H, church groups, community
‐ school‐based enterprises Academic support and enrichment provided to festivals, community government, scouts, social
‐ on‐site structured work experiences improve academic performance (e.g., test‐taking activism, volunteering, etc.)
‐ career academies skills, study skills, targeted subject area skills, etc.) Service learning used to engage students in their
Career awareness opportunities provided (e.g., Opportunities given for credit recovery and school and community by applying skills to solve
industry tours, guest speakers, career fairs, etc.) acceleration (e.g., after school, Saturday school, real‐world problems
Local businesses provide opportunities for work‐ summer enrichment, etc.) Education and services are provided in integrated
related experiences (e.g., simulated job interviews, Counseling services provided for college and career and least restrictive environments with preference
job shadowing, internships, apprenticeships, work‐ readiness given to placement in the general education setting
study, long‐term employment, etc.) Adult advocates help students establish attainable 80% or more of the time, as appropriate
Graduation credit provided for work experiences academic and behavioral goals with specific Education and instruction are provided in
Paid work experience provided prior to school exit benchmarks community‐based settings
Job placement services provided prior to school exit Adults and peers build and support student’s college Instruction is rigorous and relevant
and career aspirations Instruction embeds Universal Design for Learning
Information given on postsecondary education Student accomplishments are recognized and
supports celebrated
Students supported to complete critical steps for
college entry
Students supported through partnerships
established with community‐based program
providers (e.g., social services, welfare, mental
health, law enforcement, etc.)
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 6
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
STUDENT‐FOCUSED PLANNING STUDENT FAMILY PROGRAM STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT ENGAGEMENT
INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION
Collaborative Framework Collaborative Service Delivery
Interagency coordinating body that includes students, parents, educators, School staff, VR counselors, and community service providers engage in planning
service providers, community agencies, postsecondary institutions, employers, meetings with students and families
and other relevant stakeholders Coordinated requests for information (e.g., to parents, employers, agencies, etc.)
Lead agency identified Coordinated collection and use of assessment data for EDP, IEP, and IPE
Designated transition contact person for each agency Collaborative funding and staffing of transition services (e.g., braided funding,
Formal interagency agreement(s) blended staff, etc.)
Roles and responsibilities clearly articulated Collaborative consultation between special, general, career technical, and
Shared understanding of educational and agency policy and procedures vocational educators
Systems barriers to collaboration are minimized Collaborative program planning and development, including employer involvement
Established methods of communication among all service providers Collaborative delivery of transition‐related services by school, VR, and other
Data shared among agencies via established procedures (with appropriate relevant stakeholders
release of information and confidentiality) Student and family linked with appropriate provider to assist with financial
Cross‐agency professional development provided planning, health care system navigating, adult disability or mental health services,
Interdisciplinary and interagency policy and procedures are evaluated annually and transportation
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 7
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
STUDENT‐FOCUSED PLANNING STUDENT INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION PROGRAM STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
FAMILY ENGAGEMENT
Family Involvement Family Empowerment Family Preparation
Families’ cultural background and intimate Transition information provided prior to student’s Family learning and preparation provided for:
knowledge of and experience with their child age 14 ‐ transition‐related planning process (e.g., IEP, ITP,
informs the IEP Information provided in their ordinary language and IPE)
Families provide information about their child either shared in culturally responsive and respectful ‐ empowerment strategies
orally or in writing manner ‐ setting high expectation
Families participate in the entire transition planning Structured method to identify family needs ‐ promoting child’s self‐determination, with
process including: Pre‐IEP planning activities specific to families respect for cultural views and values
‐ student assessment Child care and respite care provided for transition‐ ‐ advocacy
‐ evaluation of student’s program related meetings ‐ natural supports
‐ IEP and other individual program planning Supports provided for families to engage youth in ‐ agencies and services
meeting community experiences ‐ facilitating community experiences for youth
‐ decision making Students and families linked with adult service with disabilities (e.g., safety, transportation,
Families participate in service delivery providers during transition planning social skills, mobility)
