Additional Mathematics Cheat Sheet

Doesn’t Matter
May 2, 2018

Part I Theorem 1.3. Quotient Rule: the derivative of a

function fg(x)
(x)
is equal to
Differentiation d f (x) d
g(x) dx d
f (x) − f (x) dx g(x)
= 2
dx g(x) g(x)
1 Fundamentals of Differentia-
Note that this is very similar but not the same as the
tion product rule. Exercise caution when using this rule.
1.1 Definitions and Notations Theorem 1.4. Chain Rule: if f (x) is differentiable
at the point x and g(x) is differentiable at the point
Definition 1.1. Differentiation is the computation x, then f (g(x)) is differentiable at x. Furthermore, let
of a derivative. y = f (g(x)) and u = g(x), then
Definition 1.2. The derivative of a function repre- dy dy du
sents an infinitesimal change in the function with re- = ×
dx du dx
spect to one of its variables.
Notation 1.1. Let a function f (x) = y. The deriva- 1.3 Table of Common Derivatives
tive of this function can be expressed as 1.3.1 Essentials
d dy
f (x) or or (Leibnizian notation) d
dx dx a=0 (1)
dx
f 0 (x) or y 0 (Newtonian notation) d
axn = anxn−1 (2)
Derivatives of higher order (of order n) are written as dx
d n
dn dn y x = nxn−1 (3)
f (x) or or (Leibnizian notation) dx
dxn dxn d d
f (x) or y 000
000
(Newtonian notation) af (x) = a f (x) (4)
dx dx
They all mean the same thing. 1.3.2 Trigonometric Functions
(for the Newtonian notation, add n number of primes
behind the letter) d
If the derivative of the function is taken with respect sin x = cos x (5)
dx
to time, dot-notation may be used (although not rec- d
ommended in mathematics): cos x = − sin x (6)
dx
f˙ or ẏ d
tan x = sec2 x (7)
dx
d
1.2 Laws of Derivatives sec x = sec x tan x (8)
dx
Theorem 1.1. Sum Rule: the derivative of the sum d
cot x = − csc2 x (9)
of two functions is equal to the sum of the derivatives dx
of the two functions. Mathematically, d
csc x = csc x cot x (10)
dx
d d d
(f (x) + g(x)) = f (x) + g(x) In general, for any circular trigonometric function
dx dx dx
(sin, cos, tan) raised to any power n,
Theorem 1.2. Product Rule: the derivative of the
product of two functions is equal to d
sinn f (x) = n sinn−1 f (x) cos f (x) (11)
dx
d d d d
(f (x) g(x)) = f (x) g(x) + g(x) f (x) cosn f (x) = −n cosn−1 f (x) sin f (x) (12)
dx dx dx dx
A handy phrase to remember this: left d-right, right d
tann f (x) = n tann−1 f (x) sec2 f (x) (13)
d-left. dx

1
You may use the abbreviation P.T.A. (Power,
Trigonometric function, Angle) to help you remember
these.

1.3.3 Logarithms

d 1
ln x = (14)
dx x
d f 0 (x)
ln f (x) = (15)
dx f (x)

1.3.4 Exponentials

d x
e = ex (16)
dx
d x
a = ln a(ax ) (17)
dx
d f (x)
e = f 0 (x)ef (x) (18)
dx

2 Minima and Maxima

2.1 Definitions and Notations
Definition 2.1. Stationary points are points in a
function where the derivative of the function at that
point is 0. A stationary point can be a maximum point,
minimum point, or a point of inflection.

2.2 Tests for Stationary Points

First Derivative Test
The nature of a stationary point can be determined
with the first derivative test. Draw a table as such:

Part II
Integration