Contemporary
World
Professor: Ms. D’Johanna Bondoc
Prepared by: Michaela Angat
Globalization
- globalization is the
sharing of culture, and
money and products,
between countries that is
happening because of
international trade and
advancement in
transportation and
communication.
3 METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Solid Metaphor
- It refers to information
and multimedia used to
denote an object’s
actional and
biographical contexts.
2. Liquid
Metaphor/
Liquidity Metaphor
- It is described as the
degree to which an asset
can be quickly bought or
sold in the market at a
price reflecting its intrinsic
value.
3. Flow Metaphor
- It describes cross-border
and broader international
movement of goods,
services, capital and
people.
8 THEORIES OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. THEORY OF LIBERALISM
- Liberalism sees the process of globalisation as market-led extension of
modernisation. At the most elementary level, it is a result of ‘natural’ human
desires for economic welfare and political liberty. As such, transplanetary
connectivity is derived from human drives to maximise material well-being and to
exercise basic freedoms.
2. THEORY OF POLITICAL REALISM
- Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of
national interest, and conflict between states. According to them states are
inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of
power. Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by
one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from
other states.
3. THEORY OF MARXISM
- Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social
exploitation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation
through the transcendence of capitalism. Accordingly, to Marxists,
globalisation happens because trans-world connectivity enhances
opportunities of profit-making and surplus accumulation.
4. THEORY OF CONSTRUCTIVISM
- Constructivists concentrate on the ways that social actors
‘construct’ their world: both within their own minds and through
inter-subjective communication with others. Conversation and
symbolic exchanges lead people to construct ideas of the world, the
rules for social interaction, and ways of being and belonging in that
world.
5. THEORY OF POSTMODERNISM
- Some other ideational perspectives of globalisation highlight the
significance of structural power in the construction of identities,
norms and knowledge. They all are grouped under the label of
‘postmodernism’. They too, as Michel Foucault does strive to
understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures
shape knowledge. Certain knowledge structures support certain
power hierarchies.
6. THEORY OF FEMINISM
Biological sex is held to mould the overall social order and shape
significantly the course of history, presently globality. Their main
concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural
subordination to men. Women have tended to be marginalised, silenced
and violated in global communication.
7. THEORY OF TRANS-FORMATIONALISM
- While there are many definitions of globalisation, Held and McGrew’s analytical
framework is constructed by developing a three part typology of theories of
globalisation :
● The Hyper-globalist believe that globalization is happening and that local cultures
are being eroded primarily because of the expansion of international capitalism and
the emergence of a homogenous global culture.
● Skeptical- According to Skeptics, globalization is a free movement of everything
across the country. This means that there would be free transfer of capital, labour,
commodity, technology knowledge, data, ideas, diseases, pollutions and infections.
● Transformational- A theory which holds that globalisation is a complex process
involving a number of different two-way exchanges between global institutions and
local cultures; it can be reversed and controlled.
8. THEORY OF ECLECTICISM
Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single
paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles,
or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different
theories in particular cases.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
- Globalisation tends to emphasise similarities, whereas local
emphasises difference. The relationship between the individual
and the group is dynamic in that both depend upon and interact
with each other. The cultural context in which this occurs is
what distinguished societies from one another.
The Globalization of Religion
- Globalization allows for religions previously isolated from one
another to now have regular and unavoidable contact. As a
result, globalization brings to the light the fact that since
religions have similar values, not one of them is “correct” and,
therefore, can be changed.
Globalization and Regionalization
- Regionalism has responded to cultural globalization through an
increase in cultural identity and the rise of regionalist parties.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Hardwired
proposes that globalization originated from the basic
motivation of human beings to seek a better life (Chanda,
2007). History shows that our ancestors travel from Africa
to other places in search of food and security,
2. Cycles
it explains that there is no single point of origin in
globalization but it is a long-term cyclical process wherein
the current global age today is only a modification of the
global age in the past.
3. Epochs
if cycles explain a continuous long-term cyclical process,
the epochs explain that there are waves of globalization that
took place in the past and each of them has its own origin.
4. Events
this perspective is different from cycles and epoch as it
specifies the event is somehow responsible for the origin of
globalization.
5. Broader and recent changes
this perspective views that the origin of globalization has
taken place during the recent changes that happened in the
2nd half of the 20th century.
Global Demography
- Demography provides very specific information about different
populations such as their age, gender, family status, race,
income and social class. Using this data, a company can drill
down into its ideal customer groups.
Global Migration
- A situation in which people go to live in foreign countries,
especially in order to find work: Most global migration is from
developing countries to developed ones.