Families participate in natural support network as Students and families are assisted to apply for ‐ legal issues
trainers, mentors, peer advocates, or community college
liaisons
Families participate in program policy development
Families concerns and needs are represented in
school governance
Non‐family member interpreters provided
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 8
TAXONOMY FOR TRANSITION PROGRAMMING 2.0
STUDENT‐FOCUSED PLANNING STUDENT INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION FAMILY
DEVELOPMENT ENGAGEMENT
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Program Characteristics Program Evaluation Strategic Planning
Transitions are addressed across educational levels Evaluation is part of an ongoing cycle of program Strategic planning
(preschool ‐ high school) and relevant systems (e.g., development and improvement ‐ is conducted on a regular basis
mental health, vocational rehabilitation) Clear vision is established for system‐wide ‐ includes multiple stakeholders from relevant
Program options are flexible to meet individual evaluation and data use education, agency, and community partners
student needs Data‐driven culture supported at all levels ‐ is driven by evidenced‐based and promising
Programs are outcome‐oriented and reflect high Data systems are used to monitor and to assess practices for transition education and services
expectations for all students progress toward graduation including: ‐ uses needs assessments to provide the basis for
Programs rely on a tiered philosophy, viewing ‐ dropout risk secondary‐level education and post‐school
general and special education as a unified system ‐ attendance community programs and services
offering increasingly intensive support, as needed ‐ behavior ‐ includes evaluation planning
Programs reflect the community’s cultural, linguistic, ‐ course completion Strategic planning document is evaluated for
and ethnic diversity ‐ course performance technical soundness (measureable goals, sufficient
Students with diverse needs have access to all ‐ social performance tasks, tangible outputs, anticipated outcomes,
educational opportunities (academic, college‐prep, ‐ CTE enrollment and completion patterns sound evaluation, etc.)
work‐based, extracurricular, etc.) ‐ office referrals, suspension, expulsion
Graduation requirements are clearly defined ‐ truancy
Parents are given graduation requirements and exit ‐ retentions
options with future implications prior to 9th grade ‐ support needs
Multiple pathways provided for satisfying standard Student‐level data are reviewed to identify students
graduation requirements at risk of dropping out before key grade‐level
Every opportunity provided to students to receive a transitions
standard diploma until age 21 Student withdrawal data are collected and reviewed
Post‐school data are collected and used for program
planning
Students and families participate in program
evaluation
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 9
Policies and Procedures Resource Development and Allocation School Climate
Policies and procedures support the High quality staff in all instructional, supervisory, and School climate supports a sense of trust and
implementation of evidence‐based and promising support roles are recruited, hired, and retained fairness
practices (EBPP) for transition Implementation of evidence‐based and promising School has a clearly defined set of expectations,
Policies and procedures foster a positive school practices (EBPP) is supported and facilitated through procedures for teaching expectations, and
climate professional development, coaching, and feedback procedures for encouraging expected and school‐
Academic and social performance are monitored systems appropriate behavior
Policies and procedures provide the structure and Employee relations services are provided to ensure Programs implemented to improve students’
process for systemic and ongoing program continuing quality of the workforce and the workplace classroom behavior and social skills
improvement regarding transition education and (e.g., appointment status, benefits, and other Students are provided a personalized learning
services transactions for all employees) environment and instructional process
Policies and procedures are aligned with those of Personnel development is provided for: School climate is welcoming to students, families,
other providers as much as possible to address gaps ‐ knowledge and skill development staff, and other stakeholders
and reduce duplication of transition services ‐ culturally responsive planning with families School climate provides a safe and nurturing
‐ creating a welcoming school climate environment for students and adults to feel
Multiple measures are used when building and connected to the school (safe from physical or
implementing administrator and teacher evaluation emotional harm, respect for diversity, fair and
performance index formulas supportive practices)
Environment is culturally responsive to students,
families, staff, and other stakeholders
Students’ sense of engagement and belonging in
school is monitored
Staff and students interact outside the classroom
Adult advocates are assigned to students
identified as at risk of dropping out
Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 10
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Note – Support for development of this document was provided in part by the National Technical Assistance Center on Transition (NTACT),
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Taxonomy For Transition Programming 2.0 March 2016 12