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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A child-friendly school to education guarantees all children the

right to schools that are safe and protective, that offer potable drinking

water, hand-washing facilities and clean, safe toilets and children learn

about hygiene and how to protect themselves from infectious diseases

(United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund [UNiCEF], 2017). According

to the United Nations (2019), the utilization of clean water, sanitation

and hygiene has been one of the sustainable development goals. This has

been linked to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs) on clean water and sanitation by 2030 (Antwi-Agyei, et.al, 2017).

In 2016, the Department of Education (DepEd) issued DepEd order

no. 10, Policy and Guidelines on the Comprehensive Water, Sanitation,

and Hygiene Program. This is to improve access to safe water, adequate

toilets, and hand washing facilities and ensure correct knowledge and

understanding on proper hygiene and sanitation practices.

Taking this into account, the school must consider the providence

of functional facilities, accessible water supply, and properly observed

and practiced personal hygiene among the learners.

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Experiencing firsthand in Don Remigio M. Limsiaco Elementary

School, the researcher observed that as recorded by the school nurse

designate, 2 out of 20 students quarterly experienced any of these

infections such as diarrhea, worm infestations, and dehydrations due to

lack of appropriate water facilities, hand washing, and hygiene practices

on child health outcomes. Most alarming when last school year of 2019,

the school nurse-designate recorded 4 cases of dengue victims that may

be caused by poor water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions present in

the school.

These remarks were further found to have failed the policy

guidelines of DepEd order no. 10 which is to ensure that schools are kept

clean and safe through school-based solid waste management, proper

drainage, the elimination of breeding grounds for mosquitoes to prevent

vector-borne diseases, and food sanitation.

Therefore, the school’s SBM-WinS is continuously monitored and

practiced. However, the challenge goes to the sustainability given in

terms of facility maintenance, administrative technical assistance, and

support from stakeholders. Thus, the researcher pursued the study on

the utilization of SBM-WinS which the later results could be a basis in

crafting a sustainability plan.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the extent of utilization of School-

Based Management-WaSH in School in Don Remigio M. Limsiaco

Elementary School for school year 2019-2020.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following

variables:

a. age,

b. sex,

c. grade level, and

d. average family monthly income

2. What is the extent of utilization of School-Based Management -

WaSH in School when grouped according to the following areas?

a. water,

b. sanitation, and

c. hygiene

3. What is the extent of utilization of School-Based Management -

WaSH in School when grouped according to the aforementioned

variables?
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4. Is there a significant difference in the extent of utilization of

School-Based Management- WaSH in School when grouped and

compared according to the aforementioned variables?

5. What sustainability plan can be formulated?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the extent of utilization of

School-Based Management- WaSH in School when grouped and

compared according to the aforementioned variables found.

Assumption of the study

The utilization of SBM-WinS varies to a certain extent.

Study Variables, Indicators, and Categories

The following are the selected variables and their corresponding

indicators and categories.

Variables Indicators Categories

younger (below 10
Age Birth Certificate years old)
older (10 years old and
above)
Reproductive Organ / male
Sex Birth Certificate female
primary (Grades I, II,
Grade level Form 138/Report Card and III)
Intermediate (Grades
IV, V, and VI)
Average Family Survey Questionnaire lower (below Php 5,
Monthly Income and Parents ITR 000.00)
(Income Tax Return) higher (Php 5, 000.00
and above)
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Theoretical Framework

The formulation of this study rooted on WaterAid’s Hygiene

Promotion Policy Framework 2014 which identified four global aims:

First, to promote and secure poor people’s rights and access to safe

water, improved hygiene and sanitation, by working with partner

organizations to deliver services and ensure communities’ voices are

heard in decision making processes; Second, to support governments

and service providers in developing their capacity to deliver safe water,

improved hygiene and sanitation, to ensure improved financing,

governance and management of the sector for equitable and sustainable

delivery of WASH services; Third, to advocate the essential role of safe

water, improved hygiene and sanitation in human development through

evidence-based advocacy work to raise the profile of WASH in other

sectors, especially healthcare and education; Lastly, to further develop as

an effective global organization recognized as a leader in the field and for

living our values by improving our research and learning (WaterAid’s,

2014).
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The said school where the study was conducted is a pluralistic

home which offers quality education, therefore, is believed to have

followed and considered the framework mentioned as its basics in

observance of the annual School-based Management-Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene in School.

