Red Shift- In 

physics, redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from suggested that quasars contain massive black holes and may represent a stage in the
an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum. Redder evolution of some galaxies.
means an increase in wavelength – equivalent to a lower frequency and a
lower photon energy. Quasars are the most energetic and distant members of a class of objects
called active galactic nuclei (AGN). Quasars are extremely luminous and were first
Some redshifts are an example of the Doppler effect, familiar in the change of identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio
apparent pitches of sirens and frequency of the sound waves emitted by speeding vehicles. waves and visible light, that appeared to be similar to stars, rather than extended sources
A redshift occurs whenever a light source moves away from an observer. Another kind of similar to galaxies. Their spectra contain very broad emission lines, unlike any known from
redshift is cosmological redshift, which is due to the expansion of the universe, and stars, hence the name "quasi-stellar." Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of
sufficiently distant light sources (generally more than a few million light years away) show the Milky Way. Most quasars were formed approximately 12 billion years ago, and they are
redshift corresponding to the rate of increase in their distance from Earth. Conversely, normally caused by collisions of galaxies, with the galaxies' central black holes merging to
a decrease in wavelength is called blueshift and is generally seen when a light-emitting form either a supermassive black hole or a binary black hole system.
object moves toward an observer or when electromagnetic radiation moves into a
gravitational field. However, redshift is a more common term and sometimes blueshift is Dark Matter-  is a hypothetical type of matter comprising approximately 27% of the mass
referred to as negative redshift. and energy in the observable universe that is not accounted for by dark energy, baryonic
Dark Energy- In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form matter (ordinary matter), and neutrinos. The name refers to the fact that it does not emit or
of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending interact with electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and is thus invisible to the
to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to entire electromagnetic spectrum. Although dark matter has not been directly observed, its
explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at existence and properties are inferred from its gravitational effects such as the motions of
an accelerating rate.  the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes visible matter, gravitational lensing, its influence on the universe's large-scale structure,
68.3% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe.  and its effects in the cosmic microwave background. Dark matter is transparent
toelectromagnetic radiation and/or is so dense and small that it fails to absorb or emit
Cosmic Microwave Radiation- The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is enough radiation to be detectable with current imaging technology.
the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In
older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background
radiation (CMBR) or "relic radiation". The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our
Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny
temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities,
representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.

Planetesimal- are solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks and in debris disks.
A widely accepted theory of planet formation, the so-called planetesimal hypotheses,
the Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis and that of Viktor Safronov, states that
planets form out of cosmic dust grains that collide and stick to form larger and larger
bodies. When the bodies reach sizes of approximately one kilometer, then they can attract
each other directly through their mutual gravity, enormously aiding further growth into
moon-sized protoplanets. This is how planetesimals are often defined.
Solar Nebula- Our solar system began forming within a concentration of interstellar dust
and hydrogen gas called a molecular cloud. The cloud contracted under its own gravity and
our proto-Sun formed in the hot dense center. The remainder of the cloud formed a
swirling disk called of the solar nebula.

Quasars- a massive and extremely remote celestial object, emitting exceptionally large
amounts of energy, and typically having a starlike image in a telescope. It has been
 However in 1915, Einstein introduced his revolutionary General Theory of Relativity. In
this, space and time were no longer Absolute, no longer a fixed background to events.
CREATION MYTHS Instead, they were dynamical quantities that were shaped by the matter and energy in the
universe. They were defined only within the universe, so it made no sense to talk of a time
Boshongo before the universe began. It would be like asking for a point south of the South Pole. It is
not defined. If the universe was essentially unchanging in time, as was generally assumed
According to the Boshongo people of central Africa, in the beginning, there was before the 1920s, there would be no reason that time should not be defined arbitrarily far
only darkness, water, and the great god Bumba. One day Bumba, in pain from a stomach back. Any so-called beginning of the universe would be artificial, in the sense that one
ache, vomited up the sun. The sun dried up some of the water, leaving land. Still in pain, could extend the history back to earlier times. Thus it might be that the universe was
Bumba vomited up the moon, the stars, and then some animals. The leopard, the crocodile, created last year, but with all the memories and physical evidence, to look like it was much
the turtle, and finally, man.  older. This raises deep philosophical questions about the meaning of existence. I shall deal
with these by adopting what is called, the positivist approach. In this, the idea is that we
Mesopotamia
interpret the input from our senses in terms of a model we make of the world. One can not
ask whether the model represents reality, only whether it works. A model is a good model
The Mesopotamian creation story survives on clay tablets found inAshurbanipal's
if first it interprets a wide range of observations, in terms of a simple and elegant model.