While students’ utilization on SBM- WinS was worked on the

principles of experiential learning theory. As defined often by Kolb’s

(1984) Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) represents a holistic

educational structure called for by a number of educational

stakeholders. Many theorists related works built upon ELT’s

foundational definition of learning as the “process whereby knowledge is

created through the transformation of experience”. Learning, when

viewed experientially, is more focused on the process than the products,

highlighting the development of meta-cognitive skills critical to lifelong

learning (Baker & Robinson, 2016).

Students’ utilization of SBM- WinS is a process of learning through

experience, and is more specifically described as learning through

reflection on doing. Students need to have hands-on learning on the

proper and appropriate use of water, sanitation and hygiene practices.

Not necessarily involve students reflecting on their product but at some

point, students could introspect at the same time while observing the

practices.
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Meanwhile, the role of the sustainability plan that is expected to be

crafted from the future offshoots of the study was best supported by

Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-

WASH). In this framework three intersecting dimensions influence

WASH-behaviors: the contextual dimension, psychosocial dimension,

and the technological dimension. The contextual dimension includes

determinants related to the individual, setting, and/or environment that

can influence behavior change and adoption of new technologies.

The psychosocial dimension comprises the behavioral, social, or

psychological determinants that influence behavioral outcomes and

technology adoption. The specific attributes of a technology, product, or

device that influence its adoption and sustained use constitute

the technological dimension. These three interacting dimensions reflect

the concept of reciprocal determinism in Social Cognitive Theory, which

describes mutual interactions between the individual, the behaviour, and

the environment in which the behavior is practiced (Dreibelbis, et., al,

2015).

To discuss in detail, contextual dimension would relate to

students’ behavior or practices and the school as environment in the

water, sanitation, and hygiene. Their psychosocial would refer to the

school and the people who surround and help the students embody and

practice the activity. While, the technological dimension is related to

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their utilization of appropriate and established facilities in the SBM-

WinS. Only then, to make these dimensions play their vital roles,

stakeholders should work hand in hand for the realization of quality

education in a safe and clean environment for the students to study.

Conceptual Framework

The main goal of this study was to determine students’ extent of

utilization of SBM- WinS of Don Remigio M. Limsiaco Elementary School,

Division of Hiamamaylan during the School Year 2019-2020. This study

also focused on students’ utilization in terms of water, sanitation, and

hygiene areas.

The study along with would reveal if there was a significant

difference on students’ extent of utilization of SBM- WinS when grouped

and compared according to the following variables: age, sex, grade level,

and average family monthly income.

Furthermore, the respondents’ profiles were classified and

analyzed according to the variables; age, sex, grade level, and average

family monthly income. While, on the extent of utilization, the results

were gathered and analyzed, after which, interpreted based on the range

scores that fall on a continuum of five points scale, 5.00 as the highest

or the “very high extent of utilization” to 1.00 as the lowest or the “very

low extent of utilization”.

Scope of the Study

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The study utilized descriptive research design which focused on

students’ extent of utilization of SBM-WinS, Don Remigion M. Limsiaco

Elementary School, Division of Himamaylan City, Himamaylan City,

Negros Occidental.

Using the Slovin’s Formula, 204 Elementary students enrolled in

School Year 2019-2020 were identified as the respondents of the study.

They were chosen through stratified random sampling.

The research instrument used was a researcher-made survey

questionnaire which has 2 parts. The first part was to gather the details

on the respondents’ demographic profile while the second part contained

statements pertaining the extent of utilization of SBM-WinS categorized

in areas such as water, sanitation, and hygiene.

Significance of the Study

In the pursuit of providing quality education and conducive place

for every learner, school as a pluralistic institution must ensure an

environment-friendly and motivating premise thereof. If the school and

other stakeholders considerably sustain the providence of functional

facilities, accessible water supply, and properly observed and practiced

personal hygiene among the learners, the offshoots of the study will

benefit the following:

DepEd Officials. The results of the study may serve as a basis for

higher authorities to consider in improving the quality of learning in the

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educational system by ensuring adequate and clean facilities among the

schools through continuous monitoring and assessment. This will give

basis for the other educational stakeholders to better improve its

intervention and look for other programs and activities to better enhance,

implement and practice responsible and proper SBM-WinS.

Division and School Social Mobilization and Networking

Coordinator. The offshoots may guide the Division and School Soc-Mob

coordinator in identifying resource gaps and potential partners in the

successful providence of SBM-WinS. Also, the results will remind them

on their role of visiting and consulting potential partners regularly to

maintain harmonious and active partnership among linkages and

stakeholders.

Division Medical Team. The results will inform the division

medical team on the technical assistance that the school is needing in

terms of providing medical support and symposia on the importance of

maintaining WaSH in School. Likewise, this will inform them of their

constant coordination in the Department of Health especially in the

distribution of semi-annual deworming medicines and other self-care

medicines.

Stakeholders. The findings of this study may motivate and

convince other stakeholders and partner offices and units to extend

projects and programs relevant to SBM-WinS. More so, this will ensure
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sustainability and accountability in providing adequate and clean

facilities in the school.

School Heads/Principals. The findings may provide quantifiable

evidence for the school heads on the SBM-WinS. The results of the

evaluation will guide them on what to innovate and intervene in terms of

quality learning. Also, thus will guide the administration on what

projects and building infrastructure and facility to prioritize and be given

attention specificaly on the WaSh-related activities.

Teachers. The results may initiate teachers to assess and evaluate

their own practices and involvement in SBM- WinS. The results will

provide baseline on the importance of their roles and knowledge on the

SBM- WinS.

Students. In this study, the students may have the chance to self-

reflect on their practice in SBM- WinS. The results will properly guide

their practices to prevent them from diseases.

Present Researcher. Along with this study, the proponent may

venture and find out students’ practices and utilization of facilities in the

SBM- WinS, likewise, will consider its importance in improving the

quality of learning in the school.

Future Researchers. Other researchers may conduct related

studies in a wider scope. Also, the results of this will be used as

reference thereof.
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Definition of Terms

Age. Conceptually, the term refers to the length of time, most often

in completed years, that a given person has been alive, measured at the

beginning of birth (Consumer Health Informatics Research Resource,

2020). 

Operationally, this refers to the number of years the respondents

have been existing.

Average Family Monthly Income. Conceptually, the term refers

to any statistic that describes how much money an individual, family, or

household makes in a month (Amadeo, 2020).

Operationally, this refers to the monthly family income received by

the household where the respondents belong.

Grade level. Conceptually, the term refers to the level of the

educational program studied by the students (Department of Public

Instructions [DPI], 2019).

Operationally, this term refers to the grade level of the respondents

as to primary and intermediate.

Hygiene. Conceptually, this term can be defined as the practice of

maintaining cleanliness and promoting and preserving body health (Al-

Rifaai,  Al Haddad & Qasem, 2018).

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Operationally, this refers to the area of WaSh in School where the

students’ utilize pertaining their personal practice of maintaining

cleanliness as measured by the questionnaire.

Sanitation. Conceptually, this term refers to the process of

keeping places clean and hygienic especially by providing a sewage

system and a clean water supply (Nwakile, et., al, 2017).

Operationally, this refers to the area of SBM- WinS where the

students’ utilize clean and proper sanitary practices as measured by the

questionnaire.

Sex. Conceptually, the term refers to biological component, defined

via the genetic complement of chromosomes, including cellular and

molecular differences (Clayton & Tannenbaum, 2016).

Operationally, this refers to the respondents’ biological status as to

female or male.

SBM-WinS (School-Based Management-Water, Sanitation, and

Hygiene in School). Conceptually, this term refers to the global movement

to improve WASH services in the school setting (Fit for School, 2017).

Operationally, this refers to the School-based Management-Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene Program implemented in Don Remigio M.

Limsiaco Elementary School for promotion of correct hygiene and

sanitation practices among school children and a clean environment in

and around schools to keep learners safe and healthy.

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Utilization. Conceptually, this term refers to the act of making use

of certain things for a purpose (Ternege & Agipu, 2019).

Operationally, this refers to respondents’ act of making use of

SBM- WinS.

Water. Conceptually, this term refers to the precious natural

resources present on the earth and it is very important for survival of

flora and fauna (Phadatare & Gawande, 2016).

Operationally, this refers to natural resources consumed and

utilized by the respondents in area of SBM- WinS useful to daily

activities in school as measured by the questionnaire.