library, in the saga known asEnuma elish(named from its first two words, meaning 'When
And second, if the model makes definite predictions that can be tested and possibly
on high'). The tablets are written in the 7th century BC, but the origin of the text is believed
falsified by observation. 
to go back to at least 1500 BC - a period whenBabylon was the dominant city of the
region.  Hubble found that stars are not uniformly distributed throughout space, but are gathered
together in vast collections called galaxies. By measuring the light from galaxies, Hubble
The story begins with two watery tumultuous beings, one male and one female, Apsu could determine their velocities. He was expecting that as many galaxies would be moving
(sweet water) and Tiamat (salt water). From their union there come forth a variety of sea towards us as were moving away. This is what one would have in a universe that was
monsters and gods. In the ensuing chaos Tiamat, the female creator, tries to take control. unchanging with time. But to his surprise, Hubble found that nearly all the galaxies were
Her descendants unite against her, choosing one of their number - Marduk, the god of moving away from us. Moreover, the further galaxies were from us, the faster they were
Babylon - to lead them.  moving away. The universe was not unchanging with time as everyone had thought
  previously. It was expanding. The distance between distant galaxies was increasing with
Armed with a hurricane and riding a tempest drawn by four fiery steeds, Marduk meets time. 
Tiamat and her evil accomplice Kingu in battle. He kills themboth. 
In the Steady State theory, as galaxies moved apart, the idea was that new galaxies would
He splits the monstrous corpse of Tiamat into two parts. From half of her he creates the form from matter that was supposed to be continually being created throughout space. The
heaven, from the other half the earth. In heaven he constructs a dwelling place for his universe would have existed for ever and would have looked the same at all times. This last
colleagues, the gods. Realizing that they will need a race of servants, he uses the blood of property had the great virtue, from a positivist point of view, of being a definite prediction
Kingu to create the first man. This is followed by other necessary tasks, such as the that could be tested by observation. The Cambridge radio astronomy group, under Martin
creation of rivers, plants and animals. Ryle, did a survey of weak radio sources in the early 1960s. These were distributed fairly
uniformly across the sky, indicating that most of the sources lay outside our galaxy. The
Theories about the Origin of the Earth weaker sources would be further away, on average. The Steady State theory predicted the
shape of the graph of the number of sources against source strength. But the observations
For example, Aristotle, the most famous of the Greek philosophers, believed the universe showed more faint sources than predicted, indicating that the density sources were higher
had existed forever. Something eternal is more perfect than something created. He in the past. This was contrary to the basic assumption of the Steady State theory, that
suggested the reason we see progress was that floods, or other natural disasters, had everything was constant in time. For this, and other reasons, the Steady State theory was
repeatedly set civilization back to the beginning. The motivation for believing in an eternal abandoned. 
universe was the desire to avoid invoking divine intervention to create the universe and set
it going. Conversely, those who believed the universe had a beginning, used it as an Although the singularity theorems of Penrose and myself, predicted that the universe had a
argument for the existence of God as the first cause, or prime mover, of the universe. beginning, they didn't say how it had begun. The equations of General Relativity would
break down at the singularity. Thus Einstein's theory cannot predict how the universe will
begin, but only how it will evolve once it has begun. There are two attitudes one can take 4. Holographic theory states that the entire universe is just a hologram. If this theory
to the results of Penrose and myself. One is to that God chose how the universe began for is correct, it would also mean that every living thing would also be a hologram.
reasons we could not understand. This was the view of Pope John Paul. At a conference on This theory is far different from all of the other theories because if it is true, all
cosmology in the Vatican, the Pope told the delegates that it was OK to study the universe other theories would be pointless because the whole universe technically wouldn’t
after it began, but they should not inquire into the beginning itself, because that was the exist.
moment of creation, and the work of God. I was glad he didn't realize I had presented a 5. Always Existed “theory” states that the universe was always here, and will always
paper at the conference suggesting how the universe began. I didn't fancy the thought of be here. Although not technically a theory, many people believe this theory
being handed over to the Inquisition, likeGalileo.  because no other theory fully explains their theory. This is also considered a
counter to the creationist theory, as nobody knows for sure who created God. This
The other interpretation of our results, which is favored by most scientists, is that it theory would also solve any fears of an end of the universe theory, as the universe
indicates that the General Theory of Relativity breaks down in the very strong gravitational would always exist.
fields in the early universe. It has to be replaced by a more complete theory. One would 6.
expect this anyway, because General Relativity does not take account of the small scale
structure of matter, which is governed by quantum theory. This does not matter normally, The Big Bang theory
because the scale of the universe is enormous compared to the microscopic scales of
quantum theory. But when the universe is the Planck size, a billion  trillion trillionth of a Scientists have gathered a lot of evidence and information about the Universe. They have
centimeter, the two scales are the same, and quantum theory has to be taken into account.   used their observations to develop a theory called the Big Bang. The theory states that
about 13.7 billion years ago all the matter in the Universe was concentrated into a single
In order to understand the Origin of the universe, we need to combine the General Theory incredibly tiny point. This began to enlarge rapidly in a hot explosion, and it is still
of Relativity with quantum theory. The best way of doing so seems to be to use
expanding today.
Feynman's idea of a sum over histories. Richard Feynman was a colorful character, who
played the bongo drums in a strip joint in Pasadena, and was a brilliant physicist at the Evidence for the Big Bang includes:
California Institute of Technology. He proposed that a system got from a state A, to a state
B, by every possible path or history. Each path or history has a certain amplitude or  all the galaxies are moving away from us
intensity, and the probability of the system going from A- to B, is given by adding up the  the further away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away.
amplitudes for each path. There will be a history in which the moon is made of blue cheese,
These two features are found in explosions - the fastest moving objects end up furthest
but the amplitude is low, which is bad news for mice. 
away from the explosion.
1. Big Bang Theory says that the universe was in a tiny ball, and then it exploded
Scientists have also detected a cosmic microwave background radiation or CMBR. This is
and become bigger and all of the stars and planets came into existence then.
Nobody knows where the original ball came from. If the Big Bang theory is received from all parts of the Universe and is thought to be the heat left over from the
correct, then it happened about 13.7 billion years ago. This theory is supported by original explosion.
the fact that the universe is continually expanding, and the this theory says that the
universe just constantly expands. In 1965 two scientists discovered a pocket of
heat that is thought to be a remnant of the heat that caused the Big Bang. THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
2. Creationist Theory -This theory states that a God created the universe in seven
days. This theory is supported by the Bible, but if this is true, the universe would  Observations suggest that the expansion of the universe will continue forever. If so, then a
be very young. Some people think that the universe is only 6,000 years old, if this popular theory is that the universe will cool as it expands, eventually becoming too cold to
theory is proven true. sustain life. For this reason, this future scenario is popularly called the Big Freeze.
3. Intelligent Design Theory - This theory is an offshoot of the creationist theory.
This theory says that something above God and outside of our knowledge created One possiblity is that the Universe will come to an end in the opposite of a Big Bang
the universe. If this theory is right, that would automatically mean the creationist called The Big Crunch.
theory is wrong. Some think that if this theory is true, that would mean that aliens
are observing us.
The other possibility is that we live in an Eternal Universethat will never come to end.